Lab 5 Respiratory:
FEV1=
% of VC exhaled in 1 second!!!!
Normal Human Lung:
-Squamous epithelium of the alveolar walls -Bronchiole -RBC between alveolar walls (denotes presence of pulmonary capillaries) -Free alveolar macrophages visible
The sum of TV + IRV + ERV should be within ________ of the measured VC. If not, redo your measurements!!!!
0.1L!!!!
Early signs of Emphysema are:
1) shortness of breath during physical exertion and 2) a mild, chronic cough; both of these signs worsen over time, especially among smokers. Gas exchange is insufficient even at rest, and weight loss occurs as patients spend significant amounts of energy to forcibly exhale. Often, the skin has a bluish hue due to insufficient gas exchange!!!!
Emphysema:
1. The destruction of alveolar walls, leading to reduced surface area for gas exchange 2. A reduction in lung elasticity 3. Narrowed small airways that collapse during expiration
A 5' 4", 43 year-old male is evaluated for pulmonary function. Use the information below to answer the following questions. Using the graph below, calculate his FEV1. Show your calculations:
2.3 L (height in one second after expiration)/ 3.9 L x 100 = 59.0%
1 inch=
2.54 cm!!!!
The normal values for respiratory volumes and capacities given below are typical averages measured in young, adult males. Female volumes are typically about _______ less than males!!!!
25%!!!!
A 5' 4", 43 year-old male is evaluated for pulmonary function. Use the information below to answer the following questions. Using the graph below, what is his actual vital capacity?!
3.90 L!!!! (Where the chart goes to at the end)!!!!
The human lung has 3 lobes on the right -superior, middle, inferior, and 2 lobes on the left -superior and inferior. Humans have how many total?!
5 lung lobes (cats have 7 total lung lobes)!!!!
Tidal Volume Amount:
500 ml!!!!
Cats left lung lobes:
7 total; anterior, middle, and posterior lobes!!!!
Cat right lung lobes:
7 total; anterior, middle, posterior, and mediastinal lobes!!!!
People with normal lung function are able to exhale __________ of their FEV (VC) in the first second (FEV1) and 100% by the second or third second (FEV2 and FEV3)!!!!
75% to 85%!!!!
If the FEV1 is less than what in a healthy individual, repeat the measurement!!!!
75%!!!!
The ____________ is the site of gas exchange in the lungs and the main structural component visible is a section of lung tissue!!!!
Alveolus!!!!
Volume and Capacities:
Always keep the transducer in an upright position when recording. Avoid looking at the screen when recording and try to breathe normally. Stand up at all times. Use the nose clips provided (this can make a surprisingly large difference).
To perform the test:
Breathe normally for 4 breaths (inhale-exhale cycles). Inhale as deeply as possible, then exhale as deeply as possible. Breathe normally for 3 breaths.
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium:
Cilia, goblet cells, nuclei!!!!
Emphysema causes what?!
Consequently, large pockets of air fill the lungs, but cannot be easily exhaled because there is limited elastic recoil to push the air out through the narrowed airways. FEV can be as long as6 seconds!!!!
Epiglottis:
Elastic cartilage flap that covers the glottis during swallowing!!!!
The boundary lines between obstructive and restrictive disorders are sometimes fuzzy. For example, advanced ___________ is both an obstructive and a restrictive disorder. It is obstructive because the bronchioles are weakened to such a degree that they collapse upon exhalation; it is restrictive because the lung tissue is also destroyed. A person with advanced emphysema would demonstrate both a low VC and a longer than normal FEV!!!!
Emphysema!!!!
Use the I-beam to measure the VC. Select the area from the very start of ___________ to the end of the recording (where the slope of the line changes the most). The delta box shows the vital capacity in liters; record in the chart below!!!!
Exhalation!!!!
Given the following conditions, state whether a person's pulmonary capacities would be greater, less, or equal to the normal values for an average sized 20 yr old male. State the key characteristic(s) determining your answer. 7' 0'' male:
Greater; taller!!!!
Vital capacity can be predicted based on ____________ by using the following formula where VC = vital capacity in liters, h = height in centimeters (1 inch = 2.54 cm) and a = age in years!!!!
Height and Age!!!!
A 5' 4", 43 year-old male is evaluated for pulmonary function. Use the information below to answer the following questions. a. If the patient has restrictive pulmonary disease, what would you predict about his VC and his FEV1?!
His VC should be below his predicted value. His FEV1 should be normal (75-85%)!!!!
Other common symptoms of Emphysema:
Include wheezing, tightness of the chest, excessive phlegm, intolerance to cold environments, and swelling in the extremities. Without treatment, permanent disability can result, as can heart or respiratory failure leading to death!!!!
What is Emphysema?!
It is a chronic, progressive pulmonary condition characterized by a loss of lung elasticity as structures supporting the alveoli are destroyed. Alveoli enlarge and merge as their walls collapse, resulting in decreased surface area for gas exchange. Bronchioles and alveoli can also collapse during exhalation!!!!
Given the following conditions, state whether a person's pulmonary capacities would be greater, less, or equal to the normal values for an average sized 20 yr old male. State the key characteristic(s) determining your answer. Female gender:
Less; female!!!!
Given the following conditions, state whether a person's pulmonary capacities would be greater, less, or equal to the normal values for an average sized 20 yr old male. State the key characteristic(s) determining your answer. 90 year old female:
Less; female, age!!!!
Given the following conditions, state whether a person's pulmonary capacities would be greater, less, or equal to the normal values for an average sized 20 yr old male. State the key characteristic(s) determining your answer. 2 year old male:
Less; shorter, much younger!!!!
Larynx:
Located at the top of the trachea!!!!
Expiratory Reserve Volume Amount:
Males: 1, 000 ml!!!! Females: 700 ml!!!!
Residual Volume Amount:
Males: 1, 200 ml!!!! Females: 1, 100 ml!!!!
Inspiratory Reserve Volume Amount:
Males: 3, 300 ml!!!! Females: 1, 900 ml!!!!
Vital Capacity (VC) Amount:
Males: 4, 800 ml!!!! Females: 3, 100 ml!!!!
Total Lung Capacity Amount:
Males: 6, 000 ml!!!! Females: 4, 200 ml!!!!
The surface of these cells is covered in cilia. What is the function of the cilia?!
Move mucus toward the pharynx!!!!
External nares:
Nostrils leading to the NASAL CAVITY!!!!
Trachea:
Notice the CARTILAGE RINGS that support it!!!! Divides into two bronchi (one into each lung)!!!!
Use the I-beam to measure the amount of air exhaled inexactly _________ second. Begin highlighting at the point where the graph begins to curve upward and use the ∆T box to stretch exactly one second. Do not highlight the area between 0 and 1 second on the x-axis, unless the graph shows your exhalation started exactly at time zero. (The amount of air exhaled in one second is shown in the delta box. Record this volume in the chart below and use it to calculate FEV1, which is the percentage of VC exhaled in one second. Record the information for one subject in your lab report.)
ONE!!!!
Obstructive pulmonary disorders:
Obstruction of the airways (bronchioles)!!!! Difficult to move air rapidly into and out of the lungs!!!!
A 5' 4", 43 year-old male is evaluated for pulmonary function. Use the information below to answer the following questions. Is this patient's pulmonary function normal, indicative of restrictive disease, or indicative of an obstructive disease?! Explain.
Obstructive disease. The patient's VC is normal; however, it takes longer for him to exhale his VC (his FEV1 is well below 75%)!!!!
FEV Result:
On the graph, use the I-beam tool to highlight starting at the exact point where EXHALATION begins. Select an area at least 3 seconds long (use the T symbol in the top left corner). Click on Setup FEV, which will invert the graph in a new window. It will show the total amount of air expired over time and look something like this!!!!
Examine the lungs. Unlike humans, cats have a total of 7 lobes. Each lung has an anterior, middle, and posterior lobe. A seventh mediastinal lobe (in the right lung) is positioned medially!!!! How many total lobes do humans have?!
Only 5!!!!
Pharynx:
Or throat, is a shared passage for both the digestive & respiratory tracts. It is divided into 3 regions which will be identified on the human model!!!!
Toward what anatomical location is all mucus propelled -whether in the nose or bronchi?!
Pharynx!!!!
Laryngopharynx:
Posterior to the larynx and continuous with the esophagus!!!!
Nasopharynx:
Posterior to the nasal cavity!!!!
Oropharynx:
Posterior to the oral cavity!!!!
Respiratory Tract Epithelium:
Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium!!!!
Mediastinum:
Region between the lungs that contains the heart, trachea and esophagus!!!!
Breathing involves moving air into and out of the lungs. It is accomplished by changing the size of the thoracic cavity which changes the air pressure within the lungs. These volume/pressure changes are brought about by contraction and relaxation of ____________ muscles and the elastic recoil of tissues in the chest wall and lungs!!!!
Respiratory!!!!
Given the following conditions, state whether a person's pulmonary capacities would be greater, less, or equal to the normal values for an average sized 20 yr old male. State the key characteristic(s) determining your answer. 20 year old male, average height:
Same; similar characteristics!!!!
Actual normal volumes and capacities will vary from subject to subject depending on three factors: ____, _______, ________. Males typically have larger volumes than females; taller individuals have larger volumes; and adults typically have larger volumes when they are younger!!!!
Sex, height, and age!!!!
Diaphragm:
Sheet-like muscle inferior to the lungs!!!!
The quantities of air moved into and out of the lungs are termed pulmonary or respiratory volumes and capacities. They are measured with a device called a __________!!!! We will use two different types of spirometers to measure the quantity of air you inhale and exhale. These quantities of air are typically recorded in either cubic centimeters (cc), milliliters (ml), or liters (L).
Spirometer!!!!
A normal, healthy subject is tested before and during strenuous exercise. Predict how each of the following lung capacities should change during exercise:
TV Increases!!!! IRV Decreases!!!! ERV Decreases!!!! VC stays the same!!!! (WHY?!/Practice this!!!!)
Measurement of Timed Vital Capacity and FEV1:
The ability to exhale the VC in a given amount of time is often of greater diagnostic value than measurement of a simple VC. One such test that measures the timed VC is called Forced Expiratory Volume or FEV!!!!
Pleural cavities:
The cavities surrounding each lung, in between the parietal and visceral layers!!!!
Vocal folds:
The larynx contains the vocal folds or vocal cords. The opening between the folds is the glottis. The folds are not obvious in the cat dissection but should be identified in the sheep larynx!!!!
Glottis:
The narrow opening between the vocal folds leading from the pharynx into the larynx!!!!
Visceral Pleura:
The portion of each pleura fused to the surface of the lungs. The visible glossy/shiny surface of the lungs is actually the visceral pleura!!!!
Parietal Pleura:
The portion of each pleura lining the rib cage. The shiny appearance of the inside of the rib cage is created by the parietal pleura!!!!
Respiratory Tract: Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium
These cells line the respiratory tract from the nasal cavity through the bronchi. This epithelial tissue has the appearance of multiple layers (stratified), because some cells don't reach the surface, and the nuclei are at different levels. However, every cell contacts the basal layer. It is not stratified!
VC Predicting Importance:
This calculation is important for determining whether the value obtained during respiratory testing is a healthy value for the individual!!!!
2 cartilage structures supporting the larynx wall:
Thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage!!!!
Interspersed among the pseudostratified columnar cells are mucus-secreting goblet cells. What is the function of mucus in the respiratory tract?!
Trap inhaled dust, pollen, bacteria, etc.!!!!
Pleurae:
Two membranes that line the thoracic cavity and form the two pleural cavities (each surrounding one lung)!!!!
Alveolus Slide:
Type I and II alveolar cells, alveolar macrophage, bronchiolar epithelium!!!!
Female VC Prediction:
VC = 0.041(h) -0.018(a) -2.69 VC in L; h=in cm (1 inch=2.54 cm), a=age in years
Male VC Prediction:
VC = 0.052(h) -0.022(a) -3.6 VC in L; h=cm (1 in=2.54 cm, a=age in years)
A 5' 4", 43 year-old male is evaluated for pulmonary function. Use the information below to answer the following questions. What is the predicted vital capacity for this patient?! Show your calculations:
VC= 0.052 (162.6 cm) -0.022 (43 yrs) -3.6= 8.46 -0.946 -3.6= 3.91 L
In certain pulmonary diseases, elastic lung tissue is replaced with scar tissue, which reduces compliance. How would vital capacity be affected and why?!
Vital capacity (VC) would decrease. The scar tissue will reduce elasticity (compliance) of the lungs, essentially restricting the volume that can be inhaled!!!!
FEV1 Equation:
Volume exhaled in 1 sec. (FEV1)/Total VC exhaled x 100
The FEV test can help to distinguish between ________________ pulmonary disorders!!!!
obstructive and restrictive!!!!
Examples of obstructive pulmonary disorders:
•Asthma-constriction of bronchiole smooth muscle!!!! •Chronic bronchitis-mucus secretions block bronchioles!!!!
Restrictive pulmonary disorders:
•Damage to lung tissue, muscles, chest wall, or vertebral column!!!! •Limits expansion of the lungs in order to inhale!!!!
Restrictive pulmonary disorders effect on VC and FEV:
•Low VC!!!! •Normal FEV (if no accompanying obstructive problem)!!!! Airflow speed is normal, but volume is reduced!!!!
Obstructive pulmonary disease effect on VC and FEV:
•Normal VC!!!! •FEV1 less than 75%; time to exhale total FEV is longer!!!! Volume is normal, but airflow speed is reduced!!!!
Restrictive pulmonary disorder examples:
•Pulmonary fibrosis-group of diseases resulting in scarring of lung tissue due to accumulation of particles such as asbestos, silica, or coal dust!!!! •Damage to surrounding structures as in polio, pneumo-thorax, kyphosis and scoliosis!!!!
For FEV Test (For the Subject):
▪Always keep the transducer in an upright position when recording. ▪Avoid looking at the screen when recording and try to breathe normally. ▪Stand up at all times. ▪Use the nose clips provided (this can make a surprisingly large difference).
For FEV Test:
▪Breathe normally for three cycles, then inhale as deeply as possible. ▪Hold the inhalation very briefly, then forcefully exhale as fast and as completely as possible. Exhalation should last longer than 3 seconds if possible (have a lab partner watch the time).Continue to exhale, even if it feels like nothing is coming out. ▪Breathe normally for 3 cycles.
Tidal Volume (TV):
♂0.5L, ♀0.5 L-the amount of air moved into OR out of the lungs during normal breathing. TV can vary greatly and is affected by things such as exercise and the position of the body during measurements. For pulmonary function tests, a TV is performed by having the subject inhale OR exhale normally into a spirometer!!!!
Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV):
♂1.0 L, ♀0.7 L-the amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a normal tidal exhalation. For pulmonary function tests, ERV is measured by having the subject exhale a normal TV then force as much air as possible into the spirometer!!!!
Residual Volume (RV):
♂1.2 L, ♀1.1-the amount of air left in the lungs at all times, even after forceful exhalation. This amount of air can never be emptied from the lungs under normal conditions and thus cannot be measured directly with a spirometer. This air is not the same air all the time. It constantly turns over and mixes with other air in the lungs -but it is always the same amount!!!!
Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV):
♂3.3 L, ♀1.9 L-the amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled after a normal tidal inhalation. For pulmonary function tests, IRV is measured by having the subject inhale a normal TV and then forcefully inhaling as much air as possible!!!!
Vital Capacity (VC):
♂4.8 L, ♀3.1 L-the maximum amount of air which can be exhaled after a maximum inhalation. It is equal to the sum of TV+ERV+IRV. For pulmonary function tests, VC is measured by having the subject take a maximum inhalation and then forcefully exhaling as much air as possible into the spirometer!!!!
