LABBBBB
How many acetyl-CoA molecules are produced by the intermediate step from the products of the glycolysis of 1 molecule of glucose?
2
How many pyruvate molecules are generated from 1 molecule of glucose during glycolysis?
2
Which explanation BEST describes why there is only a NET gain of 2 ATP when 4 ATP molecules are generated from the glycolysis of 1 glucose molecule?
2 ATP are used in glycolysis to initially catabolize the glucose molecule
If a DNA coding sequence contains 12 nucleotides, how many mRNA codons will there be?
4
Bone is a type of connective tissue, with specialized cells embedded in a matrix. What does the matrix of bone consist of?
Approximately two-thirds of the weight of bone is composed primarily of calcium salts that form hard, brittle crystals of hydroxyapatite. The other major component of the bony matrix is the collagen fibers that provide tensile strength to bone.
How is giantism similar to acromegaly?
Both disorders result from abnormal cartilage and soft tissue growth.
Identify the complementary nucleotide sequence that would be generated during DNA replication of the sequence GTTACAG.
CAATGTC
What is the nucleotide sequence of an mRNA strand that has been transcribed from the DNA sequence GGTAGC?
CCAUCG
ABCDE is an easy mnemonic device that is used while inspecting suspicious moles for indicators of skin cancer. Which of the following letters is NOT correctly matched with its definition?
D = density
In exfoliative cytology, epithelial cells are removed and examined without any lasting damage to the tissue from which these cells are removed. Why is there usually NO lasting damage?
Epithelial tissue is capable of regeneration.
What anticodon would complement the codon sequence CTA?
GAU
What two molecules supply electrons to drive the redox reactions of the ETS?
NADH and FADH2
Alex and his mother both suffer from osteogenesis imperfecta (OI), which means the imperfect formation of bone. Which bone cells are responsible for the formation of new bone matrix?
Osteoblasts are the bone cells that produce new bone matrix.
What is the name of the enzyme that creates the mRNA copy from DNA?
RNA polymerase
Skin color may have a diagnostic function. Imagine one of your friends has an obvious orange tint to her skin. What would be a logical conclusion of your observation?
She may have a real taste for consuming carrots.
Which base in RNA is replaced by uracil?
T
List the complementary RNA nucleotides would be added from position 1-4? (The Image Shows: A,G,C,T)
U, C, G, A
Match the anatomical landmark to the corresponding letter located in the drop down menu. (FACING BACKWARDS - UPPER HALF OF BODY)
acromial - A lumbar - D olecranal - C dorsal - B cervical - F cephalic - E
Which type of loose connective tissue provides padding, cushions shock, reduces heat loss, and stores energy? Where are some places in the body this type of tissue is commonly found? (Figure 4-11)
adipose tissue; deep to the skin at sides, buttocks, and breasts
Each codon of mRNA (hence each triplet in DNA) codes for one
amino acid
Storage molecules called proteins are catabolized to provide what molecule to the nutrient pool?
amino acids
A specific amino acid carried by a tRNA is determined by its
anticodon
Which surface attaches to the underlying epithelial cells or deeper tissues?
basal
Skin cancers are the most common form of cancers and they range from benign to malignant. Which of the following types of skin cancers is considered the most common but also the LEAST dangerous?
basal cell carcinoma
Some burn victims benefit from skin grafts cultured from their own skin cells. Which skin cells are the most likely candidates for such a culture?
basal cells
Using your knowledge of anatomical landmarks, where is the likely location of the popliteal lymph nodes?
behind the knee
Which muscle cell type has visible striations but is not under voluntary control?
cardiac
Match the anatomical landmark to the corresponding letter located in the drop down menu. (FACING FORWARD - TOP HALF OF BODY )
cervical - D brachial - B abdominal - F cephalic - A thoracic - E anticubital - C
What step of cellular respiration produces most of the high energy coenzyme molecules?
citric acid cycle
In "simple columnar epithelium," which word describes cell shape and which word describes the number of cell layers? (Figure 4-6)
columnar; simple
Translation is the second step in protein synthesis and it occurs in the
cytoplasm
Which structure typically receives information from other neurons?
dendrite
Exfoliative cytology involves the removal of epithelial cells for examination. Which of the following is NOT a clinical application of exfoliative cytology?
examination of cardiac muscle cells after a heart attack
Storage molecules called triglycerides are catabolized to provide what molecule to the nutrient pool?
fatty acids
Identify the nutrient pool molecules labeled A, B, and D (in that order).
fatty acids, glucose, amino acids
Glycogen is composed of branched chains of _______ molecules.
glucose
Alex had incurred previous fractures that were already in the process of healing when he went to the emergency room for his current injury. What is the correct sequence of events in the repair of a fracture?
hematoma formation, callus formation, spongy bone formation, and compact bone formation
Using your knowledge of medical terminology, complete the following matching assignment. Match the root word, prefix. or suffix located to its meaning located in the drop down menu.
hemo-: blood -itis: inflammation of derm-: skin -cyte: cell osteo-: bone glyco-: sugar -phil: love cephal-: head sub-: below myo-: muscle
Match the abdominopelvic quadrant to the corresponding letter in the drop down menu.
hypogastric - E right inguinal - D left hypochondriac - G epigastric - F
The umbilicus (navel) is __________ to the chin.
inferior
Marfan's syndrome is a disorder associated with excessive growth in length of limbs and digits, giving the afflicted individual a tall and lanky appearance. What is the clinical term for bone growth in length?
interstitial growth
Using your knowledge of root words, prefixes and suffixes, answer the following question: What is the difference between Intracellular fluid and Intercellular fluid?
intracellular fluid is located within cells, whereas intercellular fluid is located between cells
What molecule will pyruvate be converted to if inadequate amounts of oxygen are in the cytoplasm?
lactic acid
Drag the labels onto the diagram to identify the basic structures of the epidermis-dermis junction.
look at pic
Drag the labels onto the diagram to identify the cells and fibers of connective tissue proper using diagrammatic and histological views.
look at pic
Drag the labels onto the diagram to identify the components of the integumentary system.
look at pic
Drag the labels onto the diagram to identify the melanocyte in the stratum basale of the epidermis.
look at pic
Drag the labels onto the diagram to identify the structures found in compact bone.
look at pic
Drag the labels onto the diagram to identify the types of bone cells.
look at pic
Drag the labels onto the diagram to identify the types of connective tissue proper.
look at pic
Drag the labels onto the diagram to identify the types of supporting connective tissues.
look at pic
Drag the labels onto the epidermal layers.
look at pic
Drag the labels to classify bones by shape.
look at pic
Drag the labels to identify the structures of a long bone.
look at pic
Drag the labels to identify types of fractures.
look at pic
Drag the labels to the appropriate location in the figure.
look at pic
Drag the labels onto the diagram to identify the types of epithelia.
look at the picture
The breast bone (sternum) is ____________ to the ribs.
medial
Match the anatomical directional term to the corresponding letter in the drop down menu. (FACING FORWARD - BOTTOM HALF OF BODY)
medial - B distal - D proximal - C lateral - A
Name the bone structure indicated by the arrow.
medullary cavity
Match the cell organelle to its cellular function located in the drop down menu.
microvilli - increases cell surface area to facilitate absorption of extracellular materials nucleus - storage and processing of genetic information plasma membrane - controls the entry and exit of materials into and out of the cell golgi apparatus - storage, alteration and packaging of secretory products lysosomes - contains enzymes that breakdown damaged organelles and pathogens centrosome and centrioles - essential for chromosome movement during cell division ribosomes - protein synthesis rough ER - modifies and packages newly synthesized proteins mitochondria - produces the majority of ATP in the cell smooth ER - synthesis of lipids and carbohydrates
Where is electron transport system-generated ATP produced in the cell?
mitochondria
What molecule is the final electron acceptor in the ETS?
molecular oxygen
How many ATP are produced during the intermediate step (the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA)?
no ATP is produced
Transcription is the first step in protein synthesis and it occurs in the
nucleus
A group of organs working together perform a specific function forms the level of organization called the_________________.
organ system level
What phosphorylation mechanism is used to generate ATP in the ETS?
oxidative phosphorylation
When a molecule is _______ it loses electrons, and when a molecule is ______ it gains electrons.
oxidized; reduced
The normal pH range of human extracellular fluid is
pH 7.35-7.45
What is the effect of increased plasma PCO2 on pH?
pH decreases
What is the effect of decreased plasma PCO2 on pH?
pH increases
Match the organs located in the left-hand column to the body system to which they belong.
penis, epididymis, vagina, and ovaries - reproductive system skin and the hair - integumentary system skeletal muscles and associated tendons - muscular system bones, cartilage, and ligaments - skeletal system brain, spinal cord and their associated nerves - nervous system
Each mRNA strand codes for one
polypeptide
Match the anatomical landmark to the corresponding letter located in the drop down menu. (FACING BACKWARDS BOTTOM HALF OF BODY)
popliteal - C gluteal - B sural - D plantar -E lumbar - A
A marked loss in strength and elasticity of connective tissue characterizes Marfan's syndrome. Which connective tissue component imparts strength and elasticity?
proteinaceous connective tissue fibers
The dermis is composed of the papillary layer and the __________.
reticular layer
What is the name of the sugar in the mRNA nucleotides?
ribose
What organelle assists tRNA in translating the mRNA in the cytoplasm?
ribosome
Match the sectional plane to the corresponding letter in the drop down menu.
sagittal (Flat - Perpendicular to Frontal Plane) - A transverse (Flat - Through Body Mid-Section) - C frontal/coronal (Flat - Facing Same Direction as Body) - B
The proximal tubule of the nephron (kidney tubule) in the kidney is composed of which type of epithelium?
simple cuboidal epithelium
The wall of the alveolus (air sac) in the lung is composed of which type of epithelium?
simple squamous epithelium
Which of the three muscle cell types has multiple nuclei?
skeletal
In a second-degree burn, the entire epidermis and perhaps some of the dermis are damaged. Which of the following is NOT typically associated with a second-degree burn?
skin grafts
Which part of the neuron (a specialized nerve cell) receives signals from other cells and is also the main metabolic region of the neuron?
soma
Describe the body pose of someone who is in the anatomical position.
standing erect, hands at sides, palms pointed forward, toes pointing forward
Melanocytes __________.
store melanin in melanosomes
Which epithelium, shown at the end of the arrow, is responsible for protection, secretion, and absorption?
stratified cuboidal
The epithelium of the esophagus is composed of which type of epithelial tissue?
stratified squamous epithelium
In which layer of the skin are melanocytes found? (Figure 5-8)
stratum basale
The citric acid cycle produces two ATP molecules from GTP. What type of phosphorylation process is used to create the ATP during this step of cellular respiration?
substrate level phosphorylation
What is the classification of this bone according to its shape?
sutural
What molecule possesses an anticodon?
tRNA
Which DNA strand is utilized for the synthesis of an mRNA molecule?
template strand
What effect does complete enzyme denaturation have on enzyme activity?
the enzyme will lose activity
Which of the following layers is targeted by liposuction?
the hypodermis
There currently is no cure for OI, and treatments are often aimed at preventing or controlling symptoms. One common treatment is rodding surgery, where a metal rod is inserted into a long bone to strengthen and prevent deformity. Using what you know about the structure of a typical long bone, what part of the long bone is the most likely place for this rod to be inserted?
the medullary cavity of the diaphysis
Healthy skin cells require a constant supply of blood. In decubitus ulcers, or bed sores, this blood supply is hindered because superficial blood vessels are compressed. Which layer(s) of the skin hold(s) such compressed blood vessels?
the papillary and reticular layers of the dermis
A group of cells working together forms the level of organization called the _________________.
tissue level
The central dogma of molecular biology states that DNA is ____________ into mRNA, and mRNA is _____________ into protein. The first step of mRNA synthesis from DNA utilizes the enzyme _________________.
transcribed/translated/RNA polymerase
What molecule is produced when the final electron acceptor in the ETS gains the required electrons?
water
