law & society: exam 3
1. Less than _______ of lawyers report feeling satisfied w| their jobs.
1/2
2. Only ______% of students get an A -- that's. Mandatory curve.
10
Average number of hours expected to be billed: ______ to ______
1800; 2400
Although still more people apply to law school than can be accepted, about _____% of all applicants are accepted in at least one school. - competitive - smaller proportion - elite schools - admission {GPA + LSAT} or {alumni | family donations} - Institutional Interest
70
________: bases its claim to legitimacy on devotion to the specific and unusual sanctity, heroism, or exemplary character of an individual and their patterns that are revealed Ex: Moses, Christ, Gandhi
Charismatic Authority
________: bases its claims to legitimacy on a belief in the legality of normative rules and in the right of those elevated to author to issue commands under such rules - obedience is owed to a legally established impersonal order
Rational - Legal Authority
_________: bases its claims to legitimacy on an established belief in the sanctity of traditions and the legitimacy of the status of those exercising authority Ex: rule of elders
Traditional Authority
Two important insights by ___________: 1. conflict of interest provides the framework in which laws are formed and change is brought about {Social stratification in a society will determine to a large extent the part laws will play in brining about change based on the selectiveness and preferences exerted by this who promulgate those changes} 2. significance of the use of power to back up those changes
Weber
According to Friedmann, in regards to social change as a cause for legal change, "But today, the tempo of social change _________ to a point where today's assumptions may not be valid even in a few years from now"
accelerated
Law - far from being simply a reflection of social reality - is a powerful means of ___________ reality: of fashioning it or making it.
accomplishing
as a set of _________: common orientations toward social change preferences Ex: Peace Movement
actions
________ of law in creating social change. - Change efforts thru law tend to be more focused & specific - Change thru law is deliberate, rational, & conscious effort to alter a specific behavior|practice - Aims at rectifying, improving, or controlling behaviors | practices in precisely defined social institutions. - Law in society is seen as legitimate, more or less rational, authoritative, generally not disruptive, and backed by mechanisms of enforcement | sanctions.
advantages
ABA: ________________________. Formed in 1878. - Efforts to restrict admission - Started & spread the same time famers & workers were also organizing - Developed by a group of lawyers who fought vigorously to protect the boundaries of the calling
american bar association
______________: a social movement critical of the globalization of corporate capitalism - opposition to international financial institutions & transnational corporations
anti-globalization movement
The immediate and simplest answer is that law is a ______________ because most people in society consider it to be so. People generally submit their behavior to its regulations, although they may have many different reasons for doing so. Some may believes that in obeying the law, they best the higher authority of the law: God, nature, or the will of the people.
binding force
Corporations can exercise privileges that individuals and small business cannot including the ability to move freely across _______, extract desired _______________ & use a wide variety of _____________.
borders; natural resources; human resources
Principle method of instruction: __________________. - learning the law through court decisions, appellate opinions, & attempts to justify those opinions predominates at virtually every law school in the country. - involves an intensive interrogation by the teacher of individuals students concerning the facts & principles presumed to be operative in a particular case - accomplishes two objectives: (1) informational|instruction in the substantive rules of law (2) develop in the student a cognitive restructuring for the style analysis {thinking like a lawyer}
case/socratic method
It is extremely difficult, perhaps impossible, to set forth a _______________ relationship in the creation of new laws, administrative rulings, or judicial decisions.
cause-and-effect
Changes through the use of laws: nationalization of industry, land reform, introduction of collective farms, provision of free education & health care, and elimination of social inequalities - are illustrative of the effectiveness of law to induce _______.
change
In everyday usage, the word _________ refers to something that exists that did not previously, or to the demise or absence or something that formally existed.
change
Examples of ___________ leadership within movements & impact on law. Ex: MLK Jr. | Malcolm X | Gloria Steinmen | Bono
charismatic
_________: the first principle of non-violent action is that of non-cooperation w| everything humiliating
chavez
The problem of the interplay between law & social change is obviously not a simple one. Essentially, the question is not, Does law change society? or Does social change alter law? Both contentions are likely to be correct. Instead it is more appropriate to ask under what specific _________ law can bring about social change, at what level, and to what extent. Similarly, the conditions under which social change alters law need to be specified.
circumstances
____________: people act together in one concerted fashion
collective action
____________: groups act to challenge, resist or make demands upon authorities {power holders} to change cultural beliefs & practices by some individuals, group(s), or institutions. - can be both individual & collective
collective action | protest
Types of _____________________: - demonstrations | mass protests - riots | short-term insurrections - consciousness raising Ex: Civil Rights Movement - lunch counter sit ins - freedom riders
collective actions
___________: series of collective actions oriented toward the same general social change goal bounded by space, time and|or participants
collective campaign
social movements: ____________ | multiple people | ____________ | coordinated to some degree | ____________ | lasts a while | ____________ | outside the "normal" structures or routines of society|
collective; organized; sustained; non-instituional
5. Law school is highly __________: you are just beginning to understand the meaning of frenemy. Law students really do hide books from one another.
competitive
a social movement is a _____________ set of collective campaigns & other collective events broadly oriented to the same general goal - with diffuse boundaries and often competition definitions, orientations - within the movement
complex
__________: collective shifts in how people talk about issues - what kids of actions they reward | punish in others - ideology - awareness - standing up
consciousness raising
_______________: - an arrangement whereby a lawyer receives a percentage of any damages collected - limited to a great extent to the American legal system - used primarily in medical malpractice, personal injury, & some product liability & wrongful death cases - lose: no payment - win: take the percentage - Merits: allows individuals who could not otherwise afford it to retain the services of an attorney & encourages lawyers to screen out weak cases b|c they share the risk of litigation - if they do not win, they do not collect - Consequences: motivation to seek high damages - increased medical fees - increased liability insurance - general public is unhappy w| the prevalence of liability suits
contingency cases
The anti-globalization movement aims for an end to the legal status of ______________.
corporate personhood
The emergence of new risks to the individual as a result of the attenuation of the various family functions, including the protective function, has led to the ________ of legal innovations to protect the individual in modern society. {Ex: provisions for worker's comp., unemployment insurance, old-age pensions, Medicare, & various forms of categoric & general provisions for "welfare"}
creation
4 _______ Factors: - fatalism - ethnocentrism - incompatibility - superstition
cultural
In a broad historical framework, social change has been slow enough to make _______ the principle source of law. Law could respond to social change over decades or even centuries. {Ex: Industrial Revolution - changes induced by steam engine & electricity - gradual enough to make legal responses valid for a generation}
custom
__________: typically planned by an organization or coalition of organizations. - may draw in many other people. - may also occur more spontaneously after a major precipitation event - may occur at a gathering formed for another purpose
demonstrations | mass protests
4. Practically every law school homepage has links to __________ & __________ abuse.
depression; alcohol|drug
Lawyers are the best paid professionals yet they are disproportionately unhappy & unhealthy. High rates of ____________, alcoholism, & _________ rate especially for women..
depression; divorce
Law interacts, in many cases, ______ with basic social institutions, consisting a relationship between law & social change. {Ex: law prohibiting racial discrimination in education have a direct influence on social change by enabling previously excluded groups to attend schools of their choice | Enactment of Prohibition in the US to shape social behavior}
directly
Organizations w|n Movements: - often seek ________ to influence those who have power
directly
Changes from Civil Rights Era as example of social change due to law: - In the US, the law has been used as the principle mechanism for improving the political & social positions of blacks. - Since 1960s, courts & congress _______ a racial caste system embedded in our law. - Voting Rights At of 1965: - increase in black voters (registration & voting) - 70 elected black officials (political power) - These policies in a short-time produced notable effects
dismantled
Friedman's work on _________: refers to the blocking or amelioration of existing social forms & relations. Operates within the legal system & can bring out "positive or negative" social change depending on your perspective. {Ex: revolution - most distinct & obvious form | judicial review}
disruption
Contemporary society is characterized by a great ________ and specialization in function.
division of labor
______: the writing & revision of legal documents such as contracts, wills, deeds, and leases - the "most legal" of a lawyer's role, although the availability of standardized forms for many kids of legal problems often limits the lawyer to filling in the blanks
drafting
Law has a cost—using a cost benefit analysis to determine whether or not paths should be taken. However, costs are typically narrowly defined as dollars and cents. Not intangible costs. Economy can set the LIMITS on change. How much money is there to do x, y, and z. Can't give incentives, equalize benefits, provide payment without tax base. So, some programs are not supported—and fail, not because they are bad—but, because the financial commitment or the actual ability to pay isn't there. Some are unsound in basic strategy or other factors exist (incompatibility) and are given funds—war on drugs for example.
economic factors
Law can be an ____________ of movement | collective action. And law then can reinforce a movement or fuel a movement {positively or negatively}
end result
Professional Discipline - code of _______: involves a sense of service & responsibility to the community - relation to clients - relation to other lawyers - relation to court - relation to the public 2007: Model Rules of Professional Conduct - client|lawyer relationship - lawyer | counselor - lawyer | advocate - transactions w| persons other than clients - law firms & associations - public service - information about legal services - maintaining the integrity of the profession
ethics
Example: Superiority—prevailing belief that one's group is right, superior to another -better, smarter etc. Anthropocentrism—belief that animals are less important than humans so an example in law would be policies that protect human interests over ecological interests. Wolves less important than cattle because humans decide which animals are important. Another example, some cultures deemed less important (and their people/rights etc) than 'ours'—'in group'
ethnocentrism
Law school education is rather ____________. - 2010: $4,291 to $48,004 - well exceed $175,000 - typical law student graduates w| more than $94,000 in debt
expensive
goals of social movements: different ______ of the same movement may disagree about specific goals or may have diffuse goals Ex: different branches of Women's Movement | Civil Right's Movement | Workers' Movement | Gay Movement
factions
Examples: Learned helplessness—No sense of cause and effect—lost or culturally learned. What you do doesn't matter-apathy. Lack of feelings of efficacy or mastery in one's own environment/life
fatalism
Characteristics of _______: - maintain long-term relationships w| clients & are on retainers by large corporations - variety of specialized services w| department specializing in a number of fields such as tax law, mergers, antitrust lawsuits, & government regulations - generally deal w| repeat players & provide the best possible information & legal remedies to their clients along w| creative & innovative solutions for the clients' problems
firms
Organization w|n Movements: - may take many __________: Ex: moderate law-abiding | small informal | small clandestine | large bureaucratic | radical or disruptive | religious or secular |
forms
as a ____________: a movement can continue as the people in it come & go Ex: Women's Movement
group
Organizations w|n Movements: - coherent decision-making _____ set goals, plan strategies, accumulate resources
groups
Perpetual ways of life seem natural, comfortable, easier-takes considerable effort/energy and sometimes resources to change. Laws that require considerable change are hard for people to deal with. Hate speech for example—political correctness, sexual harassment policies etc. Why difficult—habitual ways of acting talking that are a problem and take effort.
habits
_____: rounding up to the next time unit in measuring fractions of hours worked on a client's case
heavy pen
Large firms have a pronounced ___________ organization structure. - young lawyers: associates - beginning associates {seen as having limited skills & assigned the task of preparing briefs & engaging in legal research under the supervision} - 7 or 8 Years: Junior Partners or Leave Firm associates - fixed salary partners - based on profits
hierarchical
___________ lawyers in large firms are more likely to adhere to the ethical norm of the profession than their lower-status counterparts in solo practice.
high-status
_______: obedience to authority can be based on custom, effectual ties, or a purely material complex of interest
ideal motives
elements needed to be successful @ creating effective social movements 1. ____________: give voice to those who share a particular de-valued characteristic - ethnic, origin, sex, race, religion, creed -- public voice 2. ___________: provide groups access to dominant structures of power - thru alliances w| legitimate authority 3. ___________: seek revision of cultural attitudes & norms - change in the way a culture "thinks" about a group or issue 4. __________: gain access & control of political & economic systems - change of implement new law
identity; integration; cultural revision; political control
Resisting change based on ideological frames of reference/ways. Ideologies are built in to cultures—the way we frame the world culturally is hard to change—people resist when their basic frame/normative world is challenged. Same sex marriage laws, organizing a more pluralistic legal framework in the face of Christian heritage.
ideological resistance
Just plain lack of knowledge or understanding of a given situation—Environmental policy for example—don't understand why a 'slug' is important for an ecosystem—so don't support eco-law or uses chemicals to kill bugs—doesn't realize that those chemicals run into the drain and kill other things.
ignorance
__________: Weber defines this as the probability that specific command form a given source would be obeyed by given groups of persons {Ex: watergate hearings}
imperative coordination
Beliefs incompatible with law or policy - difficult to get compliance. Ex. Drinking age, gun laws in certain regions/cultures/areas.
incompatibility
Friedman: {law as instrument of social change} "The law - through legislative or administrative responses to new social conditions and ideas, as well as through judicial re-interpretations of constitutions, statutes, or precedents - ________ not only articulates but sets the course for major social change" "Attempted social change, through ______, is a basic trait of the Modern world"
increasingly; law
__________ representation: one w|o sufficient inform to afford a lawyer for defense in a criminal case. If the court finds a person is an indigent, the court must appoint a public defender or other attorney to represent him|her.
indigent
Law plays an important ________ role in social change by shaping various social institutions, which in turn have a direct impact on society. {Ex: mandatory school attendance - upgraded the quality of labor force - played a direct role in social change by contributing to an increased rate of industrialization and modernization}
indirect
_________ partners: average around $435,000
individual
____________ actions are also parts of movements. - thoughts, ideas - isolated contributions {financial} - votes, public opinion, consumerism - take extensive actions to promote their movements: one-person campaigns - acts of interpersonal resistance & solidarity | challenge hierarchies & form solidarities in interpersonal relations
individual
____________: oppressed people who form separate economically & politically weak communities Ex: many ethnic|racial minorities - few ties to dominant groups - people | groups that experience discrimination Ex: women, gays, disabled, religious minorities
inequality
Organizations w|n Movements: - often plan events designed to draw in other people or to _________ other people's opinions
influence
Social context for charismatic leadership: Emerges in time of political or social _________ | enthusiasm | inadequacy | stagnation | crisis | low integration.
instability
_____________: pattern of behavior that refers to the establishment of a norm with provisions for its enforcement {Ex: desegregation of public schools} - Law can affect behavior directly only through this process - However if this process is successful, it in turn, facilitates the internalization of attitudes or beliefs.
institutionalization
People in modern society are caught in a maelstrom of social change, living through a series of contrary and ______ revolutions in demography, urbanization, bureaucratization, industrialization, science, transportation, agriculture, communication, biomedical research, education, and civil rights.
interacting
__________: pattern of behavior that means the incorporation of the value or values implicit in a law {Ex: integrated public schools are "good"}
internalization
Social change is a product of a multitude of many factors and, in many cases, the _____________ among them.
interrelationships
________: in a criminal, for example, the defense attorney may search for facts and gather background information in support of the client's plea
investigating
______: adding to the bill extra hours that lawyers did not work
late time
Since Roman times, great ages of social change and mobility almost always involved great use of ________ & _______.
law; litigation
Under the reciprocity between law & social change; according to one view, ________ is determined by the sense of justice & the moral sentiments of the population and legislation can achieve results only by staying relatively close to prevailing social ______. {law is a dependent variable, determined & shaped by current mores & opinions of society}
law; norms
Polls show that the public has limited confidence in the profession. - make too much - greedy - honest & ethical, does not apply Lawyer bashing is a venerable tradition, in fairness to lawyers, much of their negative image is exaggerated. - ubiquitousness - sheer number - guilt by association
lawyer reputation issues
Social context for charismatic leadership: - community formed (or reformed) around _______ and the goals|aims.
leader
Friedman's ideas about laws & ____________: related to right & justice, without a clarification of what is to be understood by the rightness & justice of law. - cannot be comprehended either {Ex: Hitler's rule was legal & but _____}
legitimacy
____________: principle advantage of law as an instrument of social change is the general feeling in society that legal commands | prohibitions ought to be observed even by those critical of the law. Feelings of obligation depends on report for authority & the perception of power. Influence over both actions and attitudes. Minimize the possibility of cognitive dissonance by interpreting legally prohibited actions as "wrong" or morally bad.
legitimate authority
__________________: using law in creating social change - Prevailing conflict of interest - Divergent views on the law as a tool of direct social change & the prevailing morality | values
limitations
_______: a speciality, & relatively few lawyers engage in actual trial work. Most of this in the US is generally uncontested in cases such as debt, divorce, civil commitment, & criminal charges.
litigating
Social change through ______ has always been an important feature in U.S. Law can be a highly effective device for producing social change {Ex: Cali. Supreme Court destroyed legal basis for the system of financing schools in the state} - Not present in other countries to the same degree: Conditions include: activist legal profession, financial resources, activist judges, genuine social movement and - Strongest condition - elites | powerholders - must accept the results
litigation
People opposing globalization believe that international agreements & global financial institutions {World Trade Organization} undermine ______________.
local decision-making
judges: the compensation of judges is _________ than that of attorneys in private practice or private employment. $106,186 -- $218,000
lower
Charismatic Leaders: - embody the _______ of the movement - promote the movement - make demands on followers | calls to action | mobilizes - uses narratives | rhetoric to communicate the movement & it's goals
message
Dror: {law as instrument of social change} "The growing use of law as a device of organized social action directed toward achieving social change seems to be one of the characteristics of _________ society"
modern
Social change means __________ in the way people work, rear a family, educate their children, govern themselves, and seek ultimate meaning in life.
modifications
Kohlberg
moral development
____________________: affect the efficacy of the law in social change - Society cannot exist without accepting this - Not all values are essential - Laws are more likely to bring changes in external behaviors - Law is limited to the regulation of individual behavior, and it cannot be used to alter attitudes, values, and morality (Sumner) - Law can change this only under some conditions and the need to be specified - Codify existing customs, but also modify the behavior, in a particular society
morality & values
are okay the way they are so why change. No stick or carrot seems applicable. Example, global warming—motivation lacking in some because they aren't inconvenienced - have money and can't feel the effects or don't see the effects sufficiently to motivate to adhere to or work toward new policy, law, behavior. So, change is impeded.
motivation
Social context for charismatic leadership: _________________: constructed to accentuate the qualities of the leader. - movements have these embedded in them to inspire members & to crystalize the message
narratives | mythic stories
Social context for charismatic leadership: - loyal staff | followers carry out wishes of leader - established _____ give way or are ignored - loose organizational structure
norms
The law as an instrument can effectively be involved in the context of John Stuart Mill's ________________________. 1. To achieve a common purpose which cannot be left to the forces of supply & demand [Ex: Education] 2. To protect the immature & helpless 3. To control the power of associations, managed not only by the persons directly interested but by delegated agencies 4. To protect individuals acting in concert in cases where such actions cannot be effective w/o legal sanctions 5. To achieve objects of importance to society, present & future, which are beyond the power of individuals or voluntary associations or which, if within their powers, would not normally be undertaken by them
notion of the law
Essence of __________ is that individuals come to see themselves as instruments for carrying out someone else's wishes, and they therefore no longer view themselves as responsible for their actions. - Acceptance of authority results in _______. - People prefer order over disorder & predictability of behavior - _________: related to socialization process
obedience
goals of social movements: ____________ within movements are more likely to articulate clear goals or proposals.
organizations
Individualized resistance, protest, collective action/ groups, organizations moving against an existing policy/law or a proposed law. Civil rights activists—the sit-ins., boycotts during civil rights era in the U.S.
organized opposition
Friedman's work on ____________: refers to architectural construction of new forms of social order & social interaction. This is an omnipresent feature of the modern world. It operates within the legal system & can bring out "positive or negative" social change, depending on your perspective. {Ex: socialist countries | 5 year - social & economic developments
planning
Law as a ________________: Dror contends that "law by itself is only one component of a larger set of policy instruments & usually cannot and is not used by itself" Law is but one of many policy instruments that must be used in combination. Advocates the establishment of interdisciplinary teams of lawyers, social scientists, and policy analysts to engage in relevant studies & prepare policy recommendations.
policy instrument
Other organizations {__________} may be part of movements; their "purpose" is not the movement Ex: churches, unions, fraternal orgs.. government agencies
preexisting
Where are lawyers? - - - -
private practice; private employment; government; judiciary
Lawyers provide legal services ________ (for the public good) for indigents. - BAR associations recommend that all lawyers engage in such work - Large firms are reluctant to take on this work b/c such cases would be regarded as unseemly by their corporate clients "give offense to their regular clientele" - Related to the economy - lots of business - little work - slow business - more work
pro bono publico
__________________: the purpose of law school is to change people| to turn them into novice lawyers and to instill in them a nascent self-concept as a professional, a commitment to the value of the calling and a claim to that elusive and esoteric system of reasoning called {thinking like a lawyer}
professional socialization
5 _________ Factors: - Habits - Motivation - Ignorance - Selective Perception - Moral Development
psychological
In addition to actual damages, ____________ further increase the dollar amount involved in litigation. - not intended to compensate plaintiffs but rather to punish defendants where their conduct has been outrageous, grossly negligent, and close to criminal - the law gives little guidance to judges & juries in determining whether punitive damages should be assessed and in what amount
punitive damages
3. Law school _____________ your chances of depression -- tops out at 40% among 3rd year students.
quadruples
Law can be considered as both _______ and _______ in social change.
reactive; proactive
social conditions, people & groups, ideas & ideology mutually ________ social movement.
reinforce
Law can be the _____________ of the institutionalization of the ideas and goals of the movement. Once goals or some goals have been achieved - movements can dissipate or change emphasis.
representation
_______: searching, for example, for precedents, adaptive legal doctrine to specific cases, and anticipating court or agency rulings in particular situations - carried out by lawyers in large firms and appellate specialists - experienced lawyers working in their specialty (or for a small fee) do little of this.
researching
Social change also refers to a _________ of the basic ways people in a society relate to each other with regard to government, economics, education, religion, family life, recreation, language, and other activities.
restructuring
_________: a social movement that seeks {at a minimum} to overthrow the government | state
revolutionary movement
_________: typically not planned {although some may be incited} - generally build upon proper sentiments - organized on the spot
riots | short-term insurrections
________ for the disobedience to the law are surely among the primary reasons that laws have binding forces.
sanctions
A powerful form of psychological bias—rooted in some basic attributional errors—self-serving bias for example. We see the world in ways that picture ourselves as good (or bad).
selective perception
______ associates: $350,000
senior
______: crude way lawyers can tell wether a padded bill will seem exorbitant to the client
smell test
4 __________ Factors: - vested interests - social class - ideological resistance - organized opposition
social
It it's most concrete sense, ______________ means that large numbers of people are engaging in group activities & relationships that are different from those in which they or their parents engaged in previously.
social change
Sometimes our class position colors our perceptions of the world and creates categories and interests that are undeniable. Marx revisited.
social class
_________: a collective, organized, sustained & non institutional challenge to authorities {power holders} or cultural beliefs & practices.
social movement
__________________: an organization { w| boundaries, members, structure} explicitly oriented toward movement goals Ex: NAACP - Greenpeace
social movement organization | SMO
Critique of the ______ Method. - students: inconclusiveness, failure to encourage creativeness, lack of intellectual stimulation - hostile class atmosphere - emotional level of communication is ignored - impersonal nature - pose a threat to the students' self-esteem, self-respect & identity - elevated levels of depression & anxiety - high levels of stress
socratic
________ salaries: $69,000 -- $160,000
starting
There are 7 conditions a law must meet if it is to be ___. 1. Law must emanate from an authoritative & prestigious source 2. Law must introduce its rationale in terms that are understandable & compatible with existing values 3. Advocates of the change should make reference to other communities or countries with which the population identifies & where law is already in effect 4. Enforcement of the law must be aimed at making the change in a short time 5. Those enforcing the law must themselves be much committed to the change intended by the law 6. Instrumentation of law should include positive as well as negative sanctions 7. Enforcement of the law should be reasonable, also in the protection of the rights of those who stand to lose by violation of the law
successful
an uncritical acceptance of a belief that is not substantiated by facts
superstition
Social change in fast paced, urban industrial cities has a lot to do with technology & computes being the biggest contributions to this change in society . Law is influenced by _______ in at least three ways. 1. Refinement of legal techniques by provided instruments to be used in applying law {Ex: fingerprinting/lie detector} 2. Effect of the process of formulating & applying law as a result of the changes technology fosters in the social & intellectual climate in which legal process is executed {Ex: televised hearings} 3. Affects the substance of law by presenting new problems/conditions with which law must deal
technology
In present-day societies, the role of law is more than ________ interest. In many areas of social life, such as education, race relations, housing, transportation, energy utilization, the protection of the environment, labor movement, immigration, crime prevention, and alleviation of poverty, the law & litigation are important ______ of change.
theoretical; instruments
as a body of _________: can last a long time Ex: Animal Rights Movement
thought | ideological challenge
____________: described a subculture or a type of social organization that relocalize its members either voluntarily or involuntarily {Ex: prisons|military} * Coined in 1961 in Erving Goffman
total institutions
- LL.B (Bachelor of Law) - J.D (Juris Doctor) - LL.M (coursework + research beyond) - S.J.D (Doctorate of Juridicial Sciences) - M.C.L (Master's in Comparative Law) - Joint Degrees (Juris Doctor/Master of Public Admin.)
types of law degrees
Punishment for _______ Behavior - disciplinary sanctions | reprimand, suspension, or disbarment | imposed only for serious instance of misconduct: criminal acts, mishandling or client's property, breach of confidentiality - violation of legal ethics may be punished by a reprimand, temporary suspension, or the revocation of the license
unethical
______________: formation of social movement around issues of universal good or common interests - can be related to the commons Ex: Ant-Globalization | Peace Movement | Green/Environmental Movement
universal values
goals of social movements: can be _______ & ill-defined; especially for relatively unorganized turmoil expressing discontent w|o clear proposals Ex: "making things better for farmers/poo/urbanites"
vague
Under the reciprocity between law & social change; according to one view, law & legislation is a ______ through which a programmed social _____ can be brought about. {law is an instrument for social engineering}
vehicle; evolution
When resources talk, laws walk or run. It is in my best interest to support certain changes or not in my best interest. These interests pre-exist a law—investments (resources committed) to a particular line of action or way of being in the world/way of doing business etc. Laissez Faire business for example—have freedom in the market and so those vested interests and entrenchment in politics (Citizens United) block certain kinds of efforts to change law).
vested interests
Discrimination | Demographics of Lawyers - dominated by __________. - not a single woman before 1870s - blacks excluded until 1950s - firms just as discriminatory (excluding Jews, Catholics, Blacks & Women) 2007: - 30%: women - 5%: black - 3%: hispanic - 92% white
whites
________ seem to dislike the Socratic method more.
women