labster simulation midterm
Active transport subtypes
ATP pump driven, light pup driven, coupled transport
Class 8: Corrosive substances
Materials in this category include acids, solvents, or other materials that may cause irreversible damage to human tissues. sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, potassium hydroxide , sodium hydroxide
nervous tissue
Epithelial cells line the outer surfaces of organs and blood vessels, as well as the inner surfaces of lumens. They maintain a strong barrier between different types of environments.
epithelail tissue
Epithelial cells line the outer surfaces of organs and blood vessels, as well as the inner surfaces of lumens. They maintain a strong barrier between different types of environments. There are three main shapes of epithelial cells: squamous (flat), columnar (tall), and cuboidal (square).
lipids refer to
a group of water insoluble compounds found in plants and animals
poly saccharides are
a long chain of monosaccharides linked by glycosidic bonds. they may be branched or unbranched and it may contain different types of monosaccharides
hypothesis
a proposed explanation for a phenomenon based on observations and existing knowledge
a polypeptide regardless of length has
a single amino acid end and a single carboxyl end
class 5: oxidizing agents and organic peroxides
calcium hypochlorite, ammonium nitrate, hydrogen peroxide, cumene hydroperoxide.
what happens to charged molecules molecules regarding membrane potential
changes the rate and direction of transport
fungi cell walls are mostly composed of
chitin
what are atomic bonds created by
an electrostatic force of attraction between single atoms with opposite charges or by sharing electrons
saturated fatty acids dont have
double bonds
unsaturated fatty acids have what type of bond in their chain
double bonds
Class 1: explosives
dynamite, nitroglycerin
what are the function of lipids
energy storage, mobilization, utilization, synthesis of prostaglandin and cytokine, cell differentiation and growth, cell membrane structure, signal transmission, hormone synthesis, and bile acid syntheis
omega 6 and omega 3 are
essential fatty acids that can only be obtained through our diet
balancing chemical equations
figure it out
cell walls job
give the cell rigidity and strength, limit the entry of large molecules that may be toxic, offers protection against mechanical stress
level one protection: minimum risk
gloves and some facial protection
Isometric Monosaccharides
glucose, galactose, fructose; all hexoses
natural sources of carbohydrates
grains, fruits and vegetables
What does the extracellular matrix do?
helps regulate a number of cellular functions including adhesion, migration, proliferation and differentiation.
six carbon
hexose, glucose
DNA is wrapped around a protein called
histone
combustion is
irreversible, unidirectional, an will continue till the reactants are used up
the tertiary structure is the
is the overall shape of the polypeptide resulting from all the interactions between the side chains of the various amino acids
channel protein subtypes
ligand gated, voltage gated, mechanically gated
water potential is the sum of
pressure potential and solute potential
protein comes from what Greek word and what meaning
proteios which means first or primary
eukaryotic cells include
protists, plants, fungi, animals
amino acid R group
side chain, differs with each amino acid
carbohydrates are built from
simple sugars
saturated fatty acids are at room temp
solid
nonreducing sugars
sucrose
example of disaccharide formation
sucrose is formed when a monomer of glucose and a monomer of fructose are joined in a dehydration reaction to form a glycosidic bond between carbon 1 in glucose and carbon 2 in fructose. water molecule is lost
common disaccharides
sucrose, lactose, maltose
mass number
sum of neutrons and protons
chromatin
string like structure formed by a number of nucleosomes
the secondary structure consists of:
the coil (alpha-helix) and folds (beta-sheet) that result from hydrogen bonds between repeating constituents of the polypeptide chain
what determines the function of connective tissue
the composition of the matrix
negative control
the control group in an experiment that uses a treatment that isn't expected to produce results, so if it succeeds you know somethings wrong
secondary active transport uses what to fuel it
the electrochemical gradient established by active transport
if 2 bonding atoms have electronegativity this results in....
the electrons not being shared evenly and resulting in polar if the difference is .4 or higher or ionic if the difference is 1.7 or higher
monosaccharide shapes
linear chain or ring shaped molecule
un saturated fatty acids are at room temp
liquid
most common food that contain trans fatty acids
margarine, fast food, pre-prepared baked goods
class 4: flammable solids
nitro cellulose, magnesium, white phosphorus, sodium
the ionization constant is for
molecules that do not ionize when dissolved
glucose
most common monosaccharide, building block of many important carbohydrates
anions
negatively charged atoms, result of gaing electrons
are polypeptide and protein synonymous
no, a protein is multiple polypeptides folded into a unique cellular shape
chronic renal disease/ chronic kidney disease
often associated with old age, hypertension, diabetes, obesity and other cardiovascular diseases. anemia is usually developed, anemia is worsened as the chronic kidney disease gets worse.
fats are called what when liquid at room temp
oils
human reproductive cells (gamete) consist of
one set of 23 chromosomes
How do plants make glucose
photosynthesis, synthesize glucose with carbon dioxide and water
all living cells share these 5 components
plasma membrane, cytoplasm, DNA, ribosomes, and cytoskeleton
what is the extra DNA only found in prokaryotes called
plasmids
are epithelial cells typically polar or non polar
polar
the primary structure is the
polypeptide chain
cation
positively charged atom, result of losing electrons
cell membrane
the semipermeable membrane surrounding the cytoplasm of a cell to protect it from its environment. the membrane is composed of a double phospholipid bilayer making it very flexible. it is able to host various proteins and is semi/ selectively peremable
what determines the functional role of the amino acid in the polypeptide
the side chains physical and chemical properties
saturated fatty acids are called this because
they are filled/saturated with hydrogen
after DNA replication what happens to the chromatins
they are highly condensed into short and thick chromosomes
describe eukaryotic ribosomes
they are larger and consist of 60S large subunit and 40S small subunit which comes together to complete 80S ribosomes
viruses aren't included because
they aren't independently living organisms
the most obvious example of active transport is
transmembrane ion channels
level 4 protection: maximum risk
wearing a positive pressure personnel suit with a segregated air supply, taking several showers, utilization of vacuum room, an ultraviolet light room, or an autonomous detection system
a chemical reaction is
when a chemical or compound changes into a different one. reactants bonds are broken to form the products.
when does a quaternary structure arise
when a protein consists of two or more polypeptide chains
equilibrium
when the concentration of products and reactants equalize
most monosaccharides names end with
-ose
the length of carbon chains is usually
16 to 18 carbons
rate of hydrogen to carbon to oxygen in fructose and glucose
1:2:1
human somatic cells contain
46 chromosomes
pentose
5 carbon, ribose
plasma membrane thickness
5-10 nanometers
how many ribosomes do prokaryotic cells have
70S complete ribosomes
polypeptide
A polymer (chain) of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.
what are the 3 types of chemical bonds
ionic, covalent, and hydrogen
monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids have how many double bonds
1, 2 or more
polysaccharides weight
100,000 daltons or more
what is the extra cellular matrix comprised of
2 types of large biomolecules: proteoglycans and fibrous proteins such as collagen, laminin, fibronectin and elastin.
what is the number of carbon atoms in a monosaccharides
3 to 7
Disaccharide
A double sugar molecule made of two monosaccharides bonded together through dehydration synthesis.
solvent
A liquid substance capable of dissolving other substances
cell wall
A rigid layer of nonliving material that surrounds the cells of plants, fungi, bacteria, algae, and different archaea groups
solute
A substance that is dissolved in a solution.
Golgi apparatus
A system of membranes that modifies and packages proteins for export by the cell and outside the cell via secretory vesicles
primary active transport uses what to fuel it
ATP or light
rough endoplasmic reticulum
An endomembrane system covered with ribosomes where many proteins for transport are assembled.
prokaryotic cells include
Bacteria and Archaea
glucose chemical formula
C6H12O6
polysaccharide
Carbohydrates that are made up of more than two monosaccharides
Nucelus
Contains cell's chromosomes, surrounded by a double-layered membrane nuclear envelope.
prokaryote model organism
E. coli
controlled variable
Factor in an experiment that a scientist purposely keeps the same, must be the same if the experiment is repeated
reducing sugars
Glucose Fructose Galactose Maltose Lactose
how is glucose used in cellular respiration
energy is released from glucose and used to make ATP
muscle tissue
Muscles are unique cells in our body for their ability to contract which changes both the length and shape of the cell. A group of muscle cells contracting together can produce a large force and movement in the body. There are three types of muscle: skeletal (voluntary contraction), cardiac (of the heart) and smooth (involuntary muscle). Both skeletal and cardiac contain sarcomeres, which give the muscle a striated appearance
There are three main shapes of epithelial cells:
Squamous - flat Cuboidal - square Columnar - tall, rectangular
Class 6: Toxic materials and infectious substances
This includes medical waste and biological hazards. human material, virus cultures, potassium cyanide, mercurate chloride, pesticides
ester linkage
a bond formed by a dehydration reaction between a hydroxyl group and a carboxyl group
amino acids consist of
an amino group and a carboxyl group connected by an alpha carbon to a central carbon atom
glucose, galactose, and fructose
all have the same chemical structure, known as isomers, they differ structurally and chemically, all have more than 1 asymmetric carbon
three tenets of cell
all living organisms are composed of cells, cells are the structural and organizational unit of life, and all cells come from preexisting cells
Peptide bonds form between
an amino group and a carboxyl group releasing H2Oin the process through dehyrdation
fatty acids are
are carbon chains with a methyl group at one end and a carboxyl group at the other end
Class 9 Miscellaneous Dangerous Goods
asbestos, air bag inflators, self inflating life vests, dry ice
unsaturated fatty acids are bent or straight
bent
formation of amonia gas
bidirectional, reversible, product molecules react with one another to regenerate the reaction, achieves equilibrium by happening simultaneously
monosaccharide
carbohydrate that is a simple single sugar molecule
list of covalent compunds
carbon dioxide CO2 water H2O methane CH4 HCl hydrogen chloride NH3 ammonia C6H12O6 glucose
plant cell walls are mostly composed of
cellulose
what acts as a link between 2 sister chromatids
centromere
connective tissues
composed mainly of secrected proteins, connective tissue is found between other types of tissue
4 types of animal cells
connective tissue, muscle tissue, epithelial tissue, and nervous tissue
cytoplasm
contains all of the material in the cell excluding the nucleus. comprised of cytosol and all the other cell membranes
positive control
control group in an experiment that uses a treatment that is known to produce results, do if it doesn't you know somethings wrong
independent variable
controlled by scientist, factor u can change, only one in an experiment
dependent variable
depends on the independent variable. measured by the scientist to prove or disprove their hypothesis. change that happens because of the independent variable
class 3: flammable liquids
diethyl ether, carbon disulfide, gasoline, acetone
in the neutral state of an atom, the atomic number also equals the number of....
electrons
In humans glucose is an important source of
energy
carbohydrates are an important source of
energy and structural material for organisms
isotonic medium
even osmosis
connective tissue is also called
extracellular matrix
examples of saturated fatty acids
fats from meats and dairy
lipids are classified as
fats, phospholipids, sphingomyelins, waxes, sterols
dead cells can be differentiated from living cells using
fluorescent dye and a fluorescence microscope . when a cell dies the plasma membrane disintegrates and allows certain dyes to penetrate
what are the fluorescent dyes that diffuse into living cells do
fluorescent microscopy can be used to visualize processes that are otherwise impossible to see
what are the most saturated fatty acids
hydrocarbon chain
trans fatty acid results from
hydrogenating oils, converts liquid fat to solid fat
solute potential can be calculated with van hoff equation
i time c times r times t i is ionization constant/ the ratio of particles in a solution to the amount dissolved, c is the molar concentration of the solute, r is the ideal gas constant - (0.00831 L bar/ mol K) and t is the absolute temperature K
ketose
if a sugar has a ketone group, t shaped, dihydroxyacetone, fructose; have a carbonyl group in the middle of the carbon chain
aldose
if a sugar has an aldehyde group, Y shaped, glyceraldehyde, glucose and galactose; have a carbonyl group at the end of the carbon chain
what do the characteristics of the side group determine about the amino acid
if it's hydrophobic or hydrophilic, if it's acidic or basic
pressure potential (ΨP)
if pressure increases water potential increases
solute potential (Ψpi)
if solute concentration increases water potential decreases
Where is the DNA in a prokaryotic cell?
in the cytoplasm in a region called the nucleoid
class 2: gases
inflammable gases (acetylene and hydrogen), non inflammable (nitrogen and neon), or poisonous ones (fluorine, hydrogen, or cyanide)
major chemical spills
involve large amounts of chemicals or highly dangerous reagents. make sure you evacuate the lab and contact the right emergency personnel
depending on the solution glucose is in it may form different....
isomers
scientific method
make an observation, ask a question, do background research, construct a hypothesis, test with an experiment and trouble shoot if it doesn't work, analyze data and draw conclusions, do results align with your hypothesis, communicate results
hypotonic medium
makes the cell have too much water
hypertonic medium
makes the cell need water
what does a high concentration of cholesterol do to the membrane
makes the membrane less fluid and prevents it from stiffening at low temperatures
fluid mosaic model
model that describes the arrangement as a mosaic of components including: phospholipids, proteins, cholesterol, and carbohydrates
covalent bonds
nonmetals, form by sharing an electron pair. for most atoms the sharing results in a stable electron configuration
the C-H bonds in lipids is
nonpolar, making it not mix with water
bead like untis on wrapped DNA
nucleosomes
the DNA in eukaryotic cells is where
nucleus
eukaryotic cells have
nucleus and membrane bound organelles
atomic number
number of protons
due to the structure of the membrane what is the only thing that can cross it without transport proteins
only small hydrophobic molecules can easily diffuse across the membrane
covalent compounds consist of all...
organic compounds, carbohydrates, lipids, proteins nucleic acids
galactose and fructose
other common monosaccharides, part of lactose or milk sugar and found in sucrose in fruit
facilitated diffusion is
passive
what type of bonds connect amino acids
peptide bonds
glucans, proteins, and bacterial cell walls are made of
peptidoglycan
list proteins 3 structures:
primary, secondary, tertiary
membrane receptors provide
provide extracellular attachment sites for effectors like growth hormones and they activate signal transduction response cascades when their effectors are bonded
lysosome and peroxisome function
recycling centers of the cell, full of enzymes and known for the breaking down of biomolecules into their parts for later use. peroxisome reduces the damaging oxygen species into harmless waste products.
a proper experiment must be...
reproducible and reliable, include a control and use well designed variables
essential fatty acids are
required but not synthesized in the body
types of fatty acid
saturated and unsaturated, trans fatty acid, essential fatty acid (omega fat)
all proteins are made from a set of
set of 20 amino acids
model oraganism
species that are used to study certain aspects of biology
what other lipids are in the plasma membrane besides phospholipids
sphingolipids, cholesterol, and glycolipids
minor chemical spill
spills that can be cleaned up by lab personnel without putting themselves or others in danger
excess glucose in plants is often stored as
starch and catabolized when eaten
primary examples of polysaccharides
starch, glycogen, cellulose, fiber and chitin
what do glial cells do in nervous tissue
support neurons by providing nutrients, removing debris, insulating electrical impulses and coordinating activity of neurons.
carrier protein subtypes
symporter, uniporter, antiporter
how does a fluorescent microscope work
takes advantage of the admission and transmission wavelengths of fluorophores to produce high contrast images
proteins are
the building blocks of life, synthesize in all cells
insoluble and soluble parts of carbohydrates
the insoluble is fiber which is mainly cellulose
what is a trans fatty acid
the isomer of unsaturated fatty acid
what happens to form a triglyceride molecule
three fatty acid molecules are joined to glycerol by an ester linkage.
water potential
trident symbol, quantifies the tendency of water to move from one region to another
fats are also known as
triglycerides, constructed from glycerol and fatty acids
three carbons
triose, glyceraldehyde
can neutrons vary from atom to atom
true
disaccharides form when
two monosaccharides undergo a dehydration reaction forming a glycosidic bond, these bonds can be the alpha or beta type
each chromosome consists of
two sister chromatids
class 7: radioactive substances
uranium, plutonium
what helps maintain the function of the epithelial cells
variety of cell-to-cell junctions help maintain the barrier function of epithelial cells
sources of unsaturated fatty acids
vegetable oil, canola oil, sunflower seed oil, olive oil
foods high in omega 3 and 6
vegetables, oils, seeds, nuts, fish and other seafood
eukaryotes model organisms
yeast, fruit fly, chicken, C. elegans, Arabidopsis thaliana
