Kine 315 Final

The Olympic Games remained free of politics until the Palestinian terrorists killed eleven Israeli athletes at the 1972 games.

false

The technosports of the future will involve natural play and unstructured games, many of them done outdoors and without codified rules.

false

Under the various four-day and flextime workweek schemes tried so far, weekly work hours are reduced to between twenty-five and thirty.

false

The main theme of the section on social mobility through sport for African Americans in your textbook is that sports serve to move large numbers of blacks into higher social class standing.

False

The more successful (profitable) a professional team sports franchise is, the lower the admissions prices tend to be for its home games.

False

The occupational limitations faced by African Americans in American society explain why they are overrepresented in all American sports

False

The research evidence indicates that high school athletes as a group receive lower grades than nonathletes.

False

The situation in which minority group members are relegated to specific team positions and excluded from competing for others is called centrality.

False

There have been significant positive changes in college and professional sports, and today equality of opportunity is the rule.

False

With the growth of an information/technology society, it seems likely that violent sports will gradually be abolished.

false

The feminist movement began as a result of prejudice and discrimination against female athletes.

False

"Rights fees" sold to commercial and cable television networks by the professional sports leagues constitute a rather small proportion of the total revenue of professional team sports.

False

Baron Pierre de Coubertin, the founder of the modern Olympic Games, was an ardent advocate for women's participation in the Olympics.

False

Because of budget shortfalls in high schools, pay-for-play plans were implemented in the sports programs, but they were unsuccessful and have been dropped.

False

Biological explanations of positional segregation of African Americans in football and baseball are strongly supported by a number of well-designed studies

False

Both peer-play games and adult-organized sport emphasize opportunities for players to develop interpersonal skills and make decisions.

False

By the mid-nineteenth century, there was almost unanimous support among clergy and religious groups for sport.`

False

Compared to other top professional entertainers, professional athletes' salaries are very similar.

False

Economists Coates and Humphreys report that their research indicates that sports subsidies can be justified on the grounds of local economic development or income growth or creation.

False

Functionalist theorists emphasize the socially constructed nature of race and consider it to be based on inherently racist social assumptions

False

Functionalists contend that mass media sport tends to promote and sustain the unequal distribution of power and wealth, as well as legitimizing existing unequal social relations related to class, gender, and race.

False

High school athletes are less advantaged academically before they participate in high school sports than their nonathlete peers.

False

High school sports programs are essential because they uniformly fulfill educational goals.

False

In the United States, the major television networks are publicly owned.

False

Most of the countries of the world have adopted the American system of interscholastic sports

False

Most of the countries of the world have adopted the American system of interscholastic sports.

False

One of the most significant consequences of Title IX is that over the past thirty years there has been an increase in the percentages of women in interscholastic and intercollegiate coaching roles.

False

One of the most significant trends in North America is the changing nature of its population, and estimates for the next twenty-five years indicate that the US population will actually decline slightly.

False

One of the tenets of television sportscasters is that they are journalists first and sport promoters second.

False

Opportunities for girls to participate in youth sports programs originated at about the same time as opportunities for boys began.

False

Organized sport has historically been an active instrument for resisting and opposing patriarchy.

False

Presently, about 70 percent of professional sports stadiums are owned by the franchise owners.

False

Professional sport is one of several nonregulated monopolies in the United States.

False

Religious leaders and various organizations that make up Sportianity are on the forefront of social reform.

False

The Civil Rights Restoration Act reinterpreted the Title IX language to apply only to aspecific program or departments that receive federal funds.

False

The arguments that occasionally occur in peer-play games are usually devoid of any learning experiences for the participants.

False

The entire sports industry is one of the top four largest industries in North America.

False

The evidence is overwhelmingly clear that high school athletics builds character.

False

The feminist movement popularized the slogan "The personal is political" to rebut critics who accused women of "playing politics" when they sought equal treatment and opportunity in the various sectors of their lives.

True

The mass media is a powerful ideological institution because the messages and images that it creates help shape and mold the national and international cultural atmosphere.

True

The monopolistic situation of professional team sports enables a league to negotiate television contracts as a single entity without being subject to the antitrust laws.

True

The pattern toward desegregation of sport has been primarily motivated by financial profits.

True

The research on youth sport dropouts shows that most young athletes who drop out of adult-organized sports programs do not enjoy the emphasis on winning.

True

The roles of woman and successful athlete were virtually incompatible in North America during the nineteenth century.

True

The systems of mass media communication can be grouped into two major categories: printed media and electronic media.

True

To understand the economics of sport, it is important to understand that professional sports is a business—it is made up of incorporated businesses whose major purpose is profit.

True

"Gender" refers to individuals' roles and stereotypes that are considered normal or acceptable behaviors for males and females in a given society.

True

According to functionalist social theory, maintaining the social system as a whole and promoting a social value consensus and stability help to create a high degree of support for societal goals and cultural values.

True

According to the authors of Muscular Christianity, with the social and economic transformations taking place in the nineteenth century, evangelical muscular Christians' prejudice against pleasure through play had broken down almost completely by the beginning of the twentieth century.

True

Although there has been a significant transformation in media treatment of women in sport, there are still major differences in women's and men's sports coverage.

True

Because of the financial pressures on high schools, one of the trends is called "pay for play," which requires athletes to assume some of the costs of equipment and other expenses to the school associated with sports programs.

True

Between 70 and 72 percent of all American and Canadian youth under the age of seventeen participate in organized sports between childhood and adolescence

True

During the past twenty years, one of the best-documented forms of assignment of players to a position on athletic teams based on ascribed status rather than achieved status is popularly known as "stacking."

True

Economically some transnational corporations exceed the size of many nation-states.

True

From the mid-1920s to the early 1950s radio was the primary medium for broadcasting sports news and live sports events.

True

Historically, high school sports have reinforced traditional gender roles.

True

Historically, school sports programs have tended to reinforce traditional gender roles.

True

In a study of over 1,400 boys and girls from the United States, New Zealand, and Australia, there were few cultural differences in the motivations to play sports between the participants in the three countries.

True

In addition to its other consequences, high school athletics serves a social control function.

True

In adult-organized sports, the strategy used by many youth sports coaches serves to control and limit action rather than stimulate it.

True

In studies of social status in high school, "to be an athlete" is favored over being a nonathlete, with the highest preference being "scholar-athlete

True

In studies of social status in high school, "to be an athlete" is favored over being a nonathlete, with the highest preference being "scholar-athlete."

True

Intercollegiate athletics has collusive (monopolistic practices) that protect the institutions rather than the student-athletes.

True

One of the moral justifications of sex discrimination in sport has been based on myths about the consequences of women's participation.

True

Over the past thirty years, high school sports have increasingly become another commercialized industry of popular culture.

True

Professional sports teams are forms of corporate organizations that function very similarly in many respects to corporations of any other kind.

True

Proportionately, there are just as many African American athletes today in professional individual sports as there are in team sports

True

Religious behavior is universal among human groups.

True

Rituals and ceremonies commonly held in conjunction with sporting events are frequently used to promote nationalism.

True

Socialization begins at birth and is completed at about age twenty.

True

Television networks charge corporations advertising fees based on the anticipated number of viewers.

True

The Harlem Globetrotters reinforce the "Sambo" stereotype of African Americans

True

Traits such as obedience and conformity are more apt to be developed in adult-organized sports programs than in peer-play sports.

True

"Sportianity" refers to a drug rehabilitation program for Christian athletes.

false

Because the modern Olympic Games are motivated by the noble thought that international sports competition is primarily for the promotion of peace among nations, no country has ever been barred from participation in an Olympiad.

false

Displays at sporting events are not political because they support the status quo.

false

In late 2012 the commissioner of Major League Baseball announced that the league was planning to add four more franchises before the beginning of the 2018 season.

false

In order to discourage conflicts of interest, all of the professional team sports leagues prohibit the ownership of professional team sports franchises by media corporations.

false

In the world of journalism, sports journalists are held in high esteem.

false

Sport as an instrument of national policy is limited to the industrialized nations of the world.

false

Sport has been used as a forum to protest a number of social practices, but it was never used to protest apartheid in South Africa.`

false

A central theme of the Promise Keepers, especially concerning the confusion over appropriate male and female social roles, is a lack of appropriate male leadership.

true

According to one Canadian professor of comparative religion, Canadian ice hockey is a religion.

true

Cellular biologists believe that within ten years gene therapy will enable scientists to alter the muscle fibers of athletes to produce record performances.

true

In his book titled The Influence of the Protestant Ethic in Sport and Recreation, the author proposes that the Protestant ethic has instilled American sport with an ethos which provides its distinct character, meaning, and guiding beliefs.

true

Regionalist professional team names, rather than single-city names, represent a trend that suggests that in the future regional considerations will take precedence over single-city loyalties.

true

Some of the trends in intramural athletic programs are to deemphasize championships, eliminate trophies, sponsor sports clubs, and include equal sport opportunities for females.

true

Some primitive peoples played games to promote fertility in crops and cattle.

true

Success in international competition frequently serves as a mechanism by which a country's ruling elite unites its citizens and attempts to impress the citizens of other countries.

true

The Olympic Games and other international games tend to promote an "us versus them" feeling among athletes, coaches, politicians, the press, and fans.

true

The early Christians supported Roman sport spectacles because the performers were highly paid.

true

The high visibility of international sporting events has helped them become a focus for political intervention.

true