KIN 3513 Chapter 1

What's an important part of human existence?

skills

most music and physical education professions involves a ...

skills instruction

how do you calculate variable error

square root of sum of ( nth trial minus constant error) squared divided by number of trials

most muscular movements, such as the arms and hands of a surgeon need a ...

stable platform in order to perform accurately

Formula for Absolute Error

sum of absolute value of nth trial minus T divided by number of trials

what's formula for Constant error

sum of score for nth trial - the target distance divided by the number of trials

how did Guthrie defined skills as?

the ability to bring about some end result with maximum certainty and maximum outlay of energy, or of time and energy

studying and learning skills is important for physical or occupational therapy because...

the main focus is for the patients to relearn skills and production of movements that have been lost either by a head or spinal injury or other defects

Skills involve achieving some well-defined environmental goal in these ways:

- maximizing the certainty of goal achievement - minimizing physical and mental energy costs of performance -minimizing the time used

the science of motor learning and performance and the concept of it implies several things:::

- the active use of theory and hypothesis testing to further our knowledge = a certain "infrastructure" that involves books and journals, scientific organizations that deal with both the fundamental aspects of the science and ways to apply the knowledge to real-world situations and granting agencies to provide funds for research - the existence of courses of study of the area in universities and colleges

what are some of the important features of performing skills or having skills: the ability to bring about some end result with maximum certainty and maximum outlay of energy, or of time and energy

1. First, performing skills implies some desired environmental goal, such as holding a handstand in gymnastics or being able to walk again after a stroke. 2. to be skilled implies meeting this performance goal, this "end result," with maximum certainty. 3. a major feature in many skills is the minimization, and thus conservation, of the energy required for performance. 4. another feature of many skills is for highly proficient performers to achieve their goals in minimum time.

theories are tested by doing experiments, which determine whether or not the hypothesis predicts what happens. In motor learning and performance, these experiments take the form of having...

at least two groups of subjects randomly assigned to experimental treatments, with one group under condition x and the other group performing under some other conditions that are reasonably well understood. - the group practicing under condition x outperforms the group in the control condition, then we say that the hypothesis is supported.

Why study motor skills?

because skills make up such a large part of human life, scientists and educators have been trying for centuries to understand the determinants of skills and facts that affect their performance

a skill where the environment is stable and predictable examples include swimming in an empty lane - performer can evaluate the environmental demands in advance without time pressure, organize the movement in advance and then carry it out without needing to make rapid modifications as the movement happens

closed skill

A common method used by researchers who study tracking tasks is to compute a measure called root-mean-square error (RMSE). One does this by

computing the distance of the subject's tracking response from the target line at set distance-points along the track (e.g., every 10 ft of highway traveled) or, more commonly, at a constant interval of time along the track (e.g., every 100 ms). This method effectively "slices" the movement into equal intervals of tracking behavior, from start to finish.

this model represents the big picture of motor performance and as new topics are introduced, these topics are added to the model, tying together most of the major processes and events that happen as performers produce skills

conceptual model

a skill that does not have a beginning or end such as swimming for many minutes or knitting

continuous skill

human skills take on many forms such as...

control and coordination of large muscle groups used in soccer or tumbling to precise muscle movements found in small muscle groups used to fix a watch

a skill that has a defined beginning and end, and is often a brief duration of movement, such as throwing a ball, firing a rifle, or turning a light switch on

discrete skill

classifying skills deals with the extent to which the movement is an ongoing stream of behavior as opposed to a brief, well-defined action. Deals with:

discrete skill and continuous skill

in other work related fields, skills is important because...

effective job skills can determine whether or not you're successful in a workplace - teaching job skills determines where each person is good at in a work place

Studying skills is not focused on the what's of the skill being performed, it's more of the...

how's, when's and which's...what matters is the cognitive decision making about those things

what kind of skills have been studied?

in the early 1900s, high skills such as telegraphy and typing were studied - studies by biologists and physiologists concerning the fundamental mechanisms of neural control of muscle, muscle force production - the study of nerves and the nervous system

the principles of human performance and learning depend to some extent on the...

kind of movement skill to be performed.

a skill where the environment is unpredictable and variable during the action an example is driving in traffic where it's hard to predict the future movements of other people

open skill

what are the three elements that are critical to almost any skill

perceiving the relevant environmental features -deciding what to do and where and when to do it to achieve the goal - producing organized muscular activity to generate movements that achieve the goal

when studying motor-skill performance and learning, it is helpful to understand where each concept fits into the complex process of...

performing a skill

a major contributor to the efficiency of skilled performance is...

practice, with learning and experience leading to the effortless performances admired in highly skilled people

to be considered "skilled"...

requires that a person produce the skill reliably, on demand, without luck playing a very large role. This is one reason why people value so greatly the champion athlete who, with but one chance and only seconds remaining at the end of a game, makes the goal that allows the team to win.

a skill that's often thought of as a group of discrete skills strung together to make a new, more complicated skill - order of elements are important for successful performance - example is shifting gears in a car or a gymnast moving smooth and rapidly from one move to another on rings or bar - movements are longer yet each part has a discrete beginning and end

serial skill

when the performer's limb movements control a lever, a wheel or handle or some other device to follow the movements of a target-track example is steering a car with a steering wheel movements made so the car follows the track defined by the roadway - these movements are common in real world situations - these tasks are scored using root mean square error (RMSE)

tracking

example of: a major feature in many skills is the minimization, and thus conservation, of the energy required for performance.

when a marathon runner has to have a good pace or allowing a wrestler to save his strength for the last minute of the match

skills are thought of as different from movements....

which do not have any particular environmental goal, such as wiggling a finger, but skills do consist of movements because the performer could not achieve an environmental goal without making at least one movement

example of to be skilled implies meeting this performance goal, this "end result," with maximum certainty.

while playing darts a player makes a bull's-eye. But this by itself does not ensure that he is a skilled darts player, because this result was achieved without very much certainty. Such an outcome could have been the result of one lucky throw in the midst of hundreds of others that were not so lucky