Launchpad 14-

DELETION

A chromosomal mutation in which a segment is missing is called a __________________.

TRANSLOCATION

A chromosomal mutation where a segment breaks off, flips, and then reattaches itself is called a(n):

TRANSLOCATION

A chromosomal segment that breaks off and attaches to another chromosome is what type of mutation?

SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE

A point mutation occurs when a ____________ _______________ gets replaced by a different one.

EITHER DELETION OR A RECIPROCAL TRANSLOCATION

A researcher has carried out Giesma staining on a set of human chromosomes, and has arranged these chromosomes into a karyotype. He notices that in a homologous pair, a band is missing from one of the chromosomes. This likely resulted from:

RECIPROCAL TRANSLOCATION

Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) is caused when a segment of chromosome 9 and a segment of chromosome 22 both break off and switch places. How is this mutation classified?

RARE, COMMON

Even though the chance of a mutation for one given nucleotide is _______, mutations are rather _____________ when looking at the whole genome.

MISMATCH REPAIR, NUCLEOTIDE EXCISION REPAIR

In ____________ repair, one nucleotide is replaced, whereas in _________________ _____________ repair several nucleotides are replaced.

in THE CENTROMERE,NONCODING DNA, NUCLEOLUS, and TELOMERES

In eukaryotic organisms with large genomes, the usual reason that many inversion breakpoints do not disrupt genes is because the breaks occur:

TO TRANSFER BACTERIAL CELLS FROM ONE AGAR PLATE TO ANOTHER

In the procedure of replica plating, the purpose of the sterilized velvet is:

3′-CTC-5′/5′-GAG-3′ to 3′-CAC-5′/5′-GTG-3′

In the sickle-cell anemia mutation, the 5′-GAG-3′ codon for glutamic acid becomes the 5′-GUG-3′ codon for valine. Assuming a single nucleotide substitution accounts for this mutation, what is the change in the DNA?

VIRUSES

Mutation rates (per nucleotide per replication) are highest in ________________.

TRANSLOCATION

Normally, in corn, genes for waxy and virescent kernel appearance are in the same chromosome. In a certain stock, however, it was found that these two genes are in different chromosomes. Which chromosomal aberration would explain this?

ANTIBIOTIC-RESISTANT CELLS OCCUR IN COLONIES THAT NEVER EXPERIENCED THE ANTIBIOTIC

Replica plating showed that mutations for antibiotic resistance are not induced by the presence of the antibiotic because:

MISSENCE

Sickle-cell anemia results from what type of mutation?

HOTSPOTS

Sites in the genome that are more susceptible to mutations than others are called:

MOST OF A HUMAN'S DNA IS NONCODING, SO MOST OF THE MUTATIONS ARE NEUTRAL

The fact that humans have a relatively large number of mutations per genome per generation when compared to other organisms can be explained by which of the following statements?

USUALLY INCREASES WITH LARGER GENOMES

The number of new mutations in organisms following a round of genome replication:

MULTIPLE

Usually _____________ mutation(s) are required in different genes to cause cancer.

21

When comparing DNA sequences of similar genes for proteins in related species, you see that some of the sequences are longer in one species compared to the other. Which of the following would most likely represent the extra number of bases that you would see?

DNA URACIL GLYCOSYLASE

Which of the following enzymes is responsible for initiating certain types of base excision repair?

RESULT OF TRANSPOSABLE ELEMENTS

Which of the following is the likely explanation for a flower showing multiple sectors with different coloration?

MISMATCH REPAIR AND/OR BASE EXCISION REPAIR

Which of the following mechanisms would most likely be involved in repairing a single point mutation?

BECAUSE VIRAL POLYMERASES LACK A PROOFREADING MECHANISM

Why do RNA viruses and retroviruses have such a high rate of mutation?

DUPLICATION and DIVERGENCE

_____ is the process where new genes evolve from duplicates of old ones.

RATES OF EVOLUTIONARY CHANGE IN DNA

____________ __ __________________ ____________ __ ________ are highly variable among different gene families.

DOSAGE

_____________ refers to the number of copies of each gene in a cell.

CHROMOSOMAL ABERRATIONS

can be caused by errors during cell division.

REPLICA PLATING SHOWED MUTATIONS ARE RANDOM

point mutations or deletions, the needs of the organism, whether A or G is replaced with T or C