KS

Using the words "parameter" and "statistic," write the formula for a t-value.

(statistic-parameter)/sd_statistic

Write the linear equation that includes an "e" where the average deviation of |e| is the standard error of a difference between means?

(ybar-ybar)_sp=(mu-mu)_p+e_sp

In a sample of patients, some were in a treatment group and others were in a control group. This is an example of ______ .

- A quantified observation - A variable - A categorical variable

A researcher conducts a clinical trial. This is an example of ______ .

- A study using random assignment - A type of research that was specifically described in class as being limited in its ability to explain natural phenomenon - A study that includes a manipulated variable - A study that includes a categorical variable

Fifty people received a treatment for anxiety. Their level of anxiety was assessed both before the treatment and after the treatment. This is an example of ______ .

- A type of research that was specifically described in class as being limited in its ability to determine cause. - Correlational research

A sample of patients were given scores on the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale. This is an example of ______ .

- Quantified observations - A variable - A numerically scaled variable

Results from a paired samples study xdiff = 2 sd_diff= 1, x1=8, x2=5, & x-x=3 Use numerical values (and NOT letters or subscripts) and write the linear equations for: •variance in a sample using values for Case 2 •sampling error variance in a population assuming Hois true

1. 3=2+1 2. 2=0+2

What is the average deviation of |e_sp| ? If H0 is true, what is the standardized e_sp for this particular study?

1. SD_xbar 2. t-value (xbar/sd_xbar)

If H0 is true, how many standard error units did this study deviate from the null population parameter? What is the average deviation of |e_is|?

1. xbar_s 2. SD

If scores in a sample are normally distributed, what is the probability of randomly selecting someone from the sample that has a z-score of 1 or higher?

16%.

X_1 = 9, 8, 6, 5 X_2 = 7, 4, 4, 1 Assume you do a paired samples study and get this dataset with 4 people. To calculate sd_diff, you would calculate the standard deviation using which set scores?

2,4,2,4

For a small effect w/ d= 0.2: With no treatment, your probability of superiority is _____ percent, with treatment it increases to _____ percent, which is an increase of _____ percent.

50, 55, 5

For a small effect w/ d= 0.4: With no treatment, your probability of superiority is _____ percent, with treatment it increases to _____ percent, which is an increase of _____ percent.

50, 60, 10

For a medium effect w/ d= 0.6: With no treatment, your probability of superiority is _____ percent, with treatment it increases to _____ percent, which is an increase of _____ percent.

50, 65, 15

For a large effect w/ d= 0.8: With no treatment your probability of superiority is _____ percent, with treatment it increases to _____ percent, which is an increase of _____ percent.

50, 70, 20

For a large effect w/ d= 1: With no treatment your probability of superiority is _____ percent, with treatment it increases to _____ percent, which is an increase of _____ percent.

50, 75, 25

If Cronbach's a is .6, it indicates that

60% of the variance is true variance.

If scores in a sample are normally distributed, what is the probability of randomly selecting someone from the sample that has a z-score of 2 or lower?

98%.

Write the definition of a d-statistic.

A d-stat says how far apart two means are split measured with a standard deviation unit.

Write the definition of a t-value.

A t-value is always where you divide a stat by its standard error.

Consider the equation: xbar_sp=mu_p+e_sp. Assume you want to know the standardized e_sp for a particular study assuming the null hypothesis is true. This can be answered with:

A t-value.

Professor Cid observed that, "the patient was in good condition, talked relevantly and coherently, and was correctly oriented." This is an example of ______ .

An observation that has NOT been quantified.

Correctly spell the term used when the expected value is not equal to the parameter.

Bias

Correctly spell the statistical term that is a single word and that goes in the blank. Bruno computed a standard deviation, but he accidentally used "n" rather than the degrees of freedom in his formula. This means that the value he obtains will be _______________ .

Biased

A z-score is equal to a _____ divided by a _____ .

Centered score, Standard deviation

A study where scores for all the variables are determined by assessment and there are NO manipulated variables is called __________ research.

Correlational

A correlation is equal to _____ divided by _____ .

Covariance, The highest possible value a covariance could take.

To address the question, "how big is the effect?" we need to calculate an effect size. This will be a(an) __________ statistic.

Descriptive

Correctly spell the term that indicates the average of all the values for a population of values from which a single value can be randomly sampled.

Expected value.

A study that has at least one variable with scores determined by an assessment and at least one manipulated variable produced by the researcher forcing cases into groups is called __________ research.

Experimental

If a student gets a lower than desired score on a learning assessment, according to the syllabus, which of the following is LEAST likely to be helpful in improving future scores?

Figuring out which specific items were missed on the learning assessment.

Correctly spell a single word that goes in each blank. When writing linear equations (for the standard deviation, standard error of estimate, standard error of measure, and standard error of a statistic), you need to use the subscripts, "i," "s," "a," and "p." "i" stands for _______ . "s" stands for _______ . "a" stands for _______ . "p" stands for _______ .

Individual, Sample, Assessment, Population

To address the question, "could the results be random chance?" we need to calculate a(an) __________ statistic.

Inferential

[Equation 1] y_is = (prediction_s based on x_is) + e_is [Equation 2] x_is = xbar_is + e_is The standard deviation ____. The standard error of estimate ____.

Is the averaged (absolute) size of e_is from equation 2. Is the averaged (absolute) size of e_is from equation 1.

The syllabus describes several potential problems that could occur if students are told which specific items they missed after each learning assessment. Which of the following is NOT listed as a potential problem with telling students which items they missed?

It encourages students to take an excessively holistic approach in viewing their learning assessment scores.

Correctly spell the term for a numerical value based on data from all the cases in a population that describes something about the population.

Parameter

Correctly spell the term that has to do with the extent to which the same amount of something always produces the same assessed numerical value regardless of when or how it is assessed.

Reliability

Which of the following will produce the largest standard error of the mean?

SD = 8, and the sample size is small

Correctly spell the term that goes in the blank. The size of the standard error of a statistic is primarily influenced by the size of the _______.

Sample.

Fill in each blank by typing correctly spelled words that match the words used in the googly-eyed sheep table (the one titled, "Types of distributions"). A standard error of a beta pertains to: - Observations of different ____ from a single ____. - Deviations around a ____.

Samples, Population, Population Parameter

Fill in each blank by typing correctly spelled words that match the words used in the googly-eyed sheep table (the one titled, "Types of distributions"). A standard error of a correlation pertains to: - Observations of different ____ from a single ____. - Deviations around a ____.

Samples, Population, Population Parameter

Fill in each blank by typing correctly spelled words that match the words used in the googly-eyed sheep table (the one titled, "Types of distributions"). A standard error of a difference between means pertains to: - Observations of different ____ from a single ____. - Deviations around a ____.

Samples, Population, Population Parameter

Fill in each blank by typing correctly spelled words that match the words used in the googly-eyed sheep table (the one titled, "Types of distributions"). A standard error of a mean pertains to: - Observations of different ____ from a single ____. - Deviations around a ____.

Samples, Population, Population Parameter

In the process of computing a standard deviation, Zelda lost one degree of freedom. What did Zelda do that causedher to lose one degree of freedom?

She calculated the mean.

Think about the formulas for variance and covariance. Which of the following is NOT part of the formula for a covariance?

Squaring values.

Consider the two equations below: x_is=xbar_s+e_is, xbar_sp=mu_p+e_sp A. The average deviation of |e_is|. B. The average deviation of |e_sp|.

Standard Deviation, Standard Error of a Statistic

Correctly spell the term for the thing that has a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 10.

T-score.

Use the letter "z" to indicate a z-score and write the formula for a T-score.

T=10z+50

Correctly spell the terms that go in the blanks. The equation x_is=xbar_s+e_is includes two types of components. First, a _____ is a value that can vary between people in sample. Second, a _____ is a value that can vary between studies in a population.

Variable, Parameter Estimate

Write the definition of "significance."

When the p is less than .05, I call it significant because I derive, the sample was big enough to make me a hero, and now I can claim that the effect is not zero.

Write the linear equation that includes an "e" where the average deviation of |e| is the standard error of a beta.

b_sp=beta_p+e_sp

Fill in each blank by typing correctly spelled words that match the words used in the googly-eyed sheep table (the one titled, "Types of distributions"). A standard error of estimate pertains to: •Observations of different _____ from a single _____ . •Deviations around a _____ .

cases, sample, predicted value.

Fill in each blank by typing correctly spelled words that match the words used in the googly-eyed sheep table (the one titled, "Types of distributions"). A standard deviation pertains to: •Observations of different _____ from a single _____ . •Deviations around a _____ .

cases, sample, sample mean

Write the formula for "Covariance."

cov_xy=sum((x_i-xbar)(y_i-ybar))/(n-1)

Write the formula for a d-stat.

d=(xbar_1-xbar_2)/sd_pooled

Consider the two equations below: x_is=xbar_s+e_is, xbar_sp=mu_p+e_sp Which of the following is the primary component that we need to use to answer the inferential question?

e_sp

Consider the two equations below: x_is=xbar_s+e_is, xbar_sp=mu_p+e_sp Which of the following are parameter estimates? Select ALL the correct answers.

mu_p, xbar_s

Correctly spell the terms that need to be placed in the blanks to produce a linear equation where the average deviation of |e| is the standard error of estimate. In typing your answer, use an underscore to indicate subscripts as you do when typing formulas. y_is = (______ based on ______) + e_is

prediction_s, x_is

Write the linear equation that includes an "e" where the average deviation of |e| is the standard error of a correlation?

r_sp=rho_p+e_sp

Use "cov_xy" as the symbol for the covariance between xand yand write the formula for a correlation.

r_xy=cov_xy/((sd_x)(sd_y))

Use the letters "ss" to indicate "sum of squares" and write the formula for a standard deviation of variable x

sd=sqrt(ss/(n-1))

Use the letters "ss" to indicate "sum of squares" and write the formula for a variance of variable x

sd^2=ss/(n-1)

Write the formula for "Variance."

sd^2=sum(x_i-xbar)^2/(n-1)

"If we knew the population parameter for this, the distribution would be a z and not a t." To which part of the t-value formula does this statement apply?

sd_statistic

Write the formula for the sum of squares of variable x. (Included any necessary subscripts in this formula.)

ss = sum(x_i-xbar)^2

To look up the probability of these results assuming the null hypothesis is true, you need to use two numerical values. One of these values is equal to 4. What is the other numerical value you need to use?

t-value

What is a linear equation that includes an "e" where the average deviation of |e| is the standard error of measure?

x_ai=true_i+e_ai

xhat_i = xbar Write an alternate version for this linear equation that does NOT use the "hat" symbol.

x_i = xbar + e_i

Write the formula for a centered score.

x_i-xbar

Consider the two equations below: x_is=xbar_s+e_is, xbar_sp=mu_p+e_sp, Which of the following are variables? Select ALL the correct answers.

x_is, e_sp, e_is

For a single sample estimate of a single mean, Write the linear equation for variance in a sample.

x_is=xbar_s+e_is

Write a linear equation that includes an "e" where the average deviation of |e| is the standard deviation.

x_is=xbar_s+e_is

Consider the two equations below: x_is=xbar_s+e_is, xbar_sp=mu_p+e_sp Which of the following answers the descriptive question and would provide the primary result we want to know when conducting a study?

xbar_s

Which numerical value answers the descriptive question and provides the primary result the researcher wanted to know when conducting this study?

xbar_s

For a single sample estimate of a single mean, Write the linear equation for sampling error variance in a population.

xbar_sp=mu_p+e_sp

Write a linear equation that includes an "e" where the average deviation of |e| is the standard error of a mean.

xbar_sp=mu_p+e_sp

x_i = xbar + e_i Write an alternate version for this linear equation that includes a term for the predicted score on x.

xhat_i = xbar

Use the letter "w" to indicate the term: (prediction_s based on x_is) Write a linear equation that includes an "e" where the average deviation of |e| is the standard error of estimate.

y_is=w+e_is

Write the formula for a z-score

z=(x_i-xbar)/sd

Correctly spell the term that has to do with the extent to which a scale measures what it is supposed to measure.

Validity

In the equation, x=true+e, the "e" needs a subscript to indicate it belongs to:

Assessment occasion "a" for individual "i"

Fill in each blank by typing correctly spelled words that match the words used in the googly-eyed sheep table (the one titled, "Types of distributions"). A standard error of measure pertains to: - Observations of different ____ from a single ____. - Deviations around a ____.

Assessments, Case, True score.

According to the syllabus, which of the following is true about the reliability of learning assessments?

At the beginning of the semester, a simple random error could drop a score from an A to a B+.

x_i = xbar+e_i What is e_i?

How much case i deviates from the mean.

Write the definition of a standard error of a statistic.

How much change do you typically find, if a study is repeated many times? Each statistic we declare will have its own standard error.

If the p-value is .08, it means that

If the null hypothesis were true, we would get an effect this large only 8% of the time.

An instructor gives cumulative tests in a class and requires students to make an appointment if they want to know which items they missed on a test. According to Dr. Sanford, in which of the following situations is the instructor likely to receive complaints from students about not being told which items they missed?

If the students are given access to the entire pool of questions used to create the tests.

Write the definition of a mean.

If you pick someone at random and you want to bet, the mean is the score that you want to get.

Write the definition of the standard error of measure.

If you test me many times, My scores will change and stray from true, The standard error of measure says just how far they do.

The standard of the error of the mean will be the largest when the standard deviation is ________ and the sample size is ________ .

Large, Small

Correctly spell the term that goes in the blank. Standard error of a statistic will be almost perfectly _______ in shape.

Normal.

Write the summary of the mean and the standard deviation:

On a "x" scale that ranged from ___ to ___, the average score was ___. On average, people deviated from this score by ___ units.

The smaller the sample. . .

The larger the standard error of a statistic.

The standard error of a correlation indicates how far correlations from different studies typically deviate from ___ .

The population parameter.

x_i = xbar + e_i What is xbar?

The score you expect to get for case i.

Write the definition of a standard deviation.

The standard deviation is used to measure things, it's how far the average person strays from the mean.

Write the definition of a standard error of estimate.

The standard error of estimate, tell me what it's for, Got people in a sample and you guess their scores, it's your typical mistake, no less, no more.

The syllabus describes a plan in which an answer key for the lecture study guide is NOT posted. Which of the following is a FALSE statement about this plan?

This plan provides a way for students to learn key concepts even if they choose to skip some videos.

Correctly spell the term for the thing that has a mean of 0 and a standard deviation of 1.

Z-score.

Write the summary of the z-score:

____'s score was ____ standard deviations below the mean. If "X" is normally distributed, ____'s score is between the __th and __th percentile.