LCD 101: Test 2
Prototype
An abstraction that defines an "ideal" member of a lexical category
What are the two views on Language and Thought?
Priorities View and Abilities View
Glottal
vocal folds are closing (glottal stop)
Some linguists have proposed to analyze this as a "______ __________" plural
zero morph
How might we write this as the solution to a phonology problem?
"In word-final environments, the plural-s morpheme undergoes voicing assimilation when it is preceded by a voiced consonant."
Ex: There are three morphemes in the word unloveable. How many, and which, are free?
"Love" is free, and "un" and "able" are bound
In the famous Office quote "I'm not superstitious but I'm a little stitious", Michael doesn't realize that ...
"Super" is not a free morpheme
The main two categorizations of morphemes are ...
"bound" and "free"
Extra sounds: /ɹ/
"ruh" sound, such as in "raw" and (the r sounds in) "warrior"
Stop/Plosive
"tuh", air builds up behind articulator and is then released
Larynx
"voice box"
Kay and Kempton (1984): Hypothesis
(basically the same Central Research Question) The difference in color terminology between English and Tarahumara results in a difference in how color is perceived by speakers of the two languages
Winawer (2007): Other unanswered questions
- Is this testing the influence of language, or does language reflect cultural/environmental differences? (E.g. are Russian speakers exposed to more instances of light blue and dark blue?)(They must be exposed to more instances of the distinction to learn the words in the first place) - Is this effect limited to language? (Wouldn't it be interesting to test painters or artists?) - Can the effect be cancelled? (In a follow-up task, participants were asked to memorize an eight-digit number they would have to repeated after the trial) (In this condition, the difference between Russian and English speakers vanished; they all performed the same) (Suggests the effect is not stable)
Winawer (2007): Signficance
- Russian speakers are more sensitive to the light/dark blue divide - The presence of a light/dark blue distinction in a language influences color perception sensitivity - Importantly, reaction time measure and the nature of task means this is more likely perception than judgement
The Eight Inflection Morphemes of English: Tense markers
-ing (present participle) -ed (past) -en (past participle)
What are the three ways a linguist classifies consonants?
1. Voicing 2. Place of articulation 3. Manner of articulation
The Three Plural Allomorphs in English
1. [-s] (as in "cats") 2. [-z] (as in "wugs") 3. [əz] (as in "hedges")
How many English vowel sounds are represented in the IPA?
12
How many English consonant sounds are represented in the IPA?
25
Experiencer
A noun phrase that is used to designate an entity as the person who has a feeling perception or state
Phone
A physical sound represented by an IPA symbol in square brackets
Exemplar
A real member of this category that possess the maximum number of features defining that category
Polysemy
A relationship between two words that share the same form and have related meanings (mouth, corn, foot, etc.)
Thus, linguists needed a system of recording sounds in which...
A singular written symbol represents one and only one speech sound
Prepositions
A word that shows a relationship between nouns or pronouns and some other words in a sentence: on, near
What are the main Theta-Roles?
Agent, Theme, Instrument, Experiencer, Goal, Location, and Source
The science of phonetics aims to describe all the sounds of ...
All the world's languages
We are capable of making sounds that are not speech sounds in English, BUT
Are in other languages
What to document when solving phonology problems: #2
Are these allophones of the same phoneme, or do they belong to different phonemes?
What are the major places of articulation you should know?
Bilabial, labiodental, (inter)dental, alveolar, postalveolar, palatal, velar, and glottal
θ-Roles Practice: "Bob fell in love in Sicily"
Bob: experiencer Sicily: location
However, in some cases "super" is used as a ...
Bound derivational morpheme, such as int he words "superstitious" or "superimposed"
Free Morphemes
Can stand alone as words
Bound Morphemes
Cannot stand alone
Winawer (2007): Procedure
Color Matching task: - Color squares were created ranging from light-blue to dark blue - Judgements from Russian native and English native speakers determined where the boundary between light and dark blue was (it was the same for speakers of both questions - Three square were presented to the speaker - The top square was identical to one of the bottom squares - Speakers has to press a button (left or right) when they noticed when bottom square matched the top one.
Kay and Kempton (1984): Procedure
Color Naming Task: - Created color chips from a blue-green gradient - The specific colors were determined by a scientific measure (the Munsell chart) - Presented participants three colors from the blue-green chips (one would always be more green, one would always be more blue. Sometimes, the third color would be exactly in the middle of blue and green (according to the Munsell chart)) - Asked participants "which color is more different than the other two?"
What was the Linguistic community's attempt to try and figure out which view was more accurate?
Color-Term Experiments
What is an example that may prove the Priorities View?
Colors -- Russian and Greek have different words for light blue and dark blue respectively, whereas English does not
The Eight Inflection Morphemes of English: Comparative and superlative suffixes
Comparative suffix: -er Superlative suffixes: -est
What type of sound most commonly initiates a syllable: a consonant or vowel?
Consonant
(Inter)Dental
Created by placing tongue between the teeth
Lexical Morphemes
Describe most of what we think of as "content words" across multiple parts of speech, such as think, boat, happy, etc.
Full Featural Description
Description of a consonant following the order of: /_/: voicing, place, manner
The plural markers in English-- the most typical being -s, followed by -es, then by less common forms such as -en, -il, or spelling changes in the root word -- are all WHAT?
Different form morphs -- just like phones in phonology
Free Variation
Different from Complementary Distribution -- Allophones may freely occur in any sound environment
Non-Gradable Antonyms
Direct Opposites (like old vs. new or alive vs. dead)
Palatal
Even further back than postalveolar (like "yuh")
Four things that distinguish Spoken from Written Forms of Language: #1
Every (healthy) human being will learn to speak; not every (healthy) human will learn to write
True or False: Functional Morphemes are an open class
False -- Functional Morphemes are considered a closed class for the purpose of this class
True or False: a phoneme is one of the many physical versions of a sound that can be produced by the mouth
False. A phoneme is the smallest meaning-distinguishing sound unit -- what was described in the question was an allophone.
True or False: Prototypes and regular polysemy are arbitrary ways in which lexical encoding takes place
False: Prototypes and regular polysemy are evidence for rule-based and non-arbitrary ways in which lexical encoding takes place
Kay and Kempton (1984): Results
For the trials where the middle color was exactly in the middle between blue and green: - English speakers consistently grouped the color in one direction (either always green or always blue) (i.e. they created more of a difference) - Tarahumara speakers randomly grouped the color (i.e. 50% of the time they grouped as blue or grouped as green) (i.e. they could not spot a difference)
Morphological Description Practice: "I want people to be afraid of how much they love me."
Functional: I, To, Of, How, Much Lexical: Want, People, Be, Afraid, They, Love, Me
θ-Roles Practice: "George was hit by the rock"
George: theme rock: instrument
What are the 5 parts of the Vocal Tract you should know?
Glottis, Larynx, Pharynx, Oral cavity, Nasal cavity
Types of Antonyms
Gradable, Non-Gradable, Reservies
Categories
Group with certain features in common, sometimes with category labels
What are the four ways linguists classify vowels?
Height, Backness, Tension, Rounding
Homynymy vs. Polysemy
Homonymy has a hierarchal order (i.e. the relationship between chair and furniture) and Polysemy is the relationship between the meanings of one word in the same vain (i.e. the relationship between the mouth of a cave and the mouth of a human -- both are openings through which things can go, but they are obviously different)
Hyponymy
How words are taxonomically related to one another, which has consequences for how we study first language acquisition
θ-Roles Practice: "I got a letter from the bank"
I: goal letter: theme bank: source
Steps for solving phonology problems: Step 6
Identity which sound environments cause the "other" (non-phonemic) sound to surface. This will be the basis for your phonological rule
Steps for solving phonology problems: Step 5
Identity which sound environments? This is the phonemic representation
Instrument
If an agent uses another entity in order to perform an action, that other entity fills the role of instrument
What to document when solving phonology problems: #4
If they are allophones, what is the sound environment rule that causes the other (non-phonemic) allophone to surface?
What to document when solving phonology problems: #3
If they are allophones, which sound is "phonemic representation" -- that is, what is the "default" version of the sound?
Steps for solving phonology problems: Step 2
If you find no minimal pairs, document the sound environments of each sound. How can you make a generalization about where each occurs in a word
Steps for solving phonology problems: Step 3
If you find that the sounds cannot occur in the same environment anywhere in the data set you are looking at two allophones of one phoneme
International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)
Invented in 1888, revised in 1999. Based on the Roman alphabet primarily, some symbols from other written systems, some invented symbols, and marks added to symbols (a.k.a. diacritics)
If the effect is not stable, what does this mean about the idea of a language bias?
It seems that the language bias does not have a major effect on color perception -- it's also not clear that this perceptual bias is specific to language (can training in color perception create the bias?)
What are some things that might support Linguistic Relativism?
It's similar to how we create sound categories that create distinctions between some distinctions over the other Words aren't necessary to understand concepts or to perceive contrasts, but they might create biasses in our abilities
Color-Terms Experiments
Kay and Kempton (1985), Winawer (2007)
Sound Segments
Knowing a language includes knowing the sounds of that language (recall Discreteness/Duality)
Free morphemes may be divided into categories
Lexical and Functional
Steps for solving phonology problems: Step 1
Look for minimal pairs. If you find a minimal pair with the two sounds you're examining, they are parts of different phonemes! Your work is done.
What is an example that may disprove the Priorities View?
Many languages have adjectives that help express concepts that do not have one specific word
Morphology Problem Practice: "Mary shows the students an inspiration video"
Mary = lexical show = lexical s = inflectional the = functional student = lexical s = inflectional inspir = lexical ation = derivational al = derivational video = lexical
θ-Roles Practice: "Mary tossed John the rock"
Mary: agent John: goal rock: theme
Oral cavity
Mouth
Nasal
Nasal cavity is open and air is flowing through it ("m," "n," "ŋ")
What is the most plausible explanation for the fact that English speakers distinguish between the words "in" and "on", whereas Spanish spears use a single word "en" to encompass both?
No plausible explanation exists, suggesting that the match between concepts and words in a particular culture may be arbitrary to some extent
Does these instances of "grammatical" gender correspond to the ways in which a culture conceptualizes masculinity and femininity?
No, not always
Is the relationship between color perception and colors words in a language stable?
No, the effect does not seem to be stable (Evidence from Winawer (2007): the effect can be cancelled)
Nasal cavity
Nose and the passages connecting it to the throat and sinuses
Steps for solving phonology problems: Step 4
Now, which sound occurs in a wider variety of environments? This is the phonemic representation
Reversive Antonyms
One is the reverse action of the other (like dress vs. undress -- undress is not the opposite of dress, but the reverse of it)
Gradable Antonyms
Opposites along a scale (like the difference between saying "My car isn't old" and "My car is new" -- they're not mutually exclusive)
Why were Color-Terms Experiments used to try and figure out which view was more accurate?
Other aspects of thought are much more complex and are less "automatic" ("Thought" needs to be defined precisely, We think and reflect about our internal lives and thoughts also)
θ-Roles (Theta-Roles)
Part of the meaning words carry is determined by their relationships to other words in an utterance
(Lateral) Approximant
Parts of mouth come together but don't quite touch ("luh" "ruh" "yuh")
The Wug Conundrum: What is the IPA symbol for the plural marking of "pip"? What about for "wug"?
Pips is /s/, wugs is /z/
The Eight Inflection Morphemes of English: 3 "s" morphemes
Plural -s, present tense -s, and possessive -'s
Example of Arbitrariness
Prepositions: Languages differ in which prepositions they use to describe the spatial locations of objects
Velar
Produced by touching the back of the tongue to the soft palate (like "kuh" or "guh")
Bilabial
Produced with both lips
Functional Morphemes
Pronouns, conjunctions, prepositions, or articles (determiners) are some examples
3. Manner of Articulation
Refers to the nature of the airflow during the articulation of a particular sound
Pronouns
Replaces a noun: it, she, he, me
Four things that distinguish Spoken from Written Forms of Language: #4
Rules for written languages (Orthography) are invented by people; rules for natural language are general by Nature -> Writing cannot be part of natural language!
Winawer (2007): Results
Russian speakers responded faster than English speakers when the presented colors were on the opposite sides of the light blue / dark blue divide
Articles (determiners)
Show that something is definite or indefinite: a, the
Postalveolar
Similar to alveolar but the tongue goes back farther (like "shuh")
What is the most plausible reason for the diverse number of color names across language?
Some languages have relatively few words for colors because they do not place importance on labeling color as a property of objects, given that color is generally predictable from the category membership of the object
English IPA Consonants: /b/
Sound at the beginning of "bin"
English IPA Consonants: /tʃ/
Sound at the beginning of "chin"
English IPA Consonants: /d/
Sound at the beginning of "din"
English IPA Consonants: /f/
Sound at the beginning of "fig"
English IPA Consonants: /g/
Sound at the beginning of "girl"
English IPA Consonants: /h/
Sound at the beginning of "hello"
English IPA Consonants: /dʒ/
Sound at the beginning of "jeans"
English IPA Consonants: /k/
Sound at the beginning of "kin"
English IPA Consonants: /l/
Sound at the beginning of "low"
English IPA Consonants: /m/
Sound at the beginning of "man"
English IPA Consonants: /n/
Sound at the beginning of "no"
English IPA Consonants: /p/
Sound at the beginning of "pin"
English IPA Consonants: /r/
Sound at the beginning of "red"
English IPA Consonants: /ʃ/
Sound at the beginning of "shoe"
English IPA Consonants: /s/
Sound at the beginning of "sin"
English IPA Consonants: /θ/
Sound at the beginning of "thing"
English IPA Consonants: /ð/
Sound at the beginning of "this"
English IPA Consonants: /t/
Sound at the beginning of "tin"
English IPA Consonants: /v/
Sound at the beginning of "van"
English IPA Consonants: /w/
Sound at the beginning of "win"
English IPA Consonants: /j/
Sound at the beginning of "yet"
English IPA Consonants: /z/
Sound at the beginning of "zoo"
English IPA Consonants: /ŋ/
Sound at the end of "sing"
English IPA Consonants: /ʔ/
Sound before "_uh-oh" (glottal stop, like when a brit says "butter")
Fricative
Sound can be sustained ("s" and "sh"
English IPA Consonants: /ʒ/
Sound in the middle of "measure" (the sound represented by the "s")
English IPA Vowels: /a/
Sound represented by "o" in "bother"
English IPA Vowels: /o/
Sound represented by "o" in "open"
English IPA Vowels: /ə/
Sound represented by "o" in in "phonetic"
Four things that distinguish Spoken from Written Forms of Language: #2
Speech is prior to writing in history
________________ does not consistently represent the sounds of the language
Spelling, or Orthography
What are the manners of articulation that you should know?
Stop/plosive, nasal, tap/flap, fricative, and (lateral) approximant
Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
That a language's inventory of words has an effect on how its speakers think about perceive the world
Munsell Chart
The Munsell chart defines a "pure blue" and a "pure green." Blue-green mixtures are any colors whose light wave overlap with pure blue and pure green
Winawer (2007): Hypothesis
The difference in color terminology between English and Russian results in a difference in how color is automatically perceived by speakers of the two languages
Theme
The entity that is involved in or affected by the action
Agent
The entity that performs the action
We can create natural classes of sounds by describing ...
The feature combinations that they share
The Wug Conundrum: What was the solution that explained this variation in how the plural is pronounced?
The first is the voiceless version, whereas the second is the voiced version. This is because after voiceless consonants, you put the voiceless version, and after voiced consonants you put the voiced version.
Abilities View
The idea that a language's inventory of words have a direct effect on how its speakers perceive reality
Glottis
The opening between the vocal cords
Kay and Kempton (1984): Significance/Interpretation
The presence of a color distinction in the language biased English speakers to see more of a difference (The presence of blue/green distinction in the language biased English speakers to see more of a difference)
We can apply the same argument we applied against _______________ to argue that Linguistic Determinism seems obviously fake
The priorities view
Lexical Relations
The relationship between two words
Phonology
The science studying the human knowledge of the classification of sound
Morpheme
The smallest meaning-bearing unit of language
Phoneme
The smallest meaning-distinguishing sound unit in the abstraction representation of the sounds of a language
What to document when solving phonology problems: #1
The sound environments of each sound in question
Linguistic Determinism
The stronger claim that if a language doesn't have a separate word for a specific concept, speakers of that language will have a hard time understanding the concept -- linguistic categorization DETERMINES our abilities to think only according to the categories defined by our languages (seems obviously fake)
Semantics
The study of how meaning is now negotiated and categorized at different levels
Morphology
The study of how this word formation works
Phonetics
The study of speech sounds
What is an example of humans being able to make sounds that are not speech sounds in English?
The tsk sound in English (used to signal disapproval) is a speech sound in languages such as Xhosa and Zulu
1. Voicing
The vibration of the vocal chords. A consonant may either be voiced or voiceless (ex: /p/ vs. /b/)
Four things that distinguish Spoken from Written Forms of Language: #3
There are many languages that have no writing system
Conjunctions
There are seven coordinating conjunctions that connect words, phrases, and clauses: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, because, so
Morphology Problem Practice: "They are deciding whether this is believable information."
They = functional are = lexical decid = lexical ing = inflectional whether = functional this = functional is = lexical believ = lexical able = derivational inform = lexical ation = derivational
Tap/Flap
Tongue taps alveolar ridge ("butter" and "water")
Alveolar
Tongue touches the alveolar ridge to create sound (like "tuh")
What is the act of recording speech sounds using the IPA called?
Transcription
True or False: We do not simply "bin" words into their appropriate categories -- category formation is complex
True
(True or False) There is some evidence for linguistic relativity
True -- Variation in the ways different languages categorize things can contribute to the idea that speakers of different languages see the world differently
True or False: Lexical morphemes are an open class
True -- this is to say that you can add members to the class anytime you want
Pharynx
Tubular part of the throat above the larynx
Minimal Pair
Two words in a language that vary only by a single sound
Labiodental
Uses both lips and teeth
Allophone
Variant production of a phoneme / One of a closely related set of speech sounds or phones
English IPA Vowels: /æ/
Vowel sound in "ash"
English IPA Vowels: /ɪ/
Vowel sound in "bit"
English IPA Vowels: /u/
Vowel sound in "boot"
English IPA Vowels: /ɔ/
Vowel sound in "bought"
English IPA Vowels: /ɛ/
Vowel sound in "end"
English IPA Vowels: /e/
Vowel sound in "lake"
English IPA Vowels: /i/
Vowel sound in "see"
English IPA Vowels: /ʊ/
Vowel sound in "should"
English IPA Vowels: /ʌ/
Vowel sound in "tub"
Backness
Vowels can be front, central, or low
Height
Vowels can be high, mid, or low
Rounding
Vowels can be rounded or unrounded
Tension
Vowels can be tense or lax
Arbitrariness
We cannot think of a legitimate cultural reason for a linguistic difference (House idea)
Linguistic Relativity
Weaker claim that words impose structure on conceptual and perceptual space that help us draw attention to some distinctions over the other -- predetermined linguistic categories have some effect on our perception of the world
Semantically Anomalous
When a sentence makes sense grammatically, but means nothing (such as "Colorless green ideas sleep furiously")
"Complementary Distribution"
When allophones of the same phoneme have one allophone that appears in only one sound environment
Antonymy
When two forms have opposite meanings
Synonymy
When two or more words have very closely related meanings
Location
Where an entity is
Source
Where an entity moves from
Goal
Where an entity moves to
2. Place of Articulation
Where in the vocal tract the airflow is being restricted
Winawer (2007): Testing
Who: Speakers of English with a single word for blue, speakers of Russian with a word for dark blue (siniy) / light blue (goluboy) What: The response time in a color matching task
Kay and Kempton (1984): Testing
Who: speakers of English with words for blue and green, speakers of Tarahumara with one word for blue/green only What: The accuracy of rating color differences when colors are on the blue/green boundary between the two groups
There seems to be some relationship between color perception and colors words in a language: this means a week form of WHAT seems to be true?
Whorfianism, or the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
Kay and Kempton (1984): Central Research Question
Will the difference in color terminology between English and Russian result in a difference in how color is automatically perceived by speakers of the two languages?
Winawer (2007): Central Research Question
Will the difference in color terminology between English and Russian result in a difference in how color is automatically perceived by speakers of the two languages?
What important methodological improvement did the study by Winawer et al. (2007) make over Kay and Kempton's 1984 study?
Winawer et al. used a reaction time task, allowing them to more plausibly study automatic processes related to color perception than the similarity judgment task used by Kay and Kempton
Grammar and Phonology has rules -- what else does?
Word formation/Morphology
What are the three different levels of how meaning is negotiated and categorized?
Words, phrases, and sentences
Unrounded vowels include
[i], [ɪ], [e], [ɛ], [æ], [ɑ], [ʌ], [ə]
Rounded vowels include
[u], [ʊ], [o], [ɔ]
Lax vowels
[ɪ], [ɛ], [æ], [ʌ], [ə], [ʊ]
Using semantic features, explain the oddness of a sentence such as the following "The television drank my water." a. "Television" is [-animate] b. "Water" is [-animate] c. "Drank" is [-human] d. "Water" is [-count]
a. "Television" is [-animate]
When describing natural classes, what are the two symbols used to describe the presence or absence of a certain feature? a. +, - b. /_/, [_] c. /θ/, /ð/ d. /d/, /f/
a. +, -
Synonymy is best defined as: a. A relationship between two words that allows them to substituted for one another without a significant change in meaning b. A relationship between to two words in which the meaning of one is hierarchically included in the meaning of the other c. A relationship between two words such as furniture and chair d. A thematic role in which a word is the recipient of some action
a. A relationship between two words that allows them to substituted for one another without a significant change in meaning
In some cases, "super" can be used as a free morpheme, as a(n) ...
adverb or adjective (ex: "The birthday party was super fun" or "He's a super guy")
Antonymy Examples
alive/dead, happy/sad, old/new, big/small, hot/cold, raise/lower
When they are classified as belonging to the same morpheme, we saw that they are are ...
allomorphs of that morpheme
Synonymy Examples
almost/nearly, cab/taxi, freedom/liberty, big/large, car/automobile
Extra sounds: /ɾ/
alveolar tap, such as in "butter" and "water"
Which of the following is an example of a thematic role? a. Polysemy b. Goal c. Lexical relation
b. Goal
A sentence such as "The White House released a statement on the issue" is semantically well-formed because of which of the following? a. Hyponymy b. Metonymy c. Synonymy d. Antonymy
b. Metonymy
Aspiration is a. A hope or ambition of achieving something b. The IPA symbol /h/ c. The puff of air that may follow the articulation of a sound like [t] d. The set of different ways in which a phoneme may be pronounced
c. The puff of air that may follow the articulation of a sound like [t]
What is the term for any (CC) sound combination, such as /st/, for example? a. Coda b. Nucleus c. Onset d. Consonant cluster
d. Consonant cluster
Why might sparrow be a "better example" of the word bird than one like "flamingo"? a. The term "sparrow" is a hyponym of "bird," but "flamingo" is not. b. "Sparrow" is polysemous. c. "Flamingo" is a hyponym of "sparrow" d. For many people, the prototype of "bird" is something much like a sparrow
d. For many people, the prototype of "bird" is something much like a sparrow
Though language may influence the ways in which we categorize things, it does not ultimately ...
dictate or change our perceptions of reality
Certain allophones of the same phoneme will typically occur in ...
different places in a word depending on where the brain has learned to place them
We are able to segment a continuous stream of speech into ....
distinct parts, and recognize the parts in other words
Depending on its type, a language may be _________________ or _________________ in their word creation
flexible or inflexible
Linguistic determinism is a much too strong hypothesis to account for the relationship between ...
language and the ways we categorize reality
In all languages, words are constructed in rule-based and predictable ways that encode ...
lexical and grammatical meaning
When these categories receive labels, they are ....
lexicalized
The absence or presence of a word in a language is reflective of the particular ________________________ it uses
linguistic system
"Grammatical" gender refers to how words are classified according to...
male, female, and neutral genders using grammatical marking
Our linguistic knowledge allows us to ignore ...
nonlinguistic differences in speech (such as individual pitch levels, rates of speed, coughs)
Language and Gender: "Natural" gender may refer to conceptions of gender that are...
not grammatical in nature
Words are formed through step-by-step morphological processes in which ________ matters
order
Linguists need to ____________ and _______________ speech sounds
record and describe
Minimal Pairs are not to be confused with ...
rhyme, alliteration, or any other sound similarity
However, most linguists agree that these irregular forms are ...
separately lexicalized (such as man and men)
Phones are enclosed within square brackets [_], whereas phonemes are enclosed in ...
slash marks /_/
Word meaning is not static, but...
some lexical features must be shared in order for understanding to occur
Phonology tells us about how ...
sounds are conceptualized and used in a language and how they can be combined into words
Lexical Relations can be exemplified as ...
synonymy (conceal/hide), antonymy (shallow/deep) and hyponymy (pine/tree)
Whorf notes that the Hopi lack a ...
tense system and lexical items for discrete units of time similar to those in English (minute, hour, etc.)
What what Whorf's conclusion based on this information, and what is it an example of?
the Hopi experience time differently than native English speakers do, and it is an example of Linguistic Determinism
Priorities View
the idea that a certain concept matters more to a particular culture, and therefore becomes lexicalized
The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis says that language shapes ...
the mental representation of expereince
Some sounds may vary widely in the way they are articulated, but are considered to be ...
the same sound by the speakers of a particular language
Thus, for the study of speech, the orthographic systems available are inadequate for recording ...
the speech sounds of English or any language
The rest of the word "superstitious" consists of two derivational morphemes:
the suffix "ious" and a bound stem
Full Featural Description: /z/
voiced alveolar fricative
Full Featural Description: /l/
voiced alveolar lateral approximant
Full Featural Description: /n/
voiced alveolar nasal
Full Featural Description: /d/
voiced alveolar stop
Full Featural Description: /m/
voiced bilabial nasal
Full Featural Description: /b/
voiced bilabial stop
Full Featural Description: /ð/
voiced dental fricative
Full Featural Description: /v/
voiced labiodental fricative
Full Featural Description: /ʒ/
voiced postalveolar fricative
Full Featural Description: /ŋ/
voiced velar nasal
Full Featural Description: /g/
voiced velar stop
Full Featural Description: /s/
voiceless alveolar fricative
Full Featural Description: /t/
voiceless alveolar stop
Full Featural Description: /p/
voiceless bilabial stop
Full Featural Description: /θ/
voiceless dental fricative
Full Featural Description: /h/
voiceless glottal fricative
Full Featural Description: /ʔ/
voiceless glottal stop
Full Featural Description: /f/
voiceless labiodental fricative
Full Featural Description: /j/
voiceless palatal approximant
Full Featural Description: /ʃ/
voiceless postalveolar fricative
Full Featural Description: /k/
voiceless velar stop