Leadership

Intersectionality

"to a large extent, intersectional work is about identity" (p. 630), but it is not only about identity. And although intersectionality de- pends upon a conceptualization of identity grounded in the intersecting na- ture of social identities, an intersectional focus on social identities requires interrogating identities within larger structures of privilege and oppression. As such, an intersectional framework foregrounds not only the lived experi- ences and identity considerations of individuals, but more so the particular issues that are disproportionately encountered by certain groups of individ- uals given inequitable power structures.

Methods of decision making

1) Decision by authority without discussion 2) expert member 3)Average members opinion 4) Decision by authority after discusion 5)Majority control

Health services

Blacks are disadvantaged rel- ative to whites in every aspect of their access to health care. These disadvantages culminate in worse health outcomes for blacks. Importantly, these disparities have been growing (Williams & Mohammed 2009). Blacks are more likely than whites to suffer from diabetes, cardiovas- cular disease, hypertension, stroke, and stress, among many other conditions; are treated less effectively for these conditions; and are more likely to be disabled from them. Life expectancy for blacks remains much lower than for whites.

Brad Anderson, CEO of Best Buy (Strategic Thinking Domain)

Created a new strategy of retail sales Always learning and seeking more information Built an organization with "heart and soul" Worked tirelessly to create an organization from scratch

What leds to a strong and cohesive team? (Rath)

A group of individuals that represent strengths from all four domains

One of Tatum's description of racism (2)

A moving walkway

Prejudice

A preconceived judgment or opinion, usually based on limited information

Information seeker

Aware that the group needs more facts or data before proceeding.

Opinion seeker

Aware that the group needs more insight, ideas, or opinions before proceeding.

Why is it hard to acknowledge racism

Belief in meritocracy (the value that people advance based on skills and abilities) Feelings of pain, anger and guilt

Why is it crucial understanding social identities

Crucial for developing skills and sensibilities for effectively engaging across differences and for an increasingly diverse and global world

Cultural Racism

Cultural images and messages that affirm the assumed superiority of white people and the assumed inferiority of people of color

Read authority figures for clues

Focus on the words and behavior of the authority figure; they provide a critical signal about the impact of your action on the organization as a whole. The senior authority will reflect what you are stirring up in the community. He or she will consider and react to the responses of the factions in the organization. Look through the authority figure as you would look through a window, understanding that what you are seeing is really behind the plate of glass. The trap is thinking that the authority figure is operating independently and expressing a personal point of view.

Simon Cooper, President of The Ritz-Carlton

Expanded a good brand to a great brand Correct answer: "Sold" the idea of selling private residences

Paternalism definition

Father knows best analogy. reducing recipients of service to a childlike status, not having input on what ser- vice will be done to them because they do not know what is best for them. Paternalism maintains unequal relationships between the"helpers" and the"helped"

Norming.

Follows storming. Members of the group begin to under- stand the group's culture. For example, do meetings always start ten minutes late so people can visit with each other for a few minutes first? At this stage, individuals in the group deal with both intimacy and identity. The group practices that evolve in thetnorming stage are often more obvious to outsiders than to those'n the group. These practices and characteristics might also descri e the personality of the group.

Forming

Forming is the groups' initial stage of coming together. Refers to such a tasks as member recruitment and affiliation. The forming stage of development is when team building initially occurs and trust is established. Successful strategies of this forming stage include build- ing open, trusting relationships that value inclusion.

Performing

Fourth stage of group development. Celebrate accomplishments and find renewal in rela- tionships. Empower members to learn new skills and share roles in new ways to stay fresh. Revisit purposes and rebuild commitment.

Trust

Gallup's latest research on trust in leadership also suggests that this foundation is closely linked to employee engagement in an organization. One of our national polls revealed that the chances of employees being engaged at work when they do not trust the company's leaders are just 1 in 12. In stark contrast, the chances of employees being engaged at work are better than 1 in 2 if they trust the organization's leadership - a more than sixfold increase.

Societal expectation of leaders

If you spend your life tyring to be good at everything, you will never be great at anything... Those who strive to be competent in all areas become the least effective leaders overall. The well-rounded leader is a great misconception.

Going to the balcony

Image that captures the mental activity of stepping back in the midst of action and asking, "what is really going on here?"

The social change model is based on a few key assumptions. Which ones?

Leadership is about the process, not the position Leadership is inclusive and collaborative Leadership is about creating change on behalf of others

According to Tatum, cultural racism is:

like smog and so we all experiences the effects constantly

Complicating identity

refers to the need to recognize both the intersecting nature of multiple identities, which are all patterned by larger structures of inequality (such as racism, sexism, and heterosexism), and the significant diversity within groups.

The Social Change Model approaches leadership as a dynamic, collaborative, and values-based process grounded in ___________ and intending positive social change.

relationships

Racism as a sytem

system of advantage based on race is anntihetical to traditional notions of an American meritocracy

What does the diversity wheel show?

the social reality that shapes a persons life. Even though it does not capture all the qualities of a person

Education

Racial disparities in educational achievement provide stark evidence of the ef- fect of segregating children on the basis of their race (Mickelson 2003). Whites are more likely than blacks to complete high school and to enter and graduate from college. These differences stem in part from differences in the resources and qualities of predominantly black and pre- dominantly white schools.

Definition of racism

Racism, like other forms of oppression is not only a personal ideology based on racial prejudice but a system involving cultural messages and institutional policies and practices as well as the beliefs and actions of individuals

Pay attention to senior authority figures

Read their words and behaviors as signals for the effects you are stimulating in the group as a whole. See through them to the constituencies pulling them in a variety of directions. Don't just personalize what you see. Read authorities to gauge the pace and manner to push forward.

Strategic thinking

Keep us all focused on what could be; Constantly absorbing and analyzing information and helping the team make better decisions; Continually stretch our thinking for the future

Executing

Know how to make things happen; Work tirelessly to get it done; Have the ability to "catch" an idea and make it a reality

It is critical for a BLANK to understand how others respond to their social identities and how those with different identities may have different ideas and assumptions than them.

Leader

Four questions to help you beyond your own blindspots in going on the balcony

1. Distinguish technical from adaptive challenges. 2. Find out where people are at. 3. Listen to the song beneath the words. 4. Read the behavior of authority figures for clues.

Time

3. Time: Groups exist over varying lengths of time. The group may be time-limited (meeting once to discuss a specific issue or completing a task in three meetings), or it may meet for a specified amount of extended time.

In the Social Change Model, each category is "inextricably" tied to the others. Which of the following is an example of those "feedback loops"?

A student feels hesitant to speak when studying abroad in a culture with a language the student doesn't speak. A student studies more when they are around their friends who prioritize studying. Minnesota Student Association (MSA) causes a positive change on campus and some individual members learn and grow from that process.

One of Tatum's description of racism (1)

A system of advantage based on race

race discrimination

A system whose emergent properties reinforce the effects of their components

Track record.

Amanda's and Brian's roles and reputations might have influenced the way they were heard. Brian may have demon- strated more consistent insight and competence over time. He might have had a proven track record on the subject.

Follower

An active listener who willingly supports the group's actions and decisions.

A Salient Identity

An identity or set of identitities to which a person most closely identitities or connects. Our salient identities tend to be the ones most socially scrutinized. We are typically more award of these oppressed identities because they are more likely to be externally brought to our attention. Our salient identities may shift by our surroundings (people, places) throughout the day. Our privileged identities tend to be less salient because they are underscrutinized

Housing and mortgage markets

Blacks are less likely than whites to own their homes, their homes are worth less, and their homes are less likely to appreciate in value than those owned by whites (Williams et al. 2005; see Pager & Shepherd 2008, p. 189, for a review). Racial disparities in home ownership (and residential segregation) originated in the discriminatory practice of redlining black neighborhoods (the outlining of predominantly black neighbor- hoods on maps that real estate agents then used to preserve segregated neighborhoods and financial institutions and to assess risks in mortgage and insurance decisions). Although discrimination in the housing market has declined, steering black prospective buyers to primarily black neighborhoods has increased (Ross & Turner 2005).

Discipline, incarceration, and the criminal justice system.

Blacks suffer harsher penal- ties than whites in social control systems. For instance, black students are more likely than whites to be disciplined or suspended (Fenning & Rose 2007, Wallace et al. 2008). Accord- ing to data collected by the US Department of Education (2012), African American students are more than 3.5 times more likely to be sus- pended or expelled than their white peers. This pattern of harsher punishment for blacks exists in other spheres. For example, case workers are more likely to discipline black than white welfare recipients (Monnat 2010, Fording et al. 2011). Ayres & Borowsky (2008) found that Los Angeles police were more likely to stop black motorists than non-Hispanic whites and, having stopped them, were more likely to make blacks get out of their car, more likely to frisk blacks, more likely to search their cars, and more likely to arrest them.

Status

Brian might have slightly more formal authority in the organization than Amanda. Brian might also be an important per- son in the community, to whom people tend to listen on a wide range of subjects. In most cultures, people pay more attention to those at the top of the hierarchy, whether or not that attention is warranted. The impact of both formal and informal hierarchies is extremely powerful.

Mervyn Davies, Chairman of Standard Charter Bank (Relationship Building Domain)

Built an organization with a "heart and soul" Focused on developing people Influencing Domain "Sold" the idea of selling private residences

Community values (7C)

Change

Adaptive Challenges

Changing people's hearts and minds. People have to learn new ways and choose between what appear to be contradictory values. Cultures must distinguish what is essential from what is expendable as they struggle to move forward

Technical challenges

Changing preferences or routine behaviors

Group values (7C)

Collaboration Common purpose Controversy with civility

The Social Change Model was originally developed for whom?

College Students

Summarizer

Condensing the nature of "the opinions" or dis .. cussion in a capsule for- mat for clarity.

Individual values (7C)

Consiousness of self Congruence (acting according to your values) Commitment

Racism

Correct match: A system of advantage based on race

Clarifier

Elaborating or explain- ing ideas in new words to add meaning. Show- ing how something might work if adopted.

Relationship builder

Essential glue that holds a team together; Have the unique ability to create groups and organizations that are much greater than the sum of their parts

Purposes:

Groups exist for very different purposes; they range fro friendship support groups to highly focused task groups to groups like a staff that delivers a service or a product over time. T

Influencing

Help their team reach a much broader audience; Always sell the team's ideas inside and outside the organization; Take charge, speak up, and make sure the group is heard

über discrimination

Increases the difficulty of eliminating racial disparities, a systems perspective points to strategies to attack that system

What are the three categories in which the "7 C's" are grouped?

Individual, Group, Community/Society

Role of shifting contexts

Intersectionality elevates the influence of context and what constitutes context.

Intersectionality

Intersectionaly is all about context. In a way context will decide what side of your personality you show to your surroundings. The context will in many ways determine what side you show either becuase it is expected from you. Like being with your family, or because there is a form of embarresement regarding some part of your identity and you keep it hidden in one context. The context is what determines the side of your personality that is showed to the world.

Gatekeeper

Inviting those who have not yet spoken or who have been trying to say something into the conversation.

How do you achieve the balcony perspective?

Means taking yourself out of the dance, in your mind, even if only for a moment. The only way you can gain both a clearer view of reality and some perspective on the bigger picture is by distancing yourself from the fray. Otherwise, you are likely to misperceive the situation and make the wrong diagnosis, leading you to misguided decisions about whether and how to intervene.

MMDI

Model of Multiple Dimensions of Identity

Multiple social identities (Multiple identities)

Multiple Social Identities. In the MMDI, multiple social identities are represented as intersecting circles around the core. In the original MMDI, social identities intersect with one another but not through the core (more recent conceptualizations of the MMDI show social identities, such as race, intersecting with the core). The MMDI highlights that all individuals possess multiple social identities, such as race, social class, gender, sexual- ity, faith, ability, and that these social identities intersect with one another, regardless of whether or not the individual experiences them as such. By foregrounding social identities in the MMDI, the identity question of "Who am I?" is intentionally complicated by socially constructed identities that are patterned by systems of power and privilege

Invisibility and silencing

On an individual level, invisibility and silencing requires a process of both managing the perceptions of others and negotiating one's own identity. The invisibility of particular groups of stu- dents and the silencing that results are integrally connected to the ways in which race, gender, social class, and other social identities intersect as well as relate to larger structures of inequality (Wijeyesinghe & Jones, 2013). Access to resources and leadership opportunities may also be understood as related to these larger systems.

Ripeness

Possibly, the issue had not "ripened" when Amanda put it on the table. Amanda may have been thinking faster than the rest of the group so that, at the time she spoke, the group lacked enough familiarity with the issue to deal with it. It can take time for other people to catch up to a new idea. By the time Brian made sub- stantially the same comment, Amanda's insight was "ripe," and peo- ple were ready to take it up.

One of Tatum's description of racism (3)

Prejudice plus power

What is the race discrimination system a product of

Product of both a system of race-linked disparitites and a belief system that perpetuates them.

Key dimensions that help us understand different types of groups:

Purpose, structure and time

Labor market

Researchers have documented black-white disparities in all facets of the labor market (unemployment, labor force participation, employment, job assignments, pro- motions, pay, authority, working conditions, benefits, and more). Most important is evidence that (a) blacks are unemployed at twice the rate of whites, (b) since 1980 the labor force partici- pation of young blacks has fallen relative to that of whites (Holzer et al. 2005), (c) black and white workers are concentrated in different occupations with occupational segregation as high in 2009 as it was in 2000 (C. Childers, unpublished analyses), and (d ) the black-white pay gap has grown since 1996 (Rodgers 2008).

The phrase "this could all be solved if only we just had more money" indicates a leader may be falling into which pitfall of the Social Change Model?

Seeking a Magic Bullet

Opinion giver

Sharing one's views, feelings, or ideas so the group has the benefit of your thinking.

Seekin a magic bullet

Social problems involve a complex web of issues. Poverty; illit- eracy, poor schools, and racism are all interwoven problems. Complex problems require multiple solutions, not just one quick fix. Very often, those most affected by the problem will have the best idea of the systems and structures to be addressed.

Prejudice

Some interpretations of the Amanda/Brian incident cut directly to deeply held values and norms within the group. The group may not take women's views as seriously as those of men. If prejudice is a group phenomenon, you may see it only from the bal- cony and not observe bias by any individual. Similarly, if Amanda is quite a bit younger than Brian, the group may be prejudiced, perhaps unconsciously, against young people. Or, her political lean- ings might make people uncomfortable, whereas Brian shares the group's prevailing political views. Amanda may remind people of a problem in the society, and the group may unconsciously ignore her business suggestions as part of a larger pattern of ignoring the social issue that she brings to mind

Mediator

Someonewhoharmo- nizes conflict and seeks to straighten out oppos- ing points of view in a clear way.

Storming

Storing is the stage when the group starts to ge.t in gear and dif- ferences of opinion begin to emerge. If the group IS not clear about its Purposes and goals, or if the group cannot agree on shared goals, then it might collapse at this stage. Storming may be a short process in which the group comes to pretty clear direction, or it can be destructive. Some groups estab- lish such trust in each other and in their process that the storming process is resolved quickly. Examples include the constant conflict on some campuses among faculty and administrators or between the Greek and inde- pendent leaders in the student senate.

Structure

Structure relates to the mechanisms fm how the peolPle in the group relate to each other. Some groups are highly struhured, with hierarchical roles or positions; others are undefined andlevolve. Leadership roles in groups range from leaderless groups in ~hicha group of people get together to do somethmg but no one is t~e formal leader, to highly structured groupswith a person in position as the formal leader

How does system theory relate to racial disricimiantion

System theory offers a way to conceptualize racial disrimination as something greater than the sum of race-linked disparities across a set of subsystems

Mentioned by Jones as a factor that can influence identity

The awareness we have about ourselves The responsibilities we have The context we are in

Diversity wheel

The characteristics at the center of this wheel are usually the basis of first impressions and are usually very hard to change.

Core (Multiple identities)

The core appears at the center of the MMDI and represents in- dividuals' personal identity, or personal characteristics, attributes, qualities, values, anything that the person considers central to one's sense of self. This idea of the core arose from the original study and was characterized by par- ticipants as an "inner self" and "inside identity" and as such was perceived as less susceptible to outside influence. These were identities that partici- pants named for themselves and represented the identity space where they experienced the most agency and stability. This is not to suggest that the core is static and unchanging; more recent research suggests a closer rela- tionship between social identities and the core and a blurring of the bound- aries between the elements of the MMDI (Jones, Kim, & Skendall, 2012).

Discirmination as a system

The core argument of Raskin is that the emergent product of pervaisive race.linked disparitites, some but not all of which are caused by discirmination, is über discrimination

General Dwight Eisenhower desribing the invasion of Normandy on D Day.

The first thing that had to be done when the troops landed on the beach was to throw out the plan. He could not have gotten to the beach without a plan, but there are always unanticipated things that occur.

What does Jones identify was "left out" of earlier foundational theories about college student development?

The identities and experiences of underrepresented groups of students

Paternalism

The phrase "you should be grateful we are here to change this for you" indicates a leader may be falling into which pitfall of the Social Change Model?

Identity salience (Multiple identities)

The relationship of social identities to the core is portrayed through the concept of identity salience. That is, the more salient a social identity is to an individual the closer to the core it appears. On the MMDI, salience is represented by dots on each of the social identity circles. For example, if race is particularly salient to an individual, a dot would be placed on the social identity circle marked race and in close proximity to the core.

Followers four basic needs

Trust, compassion, stability and hope

Encourager

Welcoming all individ- uals and diverse ideas. A warm response to promote the inclusion and empowerment of others.

Ignoring cultural differences

When Malcolm X was a child, a neighbor provided a butch- ered pig to his family so they would not go hungry. Because of religious-based diet restrictions, his mother would not serve it to the children. (Ifit is hard to imagine choosing hunger over a reli- gious dietary restriction, imagine an American food bank serving dog meat to the poor, claiming that it is acceptable in other cul- tures.)

Authenticity: Managing Perceptions and Negotiating Identity.

When multiple social identities and intersectionality are considered, authenticity looks different because of a need to manage the perceptions of others while also navigating one's own identity (Jones et al., 2012). Individuals, particularly with oppressed identities, are not only engaged in making sense of their own identities, which is a more internal process, but they must also manage the perceptions others have of them.

Wendy Kopp, Founder and CEO of Teach for America (Executing Domain)

Worked tirelessly to create an organization from scratch Rigorous daily list of tasks Uncategorized answers Created a new strategy of retail sales Focused on developing people

Song beneath the words

You have to listen to the song beneath the words. In small ways, we do this every day. For exam- ple, if you ask someone how he is doing, and he says "OK," you can hear a big difference between a bright accent on the "K" and a sad emphasis on the "O." Leaders are rarely neutralized for personal reasons, even though an attack may be framed in personal terms. The role you play or the issue you carry generates the reaction.

Leadership is an improvisational art

You may have an overarching vision, clear, orienting values, and even a strategic plan, but what you actually do from moment to moment cannot be scripted. To be effective, you must respond to what is happening.

Assimilation

attempt to "fix" another community by helping it become more like their own. This ignores the differences among com- munities and the expertise that exists outside of one's own. Efforts to build relationships with others should not assume that commonality is the only way to find a sense of connection

A deficit based perspective of the community

focus on how others can solve problems for a community, rather than on how the community can use its assets to create its own solutions

Status and prejudice

go to the heart of how the group, and the individuals within it, see them- selves. Speaking to these issues will threaten the group's stability and civility and disrupt the agenda. The group will likely resist if she suggests that it discounts the views of people with lower status, rather than weigh everyone's views on the merits, or that its behav- ior is racist, sexist, ageist, or prejudicial in any way.

Segregationist tactics

included requiring one or another of the following: prohibitive poll taxes, literacy tests, evidence that one's grandfather had been a reg- istered voter, frequent re-registration, lengthy residence in a district, that registration be lim- ited to inconvenient times (e.g., during the planting season), or information that was un- available to many blacks (e.g., addresses because black neighborhoods often lacked street names and numbers).

How does über discrimination operate?

operates at a meta level, influencing the cultural and social con- texts in which people act. In social psychological terms, it distorts how we see others, the attributions we make about them, and our pre- dictions of their performance. I

Deficit-based models of community tend to focus on how __________ can solve a problem for a community, rather than how the community can __________.

others, create its own solutions