Kinesiology Chapter 9--the hip joint & pelvic girdle

degrees of internal rotation? external?

I--0 to 45 E--0 to 50

hip joint and pelvic girdle muscles--lateral

Lateral - primarily hip abduction Gluteus medius Gluteus minimus External rotators Tensor fasciae latae

hip joint and pelvic girdle muscles--medial (motion? which muscles?)

Medial - primarily hip adduction Adductor brevis Adductor longus Adductor magnus Gracilis

hip joint and pelvic girdle muscles--posterior

Posterior - primarily hip extension Gluteus maximus Biceps femoris (2-joint) Semitendinosus (2-joint) Semimembranosus (2-joint) External rotators

joints--anteriorly

2 pelvic bones join to form symphysis pubis, amphiarthrodial

2-joint muscles

7 two-joint muscles have one action at hip and another at knee

nerves in the hip & pelvic girdle

All hip & pelvic girdle muscles - innervated from lumbar & sacral plexus (lumbosacral plexus)

hip adduction--agonists

Adductor Brevis Adductor Longus Adductor Magnus Gracilis

acetabulofemoral joint--acetabulum

Similar to glenoid fossa of shoulder joint, the acetabulum is lined around most of its periphery with a labrum to enhance stability & provide some shock absorption

hip joint: stability and functions

acetabular femoral relatively stable due to: 1. bony architecture 2. strong ligaments 3. large supportive muscles functions in weight bearing & locomotion 1. enhanced significantly by its wide ROM 2. ability to run, cross-over cut, side-step cut, jump, & many other directional changes

anterior pelvic rotation

anterior mvmt of upper pelvis; iliac crest tilts forward in sagittal plane; anterior tilt; downward rotation

acetabulofemoral joint--teres ligament

attaches from deep in acetabulum to a depression in femoral head slightly limits adduction

body part that moves the most will...

be the part least stabilized Standing on both feet & contracting hip flexors, the trunk & pelvis rotate anteriorly Lying supine & contracting hip flexors, the thighs move forward into flexion on the stable pelvis

Muscles involved in hip & pelvic girdle motions depend on....

direction of mvmt & position of body in relation to earth & gravitational forces

pelvic bone

divided into 3 areas: 1. upper two-fifths = ilium 2. posterior & lower two-fifths = ischium 3. anterior & lower one-fifth = pubis

thigh divisions

divided into 3 compartments by intermuscular septa anterior, posterior, medial

sacrum (also, what extends inferiorly?)

extension of spinal column with 5 fused vertebrae extending inferiorly = coccyx

Degrees of flexion? Degrees of extension?

f--0 to 130 e--0 to 30

major nerves of the lumbar plexus

femoral, obturator,

femoral triangle is bounded......

SUPERIORLY by the inguinal ligament MEDIALLY by the medial border of the adductor longus muscle LATERALLY by the medial border of the sartorius muscle (the floor is formed by the pectineus and adductor longus muscles medially and iliopsoas muscle laterally)

acetabulofemoral joint: Iliofemoral or Y ligament

located anteriorly prevents hyperextension

acetabulofemoral joint: pubofemoral ligament

located anteromedially & inferiorly limits excessive extension & abduction

acetabulofemoral joint--ischiofemoral ligament

located posteriorly, extends from ischium to trochanteric fossa of femur limits internal rotation

femur

longest bone in body

posterior compartment of thigh

hamstring group: Biceps femoris Semitendinosus Semimembranosus

left lateral pelvic rotation

in frontal plane left pelvis moves inferiorly in relation to right pelvis; either left pelvis rotates downward or right pelvis rotates upward; left lateral tilt

right lateral pelvic rotation

in frontal plane right pelvis moves inferiorly in relation to left pelvis; either right pelvis rotates downward or left pelvis rotates upward; right lateral tilt

left transverse pelvic rotation

in horizontal plane pelvis rotates to body's left; right iliac crest moves anteriorly in relation to left iliac crest, which moves posteriorly

right transverse pelvic rotation

in horizontal plane pelvis rotates to body's right; left iliac crest moves anteriorly in relation to right iliac crest, which moves posteriorly

bony landmarks--patella

insertion for all 4 quadriceps muscles

bony landmarks--lateral pelvis (origin for what?)

origin for hip abductors gluteus medius and minimus -- just below iliac crest

bony landmarks--medially (& origin for what?)

origin for hip adductors adductor magnus, adductor longus, adductor brevis, pectineus, & gracilis -- pubis and its inferior ramus

bony landmarks--posteriorly (origin for what?)

origin for hip extensors gluteus maximus -- posterior iliac crest & posterior sacrum & coccyx

bony landmarks--posteroinferiorly

origin for hip extensors hamstrings--ischial tuberosity

bony landmarks--anterior pelvis (& origin for what?)

origin for hip flexors 1. tensor fasciae latae -- anterior iliac crest 2. sartorius -- anterior superior iliac spine 3. rectus femoris -- anterior inferior iliac spine

pelvic girdle movements

pelvic girdle moves back & forth within 3 planes for a total of 6 different movements all pelvic girdle rotation results from motion at one or more locations - Right hip - Left hip - Lumbar spine

posterior pelvic rotation

posterior mvmt of upper pelvis; iliac crest tilts backward in a sagittal plane; posterior tilt; upward rotation

medial compartment of thigh

primarily adductors: Adductor brevis Adductor longus Adductor magnus Pectineus Gracilis

Hip joint & pelvic girdle muscles--anterior

primarily hip flexion Iliopsoas (made up of 2 muscle groups—iliacus psoas minor & major) (deep, internal hip flexor) Pectineus Rectus femoris (the one 2-joint muscle in this group) Sartorius

anterior compartment of thigh (primarily which motion?)

primarily knee extensors: Rectus femoris Vastus medialis Vastus intermedius Vastus lateralis Sartorius

hip external rotation

rotary mvmt of femur laterally around its longitudinal axis away from midline; lateral rotation

hip internal rotation

rotary mvmt of femur medially around its longitudinal axis toward the midline; medial rotation

joints--posteriorly

sacrum is between the 2 pelvic bones and forms the sacroiliac joints strong ligaments unite these bones to form rigid, slightly movable joints

anterior & posterior pelvic rotation (plane, accomplished by?)

sagittal or anteroposterior plane anterior pelvic rotation--accomplished by hip flexion and/or lumbar extension posterior--accomplished by hip extension and/or lumbar flexion

range of mvmt in hip joint

some possible disagreement about range of each movement in hip joint 0 to 130 degrees of flexion 0 to 30 degrees of extension 0 to 35 degrees of abduction 0 to 30 degrees of adduction 0 to 45 degrees of internal rotation 0 to 50 degrees of external rotation

when are hip extensor muscles used?

used eccentrically when pelvis and trunk move downward slowly on the femur and concentrically when trunk is raised on femur (rising to standing position)

when are hip flexor muscles used?

moving thighs up towards trunk

what is the mvmt (at hips and knees) in downward phase of a knee-bend exercise? what muscles are primarily involved?

mvmt at hips & knees is flexion hip & knee extensors in eccentric contraction

hip diagonal abduction

mvmt of femur in diagonal plane away from midline of body

hip diagonal adduction

mvmt of femur in diagonal plane toward midline of body

hip horizontal abduction

mvmt of femur in horizontal or transverse plane away from pelvis

hip horizontal adduction

mvmt of femur in horizontal or transverse plane toward pelvis

hip adduction

mvmt of femur medially toward midline

hip flexion

mvmt of femur straight anteriorly toward pelvis

hip extension

mvmt of femur straight posteriorly away from the pelvis sometimes referred to as hyperextension

obturator nerve (of...? Innervates what?)

of lumbar plexus Arises from anterior division of lumbar plexus Adductor brevis Adductor longus Adductor magnus Gracilis Obturator externus Sensation to medial thigh

femoral nerve

of lumbar plexus Femoral n. - anterior muscles Arises from posterior division of lumbar plexus Iliopsoas Rectus femoris Vastus medialis Vastus intermedius Vastus lateralis Pectineus Sartorius Sensation to anterior & lateral thigh and medial leg & foot

bones of the hip joint/pelvic girdle

(ball & socket joint) pelvic girdle femur sacrum pelvic bone (ilium, ischium, pubis)

pelvic muscles acting on hip joint--gluteal region

Gluteal region - extend & rotate hip GLUTEUS MAXIMUS GLUTEUS MEDIUS Gluteus minimi Tensor fascia latae Six deep external rotators - PIRIFORMIS, orbturator externus,obturator internus, gemellus superior, gemellus inferior, & quadratus femoris

hip extension--agonists

Gluteus Maximus Biceps Femoris (Long Head) Semitendinosus Semimembranosus

hip external rotation--agonists

Gluteus Maximus Six Deep External Rotators

hip abduction--agonists

Gluteus Medius (Tensor Fasciae Latae, Gluteus Maximus, Gluteus Minimus)

hip internal rotation--agonists

Gluteus Minimus (Gluteus Medius, Tensor Fasciae Latae)

pelvic muscles acting on hip joint--iliac region

Iliac region - iliopsoas muscle flexes hip Iliacus Psoas major

What does NAVEL stand for in the hip?

Nerve Artery Vein (all these are femoral) Empty space Lymph system

degrees of abduction? degrees of adduction?

ab--0 to 35 ad--0 to 30

sacral plexus

formed by anterior rami of L4, L5, & S1 through S4 Lower back, pelvis, perineum, posterior surface of thigh & leg, and dorsal & plantar surfaces of foot

lumbar plexus

formed by anterior rami of spinal nerves L1 through L4 & some fibers from T12 Lower abdomen and the anterior & medial portions of lower extremity

bony landmarks--proximal tibia or fibula

insertion for remainder of hip muscles: - sartorius, gracilis, & semitendinosus - upper anteromedial tibial surface just below medial condyle after crossing knee posteromedially "say grace before tea" - semimembranosus - posteromedially on medial tibial condyle - biceps femoris - laterally, primarily on fibula head with some fibers attaching on lateral tibial condyle - iliotibial tract of tensor fasciae latae - anterolaterally on Gerdy's tubercle of tibia

bony landmarks--proximal thigh

insertion for short muscles of hip: -gluteal muscles and most of the 6 deep external rotators--greater trochanter -iliopsoas--lesser trochanter origin for 3 knee extensors -3 vasti muscles of quadriceps--anteriorly -hip adductors--linea aspera

joints (what happens in walking? running?)

large & heavy bones covered by thick, heavy muscles very minimal oscillating type movements occur in sacroiliac joints, as in walking body movements usually involve entire pelvic girdle & hip joints in walking, hip flexion & extension occur w/ pelvic girdle rotation, forward in hip flexion & backward in hip extension jogging & running results in faster motions & greater range of movement -pelvic rotation increases the length of stride in running; in kicking it results in a greater distance or more speed to the kick

right & left lateral pelvic rotation (plane, accomplished by?)

lateral/frontal plane left lateral pelvic rotation--accomplished by left hip abduction, right hip adduction, and/or right lumbar lateral flexion

acetabulofemoral joint

most mobile joints of the body (except glenohumeral) multiaxial arrangement bony architecture provides stability--relatively few hip joint subluxations and dislocations enarthrodial type joint femoral head inserting into acetabulum reinforced by extremely strong & dense ligamentous capsule, especially anteriorly

hip abduction

movement of femur laterally to side away from midline

pelvic girdle

right & left pelvic bone joined together posteriorly by sacrum pevic bones are ilium, ischium, and pubis

right and left transverse pelvic rotation (plane, directions, accomplished by?)

right transverse (clockwise) pelvic rotation and left transverse (counterclockwise) pelvic rotation (horizontal/transverse plane of motion) left transverse pelvic rotation--accomplished by right hip external rotation, right hip internal rotation, and/or right lumbar rotation