Lawson 1305 Final Exam

What is the probability of a couple having a child with the recessive disease cystic fibrosis given one parent is a carrier but the other one is homozygous for the normal allele?

0

Black fur in mice (B) is dominant to brown fur (b). Short tails (T) are dominant to long tails (t). What fraction of the progeny of crosses BbTt × BBtt will be expected to have black fur and long tails?

1/2

On a log base 2 scale (log2), what value would represent four doublings of cell density?

16

How does Figure 4.5 support the scientific theory that life began from abiotic processes?

Biologically active amino acids were formed from inorganic salts, heat and electricity.

Which branch point in Figure 6.24 represents the most recent common ancestor of current Africans and current non-Africans?

Branch point B

Figure 7.16 reveals how new membrane tubes are produced inside cells. Which cellular process was revealed by these data?

Membranes are pulled by protein motors on protein tracks.

For many years, Mendel was accused of falsifying his data so that the numbers of progeny more closely fit the expected ratios. What is the correct response to this accusation?

Mendel's pea counts are very close to the expected ratios because he performed hundreds of matings with true breeding plants.

Which of the following statements accurately describes wavy plasma membrane surfaces?

Lipid composition can determine membrane shape and luminal diameter.

Abiotic lipids present on ancient earth would need to form membranes before life could evolve. How could membranes form in the absence of life?

Lipids can form bilayer vesicles spontaneously when suspended in water.

Which of the amino acids in the figure above have hydrophilic R groups? Select all that apply.

Look for OH side chains

When a stressed vesicle grows at the expense of a relaxed vesicle, a portion of what biologically important mechanism is exhibited?

Natural selection

What mathematical truth did Griffith incorporate into his conclusion that protein was the heritable material?

Twenty amino acids makes a better code than four nucleotides.

What is the difference between secondary and tertiary protein structure?

Secondary structures come in only two shapes whereas tertiary structures results in many diverse shapes.

Hershey and Chase presented one more piece of evidence that helped convince skeptics that DNA is the heritable material, although this evidence was never published in a figure or table. What was that evidence?

Viral progeny contained 32P.

Which column(s) in Figure 1.3 provide experimental evidence that life's heritable material can be experimentally manipulated? Select all that apply:

The column that showed that the heat treated S cells could turn the harmless R cells lethal.

When the methylase inhibitor was given to the monkeys, what happened as shown in Figure 1.21? Select all that apply:

The fetal hemoglobin gene was activated. Higher doses of the drug produced a more protracted production of hemoglobin.

Figure 6.18 provides evidence for which understanding about the origins of these organelles?

The most recent common ancestors of mitochondria and chloroplasts are α-proteobacteria and cyanobacteria, respectively.

Which of the following is a common example of covalent modulation of a protein?

addition of a phosphate group

Which of the following factors affect the accuracy of DNA polymerase? (Select all that apply.)

age of cell metal ion cofactor

When Mendel's F2 plants shown above were allowed to self pollinate, the wrinkled green seeds produced plants that had

all green and wrinkled seeds

Phosphorylation cascades involving a series of protein kinases are useful for cellular signal transduction because they _______.

amplify the original signal many times

According to this figure of the dry weight of genetically identical bacterial cells harvested at various times under different conditions, growth rate is

at least partially influenced by the environment.

Which of the following shows the correct order of events in a growing population of eukaryotic cells?

cytokinesis, G1, S, G2, mitosis

What does the green diagonal line indicate in Figure 5.3?

inversion

Which evolutionary mechanism is represented by a change in DNA sequence?

mutation

If the number of H+ ions doubles in a solution, how much does the pH change?

pH change of 0.3

If the number of H+ ions is reduced to 1/10 the original number of H+ ions in a solution, how much does the pH change?

pH change of 1.

If the number of H+ ions changes 100-fold in a solution, how much does the pH change?

pH change of 2.

Which row of data from Table 2.1 demonstrated that the LacI repressor was a diffusible protein that bound to DNA?

row 5

When you respond to fear, the cellular response in your liver cells includes (select all that apply)

signal amplification enzyme activation enzyme inhibition feedback regulation allosteric modulation covalent modulation

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six to eight bases downstream of the promoter.

The RNA world hypothesis proposes how primitive life began abiotically on earth. What is the RNA world hypothesis? (select all that apply)

the first enzymes were ribozymes RNA enzymes can be RNA polymerases RNA replication was the first form of reproduction

Which of the following DNA alterations would produce parallel lines in a dot plot with a sliding window of 9?

uplication of more than 9 bases

Is it possible to know the probability that a fertilization event will occur between 2 heterozygotes?

yes

Which term means deliberate manipulation of data to generate a desired outcome?

falsification

Which evolutionary mechanism is represented by a migratory animal mating with a new population?

gene flow

Which evolutionary mechanism is represented by an allele disappearing from a population due to an explosion?

genetic drift

What evidence of aneuploidy is present in cancer cell line AB98 shown in Figure 5.5?

he data between diploid and tetraploid

The true breeding parental pea plants were all

homozyguous

What is the term used to describe the movement of DNA from one species to another?

horizontal gene transfer

Based on the data in Figure 6.24, which individual has the largest number of DNA base changes compared to #6 Kikuyu?

#2 San

The amino acid that is phosphorylated by PKA is Serine. Which of the following -R groups will allow for this reaction?

-OH hydroxyl

In a diploid cell with 5 chromosome pairs (2n = 10), how many sister chromatids will be found in a nucleus at prophase of mitosis?

20

Given there are 20 different amino acids, how many different proteins are possible if the proteins contained exactly 30 amino acids?

20^30 = ~1 x 10^39 different proteins

Two true-breeding stocks of pea plants are crossed. One parent has red, axial flowers, and the other has white, terminal flowers; all F1 individuals have red, axial flowers. The genes for flower color and location assort independently. Among the F2 offspring, what is the probability of producing plants with white axial flowers?

3/16

Given there are 4 different DNA nucleotides, how many different nucleotide segments are possible if the single stranded DNA polymer was 30 nucleotides long?

4^30 = ~1 x 10^18 different DNA polymers

When 2 individual plants are crossed that are heterozygous at the trait for smooth/wrinkled seed coats, the probability that the offspring will have the dominant phenotype (smooth) is

75%

How many unique gametes could be produced through independent assortment by an individual with the genotype AaBbCCDdEE?

8

Gene S controls the sharpness of spines in a type of cactus. Cacti with the dominant allele, S, have sharp spines, whereas homozygous recessive ss cacti have dull spines. At the same time, a second gene, N, determines whether or not cacti have spines. Homozygous recessive nn cacti have no spines at all. If cacti heterozygous for both traits, SsNn, were allowed to self-pollinate, the offspring would segregate into which of the following phenotype ratios?

9 sharp-spined:3 dull-spined:4 spineless

Based on data similar to Figure 3.9, Mendel discovered which famous ratios?

9:3:3:1 phenotype ratios

How does Figure 4.8 support the hypothesis that life began from abiotic processes?

A ribozyme was able to add bases onto pC5 to form longer polymers.

The catalytic domains of Protein Kinase A use _________ to __________ other proteins.

ATP; phosphorylase

The experiment associated with this figure demonstrated which fundamental trait that resembles living cells?

Abiotic vesicles can grow in size when they consume more fatty acids.

Figure 4.15 supports which of the following observations made about the beginning of life on Earth from abiotic processes? (select all that apply)

Abiotic vesicles can trap RNA inside them. Abiotic vesicles can grow by consuming additional lipids. Abiotic vesicles can compete against each other for lipids. Abiotic vesicles with RNA inside can outcompete vesicles lacking RNA inside.

How can an abiotic vesicle store energy in the absence of any proteins?

By flipping protonated fatty acids to inner leaflet.

What conclusions are consistent with the data in Table 5.3?

Cd2+ is the most mutagenic ion tested.

What two events must happen before a bacterial cell will divide?

Cells must grow in size and replicate their DNA.

Look at the data in Figure 6.21 to determine how multicellularity in algae produced a selective advantage.

Colonial Volvox evolved because it had a selective advantage in growth rate at a particular body size.

Which is the following is the most important difference between covalent and allosteric modulation of proteins?

Covalent modulation includes the transfer of functional groups like phosphates to reactive R groups on specific amino acids.

Which of the following is a true statement?

DNA evidence is best used to find innocence rather than guilt.

What is the experimental evidence that supports our understanding of how genomes can fit inside tiny nuclei?

DNA wraps around proteins to become compacted.

What insights were gained into how DNA polymerase (DNAP) works based on the experimental results in Figure 5.1? (select all that apply)

DNAP incorporates primers into the growing DNA chains. Primers must contain 3'OH.

Figure 4.10 shows the outcome from a directed evolution experiment that started with a ribozyme found in nature. What was the outcome of this experiment?

Directed evolution produced mutated ribozymes that polymerized faster.

Figure 6.9 provides evidence for which statements related to compacting genomes to fit inside nuclei? (select all that apply)

Each bead has about 200 bp wrapped around it. The more beads there are, the more compact the DNA becomes. DNA is wrapped around "beads" of proteins.

What hypothesis about the origin of eukaryotes was supported by the data in Figure 6.1?

Eukaryotes evolved from a fusion of archaea and bacteria genomes.

Which statement best summarizes the evolutionary origins of eukaryotes?

Eukaryotes evolved from both Archaea and Eubacteria.

Which of the following is NOT a tenet of natural selection?

Evolution results in a gradual improvement of species

Watson and Crick shared the Nobel Prize with Maurice Wilkins. Whose data provided the most compelling data for the structure of DNA (see Figure 1.12)?

Franklin and Gosling's data were the most compelling.

What describes biological information?

Heritable information provides for continuity of life. Imperfect information transfer produces variation. Information can be expressed and regulated without loss of content. Non-heritable information is transmitted within and between biological systems. Heritable information provides for continuity of life.

Explain why starch is rich in calories for a human, but cellulose is not.

Human enzymes can bind to and break α 1-4 bonds but not β 1-4 bonds.

Which of the following statements are consistent with the data to explain the origins of humans from all parts of the earth? Select all that apply.

Humans evolved once in Africa and then migrated to different parts of the world. All humans share common African ancestors.

Why is meiosis required for sexual reproduction but not asexual reproduction?

If gametes were diploid, the progeny would be tetraploid and not be the same species as their parents.

Which of the following is a definition for epigenetics?

Inheritance of chemically modified DNA.

The experimental results in Figure 2.16 addressed which experimental question?

None of the above.

Which statements related to the origins of life are true? Select all that apply.

Not all enzymes are proteins. Some abiotic molecules can self-assemble into cell-like shapes. Complex biological molecules are made abiotically in outer space. RNA molecules can polymerize other RNA molecules.

DNA and RNA are both synthesized in the nucleus, but only ______ is transported out of the nucleus.

RNA

Which of the following statements are true? Select all that apply.

Racial categories are based on subjective assessments and not biological traits.

These experimental results in Figure 2.19 led to which of the following conclusion(s)?

Steroid receptors bind their ligands in the cytoplasm and then move to the nucleus.

Which of the following are correct interpretations of the data in Figure 6.26B?

Systemic racism in the US is the best explanation for the data trend for Black mothers from Africa or the Caribbean.

Which banding pattern was used to disprove the conservative model of replication?

The First Generation band

Which panel on the right of Figure BME 1.2.1 best matches the trace of DNA band intensity on the left?

The band with the black band on the left and dark gray on the right.

What is the scientific definition of random? Events that:

The outcome is not knowable but will happen with a predictable frequency

When a vesicle divides in half, which statement reflects the mathematical analysis of spheres?

The total volume of the two smaller vesicles is 2/3 the volume of the larger parental vesicle.

What can be concluded from Mendel's data in Table 3.2?

The wrinkled allele is recessive

Which of the following statements reflect the evidence-based understanding of human origins and diversity on earth? Select all that apply.

There are more genetic differences within a single race than differences between any two races. Human races cannot be defined objectively by DNA or biological features. The diversity of humans around the world stems from genetic diversity still found in Africa today. The human species originated in Africa only once.

Which shared features of chloroplasts and mitochondria support the current explanation of how they evolved? (Select all that apply)

They both contain their own ribosomes. They both transcribe their own genes. The both have double outer membranes. They both have their own genomes.

What role do phosphatases play in signal transduction pathways?

They inactivate protein kinases to turn off signal transduction.

What was the purpose of the famous Hershey and Chase experiment?

To disprove protein was the heritable material.

A cell typically spends more time in interphase than it does undergoing mitosis.

True

Antibodies are part of your adaptive immune system. Which statement is NOT true about antibody-mediated immunity?

While the amount of antibodies produced remain the same during secondary responses their affinity for the antigen is much greater

Figure 7.5 shows the major steps in the response to epinephrine. Which of the following steps shows amplification of the signal? Select all that apply.

activated receptor activating the G protein covalent modulation of phosphorylase kinase adenylyl cyclase production of cAMP protein kinase A activation

Protein kinase is an enzyme that functions in which of the following ways?

activates or inactivates other proteins by adding a phosphate group to them

When quantifying the amount of DNA in a band, Meselson and Stahl did which of the following?

calculated the area under the curve of the DNA intensity plots

On of the main rules seen in biology is "change in structure- ____________"

change in function

What evolutionary adaptation lead to the origin of multicellularity as seen in algae?

division of labor

Amphiphilic molecules are molecules that are

part hydrophobic and part hydrophilic

Which type of DNA mutation is the most difficult to detect in a dot plot comparison of two alleles?

point mutation or SNP

What part of DNA determines when and how much RNA is transcribed?

promoters

Which part of the flower functions to recognize pollen from the same species?

stigma

What is the scientific definition for theory?

validated understanding