Lab 2

How does dehydration synthesis work in proteins?

The process is similar to that of carbohydrates, but the things being bonded are amino acids, not simple sugars.

Peptide bonds form between

the amine group from one amino acid + the carboxyl group of another.

protein are composed of

Amino acids (monomer ma) linked together by peptide bonds created vis dehydration synthesis

Unsaturated fatty acids

Contains at least one carbon=carbon double bond , leads to kinks , not easily stackable (liquid at room temperature )

Saturated fatty acid

Contains only carbon-carbon single bonds , linear configuration leads to easy stacking (solid at room temperature)

How does dehydration synthesis work in Lipids?

During the dehydration glycerol and fatty acid are joined, and water comes out as a result. The remaining chemicals bond (see image on handout for details).

Carbohydrate roles

Energy source, structural support for the cell, cell to cell communication.

What is hydrolysis?

Hydrolysis is the separation of two macromolecules by adding water. It is essentially the exact opposite of dehydration synthesis.

How does dehydration synthesis work in carbohydrates?

In carbohydrates, an H from one simple sugar, and an OH from another are taken out, which will form water. The two simple sugars are then joined to form a carbohydrate!

Hydrogen bond location

Middle of the ladder/ A ubiquitous example of a hydrogen bond is found between water molecules. In a discrete water molecule, there are two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom.

What reaction breaks down polymers into monomers?

Polymers are broken down into monomers in a process known as hydrolysis, which means "to split water," a reaction in which a water molecule is used during the breakdown. During these reactions, the polymer is broken into two components.

peptide bond

Proteins are formed from amino acids, and the bond that connects them is called a peptide bond.

What does "dehydration" mean?

Put together while losing water

monomer of carbohydrates

Simple sugars -Monosaccharides (Galactose, Glucose or Fructose) (ribose,deoxyribose)

Replicate DNA

The DNA Replication Process: The Steps Involved in Creating Copies of Deoxyribonucleic Acid Step 1: The Separation of DNA Strands. ... Step 2: Replication Fork Formation. ... Step 3: Binding of Bases to Each Strand. ... Step 4: The Termination of the Replication Process.

What type of reaction links monomers to make polymers?

The monomers combine with each other via covalent bonds to form larger molecules known as polymers. In doing so, monomers release water molecules as byproducts. This type of reaction is known as dehydration synthesis, which means "to put together while losing water.

What is the purpose of dehydration synthesis?

To bond two molecules together while removing water.

transcribe and translate DNa

Transcription is the first step of gene expression, in which a particular segment of DNA is copied into RNA (especially mRNA) by the enzyme RNA polymerase. Both DNA and RNA are nucleic acids, which use base pairs of nucleotides as a complementary language. Translation is the final step on the way from DNA to protein. It is the synthesis of proteins directed by a mRNA template. The information contained in the nucleotide sequence of the mRNA is read as three letter words (triplets), called codons. Each word stands for one amino acid.

Glycerolipids: Triglyceride is

an ester formed from glycerol and three fatty acid groups. Triglycerides are the main constituents of natural fats and oils, and high concentrations in the blood indicate an elevated risk of stroke.

Amylase

breaks down starch into maltose (hydrolysis)

polymer of carbohydrates

disaccharide, polysaccharide( sucrose, lactose, maltose)

Sucrose (table sugar)

glucose + fructose ( formed via dehydration synthesis).A glycosidic bond is formed

Lactose

glucose + galactose

Polymer

molecules composed of many monomers; makes up macromolecules(polysaccharides, polypeptides and proteins , nucleic acids).

Monomer

small unit that can join together with other small units to form polymers(monosaccharides , amino acids, nucleotides)

hydrogen bond

the attractive force between the hydrogen attached to an electronegative atom of one molecule and an electronegative atom of a different molecule. Usually the electronegative atom is oxygen, nitrogen, or fluorine, which has a partial negative charge.