Lean Six Sigma rest of course
T or F: To create a control chart of defects over a constant size of area of opportunity (such as X defects/100), a p chart should be used.
False
T or F: Typically there is no need to craft operational definitions to express customer requirements in clear and objective terms.
False
T or F: W. Edwards Deming developed the pull system.
False
T or F: When calculating reproducibility, you should only use the most experienced inspectors.
False
T or F: You are sorting out stakeholders and customers. A good rule of thumb to follow is that stakeholders are always internal to the organization while customers are external.
False
T or F: Your organization is selecting projects that align with the current business strategy. The Master Black Belt should not be involved with this effort.
False
Your Green Belt project's goal is to design a part insensitive to heat. _________ introduced this concept.
Genichi Taguchi
When CpK = cp, which of the following is true?
The process is centered between spec limits.
Walter Shewhart developed the _________cycle.
PDCA
T or F: A QFD produces a prioritized list of how's to satisfy the customer's requirements.
True
T or F: A potential pitfall of convenience sampling is that the samples may not be representative of the process.
True
T or F: A process can be capable and out of control.
True
T or F: A process consisting of only common cause variation is a process that is in control.
True
T or F: A team is looking to establish process metrics. As a starting point, it is logical to measure the output of the process.
True
T or F: A trained competent employee with a good sense of awareness can spot trouble before it happens.
True
T or F: A tree diagram is the basis for the process decision program chart (PDPC).
True
T or F: Appraisers re-evaluate the same parts in a different order to capture repeatability of the test.
True
T or F: Capability is assessed by comparing process variation to customer expectations.
True
T or F: Common cause variation is due to the causes that are always present in a process.
True
T or F: Controlled documents may be in electronic and/or hard copy formats.
True
T or F: Deming said common cause variation was owned by management while special cause was owned by the workforce.
True
Who is credited with setting the target defect standard at zero?
Philip Crosby
T or F: Japanese manufacturers applied W. Edwards Deming's techniques and realized considerably higher levels of quality and productivity.
True
T or F: Joe owns a golf cart rental company. When a golf cart is returned, he uses a simple black and white picture of the golf cart from all angles and marks where damage has occurred. This is an example of using a concentration diagram check sheet.
True
T or F: Operational definitions are crafted as VOC data and are refined and translated into product/service requirements.
True
T or F: Output measures are referred to as Y data measures.
True
T or F: Perfection is defined as continuously improving.
True
T or F: Stability is the total variation obtained with a particular device, on the same part, when measuring a single characteristic over time.
True
Another name for the "House of Quality" is?
QFD
T or F: Type II error occurs when you incorrectly fail to reject the null hypothesis.
True
__________ ensures every item in the population or process has an equal chance of being selected for counting.
Random sampling
T or F: Waiting for signatures to proceed is an example of required non-value-added activities.
True
When you are unable to measure the entire population, you typically take a sample to represent the population.
True
The guidelines for implementing a kanban include which of the following?
All of the above a) The consumer should "pull" from the provider by using a kanban signal. b) The provider only supplies what is requested by the kanban signal. c) Quality must be validated before sending an item(s) to the consumer.
A good CTQ _________________________.
All of the above: a) is critical to the customer's perception of quality b) can be measured c) will be able to be turned into a specification that can be set to tell whether the CTQ characteristic has been achieved d) can be linked directly to customer needs gathered from voice-of-the-customer (VOC) data collection efforts
T or F: A Black Belt must be an expert in the process they are trying to improve.
False
T or F: A DOE is always needed to solve process issues.
False
T or F: A Pareto chart is another way to show the distribution curve of a data set.
False
T or F: A cause and effect diagram captures historical knowledge but does not focus on present knowledge.
False
T or F: A change in a process in the milling department will not have an effect on the assembly area.
False
T or F: A critical activity has float time.
False
T or F: A random event is the act of extracting items from the population or process to measure.
False
T or F: Activities are shown as ovals in a process map.
False
T or F: Company XYZ allows each department to create their own metrics with no requirement for feedback loops or linkages between departments. This is an example of an effective system.
False
T or F: Company XYZ requires 100 % inspection prior to shipping, and this process is considered to be a value-added activity.
False
T or F: During your Green Belt project you should submit performance reports to key stakeholders only at the end of a Lean Six Sigma project.
False
T or F: Green Belts have a full-time role in most organizations.
False
T or F: Julien is trying to determine his variable type in order to select the proper statistical tests. He is measuring the grade level of a student. He believes this to be a continuous variable. He is correct.
False
T or F: Just-in-time production is typically large batch production.
False
T or F: Once your project plan has been developed, it should not be revised.
False
T or F: One of Ishikawa's principles that helped create an integrated Japanese quality model was that the walls between departments or functions should remain intact.
False
T or F: Sampling and stratification are the same thing.
False
T or F: The Master Black Belt owns the processes that are being improved by LSS.
False
T or F: The benchmarking process has four steps.
False
T or F: An attribute agreement analysis is a measurement system analysis for continuous data.
False
T or F: An effective facilitator will allow the team to evaluate ideas during brainstorming.
False
T or F: The A3 one-page report is a process pioneered by General Motors.
False
T or F: Bob notices that he has only point below the lower control limit. Based on the common rules to detect special cause, is this process potentially out of control?
True
T or F: Boxplots and scatterplots allow us to look at the relationships between inputs (X variables) and the output (Y) of a process.
True
T or F: One of the benefits of 5S is that employees become proud of a clean and organized workplace.
True
T or F: One use of the process decision program chart (PDPC) is identification of risk in a specific plan.
True
Which of the following types of data represent continuous data?
Weight
The main sections of the project charter include ______________________.
all of the above: a) project scope b) problem statement c) project resources
A spaghetti diagram is a great tool to identify waste from _________________________.
transportation
Which of the following is an output of the Control Phase?
a control plan
Scatter diagrams best represent strong correlation by ____________________.
a tight grouping around a trend line
Six or more data points in a run chart continuously increasing or decreasing represent _______________.
a trend
Your Green Belt project is complete, yet the organization is not aware of the good work you and the team accomplished. What tool would have helped get the word out?
a well written and implemented communication plan
Which of the following is an input into the Analyze Phase?
baseline measure of process capability
A project charter is a part of which phase of a Six Sigma project?
define
The effect of two or more factors in conjunction with one another is an ____________________.
interaction
What is the fourth step of a kaizen blitz event?
observing and refining
Which of the following types of data represent discrete data?
pass/fail and true/false and survey data with five possible responses
Your team has brainstormed a list of potential solutions. A tool to select the best solution would be a ___________________________.
prioritization matrix
The Analyze Phase of a DMAIC Six Sigma project can include ___________________.
statistical analysis and graphical analysis
A p-value that is less than .05, indicates a ____ regression equation.
statistically significant
The measure of central tendency _________.
tells us how alike the observations are
You are preparing to create a value stream map. You should __________________________.
understand that processes are to blame for failures rather than employees and agree to not take criticism of the process personally
When trying to identify waste in a process and understand why a process is not flowing, the best tool to use is the ___________________.
value stream map
T or F: The terms bottleneck and constraint are often used interchangeably. They both show the areas on which to focus.
True
T or F: While a data sheet should be kept simple, it is a good idea to follow up with the person collecting data to be sure they understand.
True
________________ occur(s) when you incorrectly reject the null hypothesis as a result of the hypothesis test.
Type I error
Looking at the data in various buckets can help us identify patterns in the data. Stratification of the data helps us _________________.
all of the above: a) focus the project on the critical few b) speed the search for the root causes c) generate a deeper understanding of the process factors
A process map is a great tool for ___________.
all of the above: a) identifying where value-added steps are in a process b) showing relationships between process steps c) identifying potential bottlenecks
You are preparing to close out your Green Belt project. Which of the following forms of project documentation may you want to include in the close-out report?
all of the above: Question options: a) Gantt chart b) project charter c) control chart d) stakeholders analysis
What are the obstacles addressed in the book The Machine that Changed the World?
all of the above: a) the existing stronghold of mass production on existing companies b) outdated thinking about the world economy and globalization c) inward focus and selective implementation of the methodology
Which of the following are not items to complete and/or consider when creating your next project plan?
create a baseline control chart
Marsha is working on a complicated issue regarding fuel leakage. She is struggling to understand which aspect of this problem she should tackle first. The best tool for this situation is a ______________________.
decision matrix
Julien is trying to determine his variable type in order to select the proper statistical tests. The data he collected deals with the number of times a tossed coin is heads. What type of variable is this?
discrete
You have collected data on the diameter of your part. Now you want to visualize the overall variation. Which of the following tools should you use?
histogram
When using a control chart, which of the following are acceptable tests for special cause?
one point above the UCL, and nine consecutive points above or below the mean
T or F: Genichi Taguchi is credited with the creation of the single minute exchange of die (SMED) and stopping processes as soon as defects occur.
False
T or F: Given the nature of both tools, the solution selection matrix is a much simpler tool compared to the impact/effort matrix.
False
T or F: If there is a high level of variation among DOE factors, it would be wise to have no replicates in a DOE.
False
T or F: If you have attribute data, the metric of central location is the mode.
False
T or F: If your efforts to implement Lean Six Sigma have failed in your organization, the only reason is that its executives are only Green Belt-certified but not Black Belt-certified.
False
T or F: Increases in inflation would be an example of a controllable organizational driver.
False
T or F: It is a best practice to run the hypothesis test in QI macros and then determine the alpha risk.
False
T or F: It is a best practice to state the null hypothesis before choosing the hypothesis test type you will use.
False
T or F: It is acceptable to conduct an audit only by interviewing employees.
False
T or F: It is appropriate to determine if the test is one- or two- tailed after running a hypothesis test in QI Macros.
False
T or F: It is not necessary to keep the stakeholders informed and engaged.
False
T or F: It is okay to perform data stratification after the data are collected.
False
T or F: Jenkins is trying to determine the most appropriate statistical tool. QI Macros is not working properly so he is unsure of the proper probability distribution. He stated that it "does not matter" and can use whatever tools he wants. This is acceptable given the odd circumstance.
False
T or F: Jerry wants to collect data to form a subgroup over a longer period of time that cuts across multiple shifts in an operation. This is a best practice.
False
T or F: Jill is given the following key items from a regression analysis. The regression equation (i.e., fitted line) is (Monthly Irrigation Spent per Acre) = 3,000 - .5 * (Monthly Rainfall in Inches). The R^2 in this same analysis is .001. This regression equation have a good fit with the underlying data.
False
T or F: Jody is working with variable data and wishes to use a c chart. This is a best practice.
False
T or F: Level loading is the "leveling" of the processing time at each step in a process.
False
T or F: Marsha is using Poisson distribution for a dataset that is comprised of heights. Is this a best practice?
False
T or F: Marsha is using Poisson distribution for a dataset that is comprised of widget weights. Is this a best practice?
False
T or F: Marsha is working with a discrete data set, which she believes fits a normal distribution. Is this a sound idea?
False
T or F: Risk is defined as an undesirable situation or circumstance that has either a likelihood of occurring or a potentially negative outcome.
False
T or F: An operational definition is a simple, straightforward description of what should be observed and measured to ensure that anyone collecting or interpreting the data will do so consistently.
True
T or F: As you move through the DMAIC process, you may move from a high-level process map to a detailed process map.
True
T or F: Bias is the difference between the observed average measurement and a true or standard value.
True
T or F: Company ABC is preparing for the collection of annual employee satisfaction measures. The Black Belt preparing the data collection plan decides to collect the data by employee type to try to determine if there are differences between the various levels. The employee types are executives, managers, staff, and contractors. Is this a good practice?
True
T or F: Continuous data can assume any value within an interval.
True
T or F: Kaoru Ishikawa translated Deming's and Juran's lectures into a uniquely Japanese perspective on quality improvement.
True
T or F: Once the project's scope has been determined, the project team members should be selected based on their level of influence and knowledge of the process as well as their skills and abilities.
True
T or F: One of Crosby's Four Absolutes of Quality is that the performance standard is zero defects.
True
T or F: One of the aims of the Lean methodology is to reduce cycle time.
True
T or F: Stability is a measure of how accurately the system performs over time.
True
T or F: Stakeholders can be internal and external to the organization.
True
T or F: Strategic planning addresses how organizations establish and plan to implement strategic directions.
True
T or F: The Design Phase in the DMADV framework creates a new product or service, incorporating the results of the internal analysis and customer feedback.
True
T or F: The Kano Model classifies product attributes based on how they are perceived by customers and their effect on customer satisfaction.
True
T or F: The alternative hypothesis should be stated prior to running a hypothesis test using QI Macros.
True
T or F: The format of the project closeout report varies depending on the type of project.
True
T or F: The main effects plot is another way to illustrate the effect of the factors on the output and compare the relative strength of the effects.
True
Bob wants to create a control chart for the number of incorrect customer billings sent to customers per day. Which of the following is the best control chart to use?
p chart
The SIPOC diagram includes these five major basic elements:
supplier, inputs, process, outputs, and customer
T or F: An audit is a good way to validate that a process or organization is meeting regulatory requirements.
True
T or F: An effective use of kanban is with the use of visual control.
True
T or F: An example of poor linearity is when the measured samples are lower than the standard at the low end of the range and higher than the standard at the high end of the range.
True
T or F: Beta risk is also referred to as a Type II error.
True
T or F: Level loading is the leveling of schedules and production.
True
T or F: Linearity is a measure of how the size of the part affects the accuracy of the measurement system.
True
T or F: You can use a project status report to convey or assist in making decisions and authorizing changes.
True
T or F: A two-tailed test describes a hypothesis test that is concerned with one side of the frequency distribution.
False
T or F: There are no points outside of the lower control limit on a control chart, which means the process is under control.
False
T or F: Power is defined as (1 - beta risk).
True
T or F: When using the 5 whys method, it is best to work with a team.
True
T or F: When working on a process improvement, it is best to jointly consider the "voice of the process" and the "voice of the customer."
True
T or F: The main effects correlation assessment is another way to show the effect of the factors on the output and compare the relative strength of the effects.
False
T or F: For each risk included in the scope of the PDPC, a team will identify possible countermeasures for eliminating the risk or reducing the impact of the risk.
True
T or F: Janet has time to failure data for grocery carts and wants to use statistical tools tailored to Weibull distribution. Based on this information, this is a sound idea.
True
T or F: Julien is trying to determine his variable type in order to select the proper statistical tests. He is measuring the time it takes him to get to work. He believes this to be a continuous variable. He is correct.
True
T or F: The more columns and information there are on the control plan, the more likely that it will succeed.
False
T or F: A common way to identify the appropriate probability distribution is to use statistical software.
True
T or F: A data sheet is used to capture readings, measures, or counts.
True
T or F: A value-added vs. non-value-added analysis is a method of looking at process steps from the customer's perspective.
True
T or F: In 1911 Taylor published a book titled The Principles of Scientific Management.
True
T or F: Poka Yoke works on eliminating the cause of defects and detecting them before they reach the production line through source inspection.
True
T or F: Random sampling ensures every item in the population or process has an equal chance of being selected for counting.
True
Due to its ability to deliver a product at a low cost, a company is considering launching a new product in an unfamiliar industry with a good amount of competition. As part of a SWOT analysis, its "weaknesses" must be considered. Given the situation, which of the following item(s) may be a weakness?
Industry Knowledge
Which of the following is a valid null hypothesis?
Mu = 100
T or F: A C-chart is used with counts of attribute data.
True
T or F: A CTQ is a key feature by which customers evaluates the quality of a product.
True
Which of the following types of data represent continuous data?
call duration, lead time, and temperature
Which word best describes a kanban system?
pull
Muda is a Japanese word that means ________.
waste
T or F: The Define Phase in the DMADV framework gathers customer needs and metrics to measure success.
True
A process at a large aerospace manufacturing facility is a three-step process with the following yields: .9, .95, and .8. What is the RTY?
0.684
Judy is trying to determine the Cp of a process. The USL is 20, the LSL is 10, and the standard deviation is 2. What is the Cp?
0.833
In order to limit the scope of a typical Lean Six Sigma project, it should have _____ final deliverables?
1
It is reasonable to guess that the number of hours spent studying and the final grade in a class have a Pearson correlation coefficient closest to _________.
1
If the most optimistic time for a task to complete is .5 days, the most likely time for a task to complete is 1 days, and the most pessimistic time is 1.5 days the expected days to compete is?
1 day
T or F: Ownership of the milling department's metrics resides in the quality department. This is an example of assigning ownership with the party held accountable.
False
T or F: Painting a part that does not require painting is an example of a value-added activity.
False
T or F: Part of your process includes a checking and reviewing step is considered a value-added activity.
False
T or F: Perfection is defined as eventually reaching our goal.
False
T or F: Pilot studies are most useful in DFSS projects.
False
T or F: Regression analysis is a statistical tool that finds a model for a relationship between pairs of categorical data.
False
T or F: SPC takes two forms: process assurance and process adherence.
False
T or F: Sampling events must occur within individual subgroups.
False
T or F: The central limit theorem states that, regardless of the population shape, the sampling distribution of the mean approaches a Weibull distribution if the sample size is large enough.
False
T or F: The current state map looks at the improved state.
False
T or F: Several deliverables must be completed in order to deliver a final deliverable to the customer.
True
T or F: Systematic sampling is less likely to involve bias than judgement sampling.
True
T or F: The solution prioritization matrix is a more complex matrix where the solutions are ranked according to the team-agreed criteria.
True
T or F: The term deliverable applies to both the interim and final deliverables.
True
T or F: The terms bottleneck and constraint are often used interchangeably.
True
T or F: The timekeeper role is an optional responsibility.
True
T or F: The vertical distance of each data point from the regression line is called the residual.
True
T or F: There is no feedback loop on Company XYZ's map of their milling process. The lack of a feedback loop will make improvement more difficult.
True
T or F: You are trying to determine what tasks must be completed in parallel. An Activity Network Diagram chart would provide this information
True
T or F: You have a p-value > 0.5. Therefore, you failed to reject the null and there is no difference.
True
T or F: You have constructed an interrelationship digraph and found a number of issues with a very close number of arrows. Although these issues must be reviewed carefully, in the end it is a judgment call, not science.
True
Comparing the defect rate of two different processes is an example of a _________ experiment.
binomial
T or F: The measurement device you are using for your Green Belt project has shown increased variation over time. This is an example of poor stability.
True
T or F: The opportunity statement provides the vision for the outcome of the project.
True
T or F: The problem statement identifies the problem the project will address.
True
T or F: Janet has data on the outcome of coin tosses and wants to use statistical tools tailored to Weibull distribution. This is a best practice.
False
T or F: Jody is working with variable data. Based on this limited information, it is a best practice to use a u chart.
False
T or F: Joe wants to collect data to form a subgroup over a period of time across all shifts, including nights and weekends. This is a good idea.
False
T or F: The recorder is the timekeeper during team meetings.
False
T or F: Alpha risk is also referred to as a Type I error.
True
Marsha is collecting a sample every other day. This is an example of _________________.
systematic sampling
T or F: A Type I error occurs when you incorrectly reject the null hypothesis.
True
T or F: A change in the process in the milling department could have an effect on the assembly area.
True
T or F: A common reason for the failure of efforts to implement Lean Six Sigma in an organization is lack of support from the executives.
True
T or F: A hypothesis test examines two opposing hypotheses about a population, which are the null hypothesis and the alternative hypothesis.
True
T or F: A key piece of the deliverables schedule is assigning accountability for each deliverable.
True
T or F: A low R^2 indicates that the regression line's fit to the underlying data may not be good.
True
A Pareto chart _________________________.
shows the frequency or size of problems or defects in a descending bar graph
The formula Y = mx + b is the mathematical equation for a line and is used with which Lean Six Sigma Tool?
simple linear regression
It is reasonable to guess that the weather in Europe and the average final grades of fifth graders in Indiana have a Pearson correlation coefficient closest to _________.
0
A process at a large biotech manufacturing facility goes through a four-step process with the following yields: .9, .95, .8, and .99. What is the RTY?
0.677
What is the range of this data set: 3, 4, 5, 6, 7?
4
T or F: An experimental condition that is characterized by the factor and levels associated with it is called a factorial.
False
T or F: High standard deviation represents a tightly controlled process.
False
T or F: If a business is unsure of the success of a new project, it would be wise to complete a feasibility study before undertaking it.
False
T or F: It is sometimes acceptable to determine the significance level after running the hypothesis test in QI Macros.
False
T or F: Randomizing the samples is not necessary to obtain an accurate measurement of repeatability.
False
Bob has calculated Ppk, Pp, Cp, and Cpk; however, he has forgotten that his data are non-normal. Which of the following is true?
Only Ppk and Pp are valid calculations.
T or F: A Lean Six Sigma project team is experiencing problems making decisions and coming to consensus, the Belt should use his facilitation skills to get the team moving again.
True
T or F: A SWOT analysis can be a good tool to assess the risk(s) associated with a project.
True
T or F: An example of a final deliverable is that the measurement system must be automated and not require any additional personnel to run the reports.
True
T or F: An interaction is the effect of two or more factors in conjunction with one another.
True
T or F: Another name for the Ishikawa diagram is the fishbone diagram.
True
T or F: Continuous flow processes have an "everything works or nothing works" quality.
True
T or F: During your conversations with customers, you learn the customer starts calculating the process cycle time as soon as they begin to interact with a process, which is the common interpretation by the customer.
True
T or F: In the formula y = mx + b, b is the Y intercept.
True
T or F: It is not unusual for the initial scope of a project to start out broad and then become more specific as you gather information and data.
True
T or F: Joseph Juran was one of the founding members of the American Society of Quality Control.
True
T or F: Judgment sampling involves choosing a sample based on someone's knowledge of the process and assuming that it will be representative of the process.
True
T or F: Lot size directly affects inventory and scheduling.
True
T or F: Marsha needs to screen the potential causes of a problem. Depending on the situation, using the one factor at a time method may be acceptable.
True
T or F: Measuring systems analysis (MSA) determines if a measuring system can generate accurate precise data and if that data is adequate to obtain your objectives.
True
T or F: Most project planning and scheduling software packages generate project status reports.
True
T or F: Process capability is obtained by comparing the process average (mean) to the customer specifications.
True
T or F: Pull systems are based upon customer consumption and replenishment.
True
T or F: Reducing throughput time is a benefit of creating continuous flow.
True
T or F: The central limit theorem states that, regardless of the population shape, the sampling distribution of the mean approaches a normal distribution (bell curve) if the sample size is large enough.
True
T or F: The check sheet is one of the seven quality control tools.
True
T or F: The ownership of the problem shifts from the Black Belt to the team and the process owner as the project moves through the improvement process.
True
T or F: X-bar is a term to describe the mean of a subgroup.
True
T or F: You are conducting a benchmarking event of a world class organizations. You would expect the organization to have a project hopper that is used to select Lean Six Sigma projects.
True
T or F: You are designing a new facility that aims to reduce waste throughout the facility. A key factor you will need to consider is the plant layout.
True
T or F: You are following up on a recently closed Six Sigma project. The gains made during the project have slipped outside the control limits. You should contact the process owner regarding the slippage.
True
Jim needs to identify the potential root cause of a problem. A tool that can be used in this situation is _______________.
a 5 whys analysis
Having collected defect and type data using a defect and cause check sheet, _________ would be a good way to visually display this data.
a Pareto chart
Depending on the type of control chart used, we can _______________________.
a and b only: a) plot data over time b) see calculated control limit lines visually on either side of the mean
Each organization should have a system or process in place for managing project records. Which of the following documents should be included?
all of the above: a) project charter/proposal b) project meeting notes/handouts c) status and closeout reports
Your team is faced with a very complex issue where cause and effect relationships will be difficult to identify. A good tool to use would be _______________________.
an interrelationship digraph
The ____________ states that, regardless of the population shape, the sampling distribution of the mean approaches a normal distribution (bell curve) if the sample size is large enough.
central limit theorem
Joe owns a golf cart rental company. When a golf cart is returned, he uses a simple black and white picture of the golf cart from all angles and marks where damage has occurred. This is an example of using a ____________________.
concentration diagram check sheet
The failure mode and effects tool is used to ___.
develop countermeasures targeted at specific failures, identify ways to improve performance, quality, reliability, and safety, and score the potential problems based on their probability of occurrence, severity, and ability to be detected
Effective brainstorming sessions usually do not ________________.
eliminate bad ideas right away
Brad is trying to determine the proper distribution for a set of reliability data. In the absence of other information, a good bet may be that this set of data fits a ______________ distribution.
exponential
What graphs are found in a gage R & R study?
gage run chart and bar chart, XBar and R (control charts), and scatter plots
A frequency plot check sheet is similar to a ___________________.
histogram
Two tools that can facilitate selecting solutions are __________________.
impact/effort matrix and solution selection matrix
The FMEA is used most often in which of the following phases of DMAIC?
improve
In a Six Sigma project, the x variable(s) are the project's _____ you are trying to _________.
inputs, control
Process ________ can be included in the control plan.
metrics
The seven wastes addressed by MUDA include ___________________________.
overproduction, motion, defects
Which of the following is a purpose of multi-voting?
prioritize a list of items
Task time, cycle time, and inventory measures are best described as _____________________.
process flow metrics
Which of the following is NOT one of the seven categories of the Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award Criteria?
statistical quality control
A teacher suspects that the mean test scores of males are different from the mean test scores of females. The best type of hypothesis test in this situation would be ___________________.
two-sample t-test
Which of the following are measures used to describe the center of the data set?
All of the above: mean, median, and mode
T or F: Most organizations revise the basic design of an A3 to meet their own requirements.
True
In which industries do the lean tools apply?
all of the above
The intent of control charts is to identify __________ variation.
special cause
When creating a value stream map, _________.
use the eight types of waste categories to help identify waste in the process
Random variation is ___________________.
variability of a process that is operating within its natural limits, caused by many irregular and erratic and individually unimportant fluctuations, and caused by change factors that, in practical terms, cannot be anticipated, detected, identified, or eliminated
What is the range of the data set in the parentheses (8, 9, 10, 11, 8, 7, 10, 9)?
4
Significance level is also referred to as _______.
alpha risk
If a DOE has three levels and four factors, how many runs are in this experiment?
81
Input measures are ____________________.
X measures of inputs that are coming into the process
T or F: After completing the stakeholder analysis, you found that all the stakeholders are at the level of support you need to be successful. Given this information, there is no need to influence the stakeholders going forward.
False
T or F: Alpha risk is also referred to as a Type II error.
False
T or F: As part of the basic hypothesis testing procedure, it is optional to determine if a test is two-tailed or one-tailed prior to running the test in QI macros.
False
T or F: You want to prove that the setting does not make a difference. Therefore, you want to reject the null hypothesis.
False
T or F: In this data set (3, 4, 5, 6, and 7), the mean and median are the same.
True
T or F: It is a best practice to state the null hypothesis before running the hypothesis test in QI Macros.
True
T or F: Repeatability is the variation due to the measuring device.
True
T or F: The mode is the most frequently occurring value of a data set.
True
T or F: The more samples you take from a population, the tighter your confidence intervals become around that metric.
True
Which of the following is an objective of the Analyze Phase?
find the critical Xs (root causes)
When a LSS team is having trouble securing resources to complete the project, who should the team approach to get these issues resolved?
the project champion
5S creates benefits______________________.
through better workplace organization, visual communication, and general cleanliness
What aspect is in the top row of the Gantt chart?
time scale
A company believes that there is a difference between the average turn around times between supplier A and supplier B. The best type of hypothesis test in this situation would be __________________.
two-sample t-test
Which type of control chart can accommodate subgroups?
u chart
A process has a USL of 10, a LSL of 8, and a standard deviation of 2. What is the Pp?
0.1666
When you have only one operator measuring samples, you are unable to calculate _________.
Reproducibility
____________ is also referred to as alpha risk.
Significance level
In hypothesis testing, which of the following statements is always true?
The P-value is a probability.
T or F: A good measurement system should be both accurate and precise.
True
T or F: A good tool to use while planning a construction project would be an activity network diagram (arrow diagram).
True
T or F: A high R^2 indicates that the regression line's fit to the underlying data is better.
True
Womack laid out five guiding principles for Lean. Which of the following is one of those five principles?
Identify the value stream for each product.
Bob is given the following key items from a regression analysis. The regression equation (i.e., fitted line) is (Monthly Irrigation Spent per Acre) = 20 - .5 * (Monthly Rainfall in Inches). The R^2 in this same analysis is .99. Using this equation to predict an outcome, what monthly irrigation spend could Bob expect if it rained 8 inches in a given month?
$16/acre
It is reasonable to guess that European wine consumption and the population of South African Cliff Swallows have a Pearson correlation coefficient closest to _______________.
0
What is the PPM if the DPU is .2?
200,000
If a DOE has two levels and two factors, how many runs are in this experiment?
4
What is the minimum number of distinct categories necessary to pass a variable gage R & R?
5
When determining a significance level for a hypothesis test, Marsha decides that her acceptable alpha risk is 10%. What is the confidence level?
90%
Brad is conducting a hypothesis test. He set his alpha equal to .10. QI Macros indicated that the p-value is .15. What is the result of this test?
Fail to reject the null hypothesis
T or F: Common Cause Variation is the primary focus of improvement projects.
False
Marsha is a product manager considering selling a new product in a new market and is advocating analyzing the situation through a SWOT analysis. Her boss, though, is upset because he views this analysis as a problem that will be less than valuable in this situation. What should Marsha do next?
Have a discussion with her manager and explain how the SWOT analysis may add value to the situation, and then make a decision together.
A business tracks the cost for every audit they conduct. They wish to put this on a control chart. Which of the following control charts is the most appropriate?
IMR
Womack laid out five guiding principles for Lean. Which of the following is one of the five principles?
Let the customer pull value from the producer.
The most critical process in Company XYZ is the milling process. While they have created measures to monitor the process, they continue to struggle to improve. Which of the following is the most likely reason for no improvement.
No standard was set., and The metric is reviewed at the end of the quarter.
A flag manufacturer produces 30 flags in a shift. Three types of defects can occur. The number of occurrences of each defect type over the same period is as follows: - Fretting: 3 - Color does not meet brightness standards: 2 - Spline issues: 5 Based on this data, what is the DPU?
None of the above
Marsha needs to screen the potential causes of a problem. Which of the following is the best tool/method for this situation?
OFAT
Marsha needs to determine which of her Xs are critical. Which of the following is the best tool/method for this situation?
OFAT (One Factor at a Time)
You have collected data on the defects in your department. Which basic quality tool is used to help determine the primary problem?
Pareto analysis
You are leading a project to reduce the defects in the printing area. The area has four presses. Which of the following tools would best display the press with the highest number of defects?
Pareto chart
Womack laid out five guiding principles for Lean. Which of the following is one of the five principles?
Pursue to perfection.
Your team wants to determine how to best meet customer requirements. What tool would be best to accomplish this task?
QFD
We are focused on efficiency measures when we are trying to _____________________.
Reduce time
Precision can be broken down into__________.
Reproducibility and Repeatability
T or F: A project leader wants to ensure her improvements are going to be effective and deliver the desired results. A pilot study could provide verification.
True
T or F: A project team does not know for certain what problems they will encounter during the project, which is why it is important to identify the critical assumptions for the project.
True
Which one of the following is not one of Fredrick Taylor's four principles of scientific management?
When a problem occurs on the line, stop the process immediately.
According to Womack and Jones, Lean thinking starts with _______________________.
a conscious attempt to precisely define value
You have distributed the check sheet to each operator. What else should you give them?
clear instructions on the use of the check sheet
Scoping of a project is completed in the ______ phase.
define
What does the acronym DMADV stand for?
define, measure, analyze, design, verify
A Pareto Chart is used to ________________.
display the relative importance of problems in a simple, quickly interpreted, visual format
Who is responsible for the communication plan for a project team?
every team member
Which of the following is an objective of the Improve Phase?
execute full-scale implementation
____________ are used to display descriptive statistics.
histograms and run charts
Which of the following is a tool that may be used as a part of the QFD methodology?
house of quality
If a business is unsure of the success of a new project, it would be wise to complete a _________________ before undertaking it.
none of the above make sense for this situation
Bob is dealing with continuous data. Based on this information, which of the following distributions potentially offers the best fit?
normal
If a company measured throughput as one of its primary metrics, a good metric to balance throughput would be ___________________.
percent defective
Your team has done a spaghetti diagram and found a considerable amount of waste locating tools necessary to setup the production equipment. A method or tool that could help your team reduce this waste is _____________.
point of use storage and shadow board
Scatter diagrams are used to _____________.
show graphically the correlation between two variables
You plan to reduce the variation in your process. Which of the following measures are you trying to improve?
standard deviation
Brad's management team is concerned that it will take a lot of time and money to collect all of the data. To help with this situation, a solid recommendation could be _______________.
to put a plan together for the sampling events
Why are solutions typically piloted prior to full implementation?
to validate improvements and minimize risks and costs
One of the main purposes of the Control Phase is to _______________________.
transfer ownership back to the process owner
Billy thinks he could effectively collect process data with a part as it travels through a process by using a check sheet. This tool is formally called a __________.
traveler check sheet
If a process has reached Six Sigma level, how many defects does it produce?
3.4 DPMO
Which tool helps to transform qualitative customer needs into requirements that can be measured?
CTQ tree
Which of the following is true about a type II error?
It is a conclusion that the population has not changed when in fact it has.
_________________ primarily focused on quality management by suggesting that leadership is responsible for activities like establishing a quality council, serving on quality improvement teams, and revising the reward and recognition system.
Joseph Juran
Suppose there are data on the number of dents on various cars after a hail storm. Based on this information, which distribution is likely the best fit for this data?
Poisson
Which of the following best describes continuous flow production?
Product moves quickly through the system, one piece at a time without stopping for long periods of time.
Jerry is running a large factory that produces 100 units per hour. He wants to track the weight of the product by collecting five concurrent samples per hour each day. Which of the following is most appropriate?
XBarR
our team has brainstormed a list of potential solutions. A tool to select the best solution would be a ___________________________.
prioritization matrix
Before Joe selects the proper statistical tools to use in the Analyze Phase, it is best that he determines the right ___________ during the Measure Phase.
probability distribution
You want to construct a check sheet. Who should be involved in determining the categories on the check sheet in a milling operation?
process owner and milling operators
A defect or cause check sheet is used to _______.
record types of defects or causes of defects
ou are using multi-voting with your Green Belt. You have 36 items on your list. You should give each team member _____ votes.
12
If a DOE has two levels and three factors, how many runs are in this experiment?
8
Which of the following tools best matches this characteristic: general voice of the customer data that is transformed into specific measurable customer requirements.
CTQ
In the formula Y = mx + b, b is the ___________.
Y intercept
A defect or cause check sheet is a ____________.
count of defects by type
Which methods/tools are closely related to the visual factory?
mistake-proofing and 5S
A frequency plot check sheet is used to _______.
record a measure of an item along a scale or continuum
T or F: The problem statement provides the vision for the outcome of the project.
False
T or F: The project closeout report is an optional part of the project.
False
A flag manufacturer has already launched a new product that will potentially gain two new customers, US Flag Inc. and USA Flags LLC. The company estimates that there is a 50% chance of signing each new customer post-launch. The profitability of each customer is roughly $1m. The projected increase in profit is ___________.
$1m
T or F: Correlation and causation mean the same thing.
False
What is the key benefit of the XY matrix?
It looks at the effect of an input variable across several key attributes of the output variable.
With regard to the spaghetti diagram, which of the following statements is not correct?
It requires sequential process steps.
What is the PPM if the DPU is .15?
None of the above (should be 150,000)
Bob is dealing with a dataset comprised of time to failure data on lawn mowers. Based on this information, which of the following distributions potentially offers the best fit?
Weibull
Shingo's contributions to quality include ______.
mistake-proofing (Poka-Yoke), single minute exchange of die (SMED), and just-in-time (JIT)
Which of the following is a type of DOE?
mixture
Your project team is creating a SIPOC. You should _______________________.
none of the above
What is the first step of a kaizen blitz event?
training
Bob is given some key items from a regression analysis. The regression equation (i.e., fitted line) is (Monthly Irrigation Spent per Acre) = 20 - .5 * (Monthly Rainfall in Inches). The R^2 in this same analysis is .99. Using this equation to predict an outcome, what monthly irrigation spending could Bob expect if it there was no rain in a given month?
$20/acre
A scuba diving equipment manufacturer has already launched a new product that will potentially gain two new customers, Scooby Dude Inc. and Scuba Steve LLC. The company estimates that there is a 25% chance of signing each new customer post-launch. The profitability of each customer is roughly $1m. The projected increase in profit is ________.
$500k
Your project has an attribute measure as the project Y. Which of these is an attribute measure?
% defective
Generally speaking, a CpK above _____ is considered acceptable.
1.33
Brad is trying to determine the Cp of a process. The USL is 10, the LSL is 2, and the standard deviation is 1. What is the Cp?
1.333
Of the options below, which Ppk is the most ideal?
1.45
The concept of flow includes which of the following elements?
All of the above
What are the benefits of a control plan?
All of the above: a) provides the methods and tools needed to maintain process improvements b) provides a clear explanation of the process and planned improvements prior to full implementation c) defines the actions and resources needed to sustain the solution d) ensures that improvements are documented
You are designing a new product. Which of the following tools are you likely to use during this process?
All of the above: Quality function deployment (QFD), TRIZ, DOE, Taguchi methods/robust engineering
Which of the following includes tools used in the Improve Phase of a Six Sigma project?
FMEA, kaizen, and pilot implementation
Which of the following best represents the mistake-proofing principle of Mitigation?
It seeks to minimize the effects of errors.
____________ was responsible for providing a wake-up call to the world about the capabilities of the Lean Production system that Toyota was using and how good it was.
James Womack and Daniel Jones
The project plan is a tool that you should refer to during __________________.
all phases
The ____________ is the level of confidence at which you believe the data sampled actually represents the entire population or process.
confidence level
You are planning your data collection. Which tool would be very helpful in collecting data?
check sheet
The project leader wants to ensure her improvements are going to be effective and will deliver the desired results. Which of the following is appropriate for this situation?
conduct a pilot study
You are giving instructions to the project team about creating a value stream map. You tell them to ___________________________.
follow and map a real transaction through the process
Level loading is also known as ____________.
heijunka
An affinity diagram ___________________.
helps organize ideas and brainstorming results
The final yield of the process is a measure of ____________________________.
how many units are ultimately processed without any defects
Which of the following is an output of the Analyze Phase?
identification of value-added vs. non-value- added work
Cause and effect diagrams are used to _______.
identify the causes of a problem
You are preparing to run a pilot for new machine settings. Which phase of the DMAIC process are you in?
improve
One of the advantages of the sample t-test is __________________.
it can be applied to a relatively small number of cases
What are two major supporting subsystems of the Lean methodology?
just-in-time (JIT) and Jidoka
Womack laid out five guiding principles for Lean. Which of the following is one of those five principles?
make value flow
You decide to use effectiveness measures to focus on what the product or service looks like to the customer so the focus will be on _______.
meeting or exceeding customer requirements and decreasing defects delivered to customers
Jim wants to put counts of defects over a constant size of data on a control chart. Which of the following choices is the best control chart to use?
np chart
A risk priority number (RPN) in an FMEA is established by multiplying which of the following components?
occurrence, detection, and severity
Your hypothesis is that as the temperature increases the tensile strength increases. Which of the following tools would best determine if there is a relationship between the temperature and tensile strength?
scatter diagrams
An interrelationship digraph is used to _______.
search for drivers and outcomes
In the formula Y = mx + b, m is the ___________.
slope
An air conditioning manufacturer wants to monitor cracks (defects) on its completed units. Employees record the number of cracks on each unit in the subgroups, and each subgroup has a different number of gears. Which control chart is most appropriate?
u chart
The shape of a histogram can help assess __________.
variations in data and frequency of the occurrence of various data values
Bob is dealing with data that fits a hypergeometric distribution. In this situation, the samples are drawn ___________ replacement.
without
T or F: A good representative histogram can be made with five to seven data points.
False
T or F: The expected profit is the sum of the total number of outcomes of profit divided by their probabilities.
False
T or F: Bias is a measure of the bias in the measurement system.
True
T or F: Correlation is a statistical measure that describes the relationship between two variables.
True
T or F: Stakeholder analysis is one way through which 5S creates benefits in an organization.
False
T or F: The "buffer" is the slack time around each bottleneck.
False
If the calculated power is 90%, the beta risk is ____________.
10%
A process has a DPU of 15%. What is the TPY?
85%
The benefits of quick changeover include which of the following?
All of the above a) running smaller batch sizes b) reduced inventory c) increased machine capacity
____________________ are examples of visual factory.
All of the above a) schedule boards b) posting of performance metric c) examples of defective product
The purpose of the control plan is to _________.
All of the above: a) make sure a DMAIC team does not redo the project several months later b) make sure the process owner is able and ready to take over managing the new process c) make sure the DMAIC team has documented everything needed to successfully close the project before moving on to the next project
T or F: The effect of one of the replicates in an experiment is called the main effect.
False
T or F: The eight wastes pertain only to manufacturing.
False
Which of the following is not a correct statement about Design for Six Sigma (DFSS)?
DFSS becomes the organization's new product development process.
What is the most popular Six Sigma framework used within DFSS projects?
DMADV
You are preparing to launch an improvement project. Which of the following focuses on improving existing processes?
DMAIC
A process with a sigma value of 4 will have approximate DPMO and CpK values (with 1.5 sigma shift) of _________________________.
DPMO of 6,200, CpK of 1.33
Who returned to Toyota after a visit to Ford in the United States with the confidence that Toyota could be competitive in the automotive industry?
Eiji Toyoda
T or F: A local food truck company wants to monitor, via a control chart, the number of trucks that are out of service (i.e., defective) each day. The control chart the manager selects for this task is an IMR chart. This is the most appropriate control chart.
False
Brad is attempting to define the levels of the factors that will be tested during a DOE. He argues that he only wants to test one level of a particular factor because it cannot be adjusted. Which of the following is the best analysis of the situation?
If this is truly the case, it may be best to omit this factor from the DOE rather than only testing one level.
T or F: Regression is a statistical measure used to identify the nature of relationships. The R-squared value identifies how much variance from the dependent variable can be explained by the independent variable.
True
The benefits of a scatter diagram include _____.
all of the above a) showing a correlation between variables b) understanding whether changes in one variable are associated with changes in other variables c) being able to use both continuous and attribute data
The problem statement addresses these questions: ______________________.
all of the above: a) what b) when c) where d) how many
The role of the executive in Lean Six Sigma (LSS) is to _________.
all of the above: Question options: a) provide the direction and alignment for the success of LSS b) link LSS to corporate strategy c) make it clear to the organization that "LSS is the way this organization does business"
The nominal group technique is used to ______________________________.
all of the above: Question options: a) quickly come to a consensus on the relative importance of issues, problems, and solutions b) keep team members from being pressured or influenced by others c) balance the participation of quiet team members and more dominant members
A business is tracking the number of invoicing errors per month. The manager wishes to put this on a control chart. Which of the following control charts is appropriate for this application?
c chart
In the Control Phase of DMAIC, all the relevant project information is captured. To ensure that important fundamental observations are not lost, as part of the closeout for any project, ___________ also should captured.
lessons learned
The elements of effective team communication do not include ___________________.
limiting the speaking in meetings to only subject matter experts
Six Sigma is a _______________________.
measure of performance, leadership development program, and culture and mindset
The reliability of the linear relationship between the x and y values are represented by a value of r. Which of the following statements is true about r values?
r = 1 indicates an exact linear relationship between x and y., An r value close to 1 means there is excellent linear reliability, and An r value farther away from 1 means that the predictions based on the linear relationship (with these r values) will be less reliable.
Which of the following best represents the mistake-proofing principle of Facilitation?
It employs techniques and combines steps to make the work easier.
Which of the following best represents the mistake-proofing principle of Prevention?
It engineers the process or product so it is impossible to make a mistake.
Which of the following best represents the mistake-proofing principle of Elimination?
It seeks to "design out" the problem task or process.
T or F: Small lot sizes enhance quality, simplify scheduling, reduce inventory, enable kanban, and encourage continuous improvement.
False
Accuracy is broken down into ____________.
linearity, bias, and stability
In Lean, a kanban system is used to __________.
signal that it is time to order or restock
It is reasonable to guess that the daily hours an individual spends working out and a person's daily number of calories burned have a Pearson correlation coefficient closest to ___________.
1
How many steps are there for completing the VOC translation matrix?
4
A flag manufacturer produces 20 flags in a shift. Three types of defects can occur. The number of occurrences of each defect type over the same period is as follows: - Fretting: 3 - Color does not meet brightness standards: 2 - Spline issues: 5 Based on this data, what is the DPU?
50%
What is the PPM if the DPU is .5?
500,000
A golf ball manufacturer produces 200 golf balls per minute. Three types of defects can occur. The number of occurrences of each defect type over the same period is as follows: - Core material faulty: 1 - Cover is scratched: 1 - Numbering not readable: 2 Based on this data for a minute, what is the DPMO?
6666.7
A process at a large biotech manufacturing facility goes through a four-step process with the following yields: .9, .95, .8, and .99. What is the total yield of this process for a shift if 1,000 units are inputted?
677
A process at a large aerospace manufacturing facility goes through a three-step process with the following yields: .9, .95, and .8. What is the total yield of this process for a shift if 1,000 units are inputted?
684
The postal service routes letters at a rate of 100 per minute. Two types of defects can occur. The number of occurrences of each defect type over the same period is as follows: - Misread zip code: 1 - Misread postage value: 2 Based on this information, what is the throughput yield?
97%
When determining a significance level for a hypothesis test, Bob determines that his acceptable alpha risk is 3%. What is the confidence level?
97%
A golf ball manufacturer produces 200 golf balls per minute. Three types of defects can occur. The number of occurrences of each defect type over the same period are as follows: - Core material faulty: 1 - Cover is scratched: 1 - Numbering not readable: 2 Based on this information, what is the throughput yield?
98%
When determining a significance level for a hypothesis test, Brad determines that his acceptable alpha risk is 2%. What is the confidence level?
98%
Suppose you are running a Black Belt project to reduce processing time and you suspect that there are different processing times depending on the customer type. There are four different types of customers and the data are normal. The best type of hypothesis test to run in this situation would be _______________.
ANOVA
Which of the following are benefits of 5S?
All of the above a) Employees are automatically disciplined. b) Employees become proud of a clean and organized workplace. c) The resultant good company image generates more business.
Which of the following represents a reason to implement quick changeover techniques?
All of the above a) They minimize waste. b) They reduce lead time. c) They reduce batch size.
Within 5S, what is the sustain step?
All of the above a) changing the culture b) keeping the system going c) making sure employees see the value of the process
Who is recognized as the father of Total Quality Management?
Armand Feigenbaum
T or F: A revamped health care system would have equal impact on both the health care industry and the automotive industry.
False
T or F: After successful completion of an improvement, a Green or Black Belt embarks on the Control Phase. During this phase, the focus should be SPC. It is a best practice to capture lessons learned after the project is closed out.
False
T or F: An ANOVA compares one to two independent sample averages.
False
T or F: An operation definition of a "metric" is not an essential part of gage R & R.
False
T or F: As they relate to DOEs, replicates are the values of a factor that we are interested in testing.
False
T or F: Before undertaking a new project, a business is not sure if the scope is accurate. It would be wise to complete a feasibility study.
False
T or F: Before undertaking a new project, if a business is not sure whether or not it will be successful, it would be helpful to complete a process mapping exercise to assess the situation.
False
T or F: Bill wants to collect data to form a subgroup over a period of time that is over the lunch break in an operation. This is a good idea.
False
T or F: Bill wants to collect data to form a subgroup over a period of time where the product line is testing a new piece of machinery. This seem like a good idea.
False
T or F: Bob chose an IMR control chart to track the number of incorrect customer billings sent to customers per day. The IMPR control chart was the best choice that he could have made.
False
T or F: Bob has calculated Ppk, Pp, Cp, and Cpk; however, he has forgotten that his data are non-normal. Therefore, only the Pp is a valid calculation.
False
T or F: Bob is a Black Belt going through his Master Black Belt Coach's recommendations. He sees that risks must be considered when creating the project schedule. He thinks that since he basically knows these risks, he should assess them alone instead of with the team and stakeholders. This is acceptable.
False
T or F: Bob is dealing with discrete data and wants to use a statistical tool for data that fits a normal probability distribution. Is this a best practice?
False
T or F: Bob tells a new Black Belt that root cause analysis is only acceptable if you are running a Six Sigma project. This is a sound advice.
False
T or F: Bob wants to create a control chart for missed opportunities in a sample of 100 customer interactions per day so he decides to use a IMR chart. In this situation, Bob selected the best chart.
False
T or F: Bob wants to track the times of every delivery that he make on a control chart. He selects an XBarR chart. This is the most appropriate chart for this situation.
False
T or F: Control plans are only required for complicated projects. Simple projects can omit them if necessary.
False
T or F: Core processes detail how an organization plans to accomplish its goals.
False
T or F: Daniel Jones was the founder and president of the Lean Enterprise Institute.
False
T or F: Deming is most widely recognized for developing the Ishikawa diagram (cause and effect diagram), which is often referred to as the fishbone.
False
T or F: Due to the fast computing power of QI Macros, it is okay to just run the hypothesis test in QI Macros without following the basic hypothesis testing procedure.
False
T or F: Effectiveness measures focus on what the product or service looks like to the business.
False
T or F: In a regression analysis, if the underlying residuals are large, it is likely that the R^2 will be closer to 1.
False
T or F: In order to collect enough data, you must always collect at least five data points.
False
T or F: It is unnecessary to establish scoring criteria for each element/column of the decision matrix.
False
T or F: James Womack founded the Lean Enterprise Academy in the United Kingdom.
False
T or F: Jerry wants to collect data to form a subgroup over a longer period of time that includes the changing of machine type. This is a best practice.
False
T or F: Julien is trying to determine his variable type in order to select the proper statistical tests. He is measuring the weight of a part, which he believes is be a discrete variable. Is he correct?
False
T or F: Less frequent sampling will lead the project team to a better solution and save money.
False
T or F: Lot size does not affect inventory and scheduling.
False
T or F: Lower control limits are calculated based on customer requirements.
False
T or F: Power is defined as (1 - alpha risk).
False
T or F: Process capability is based on statistics with no consideration of the process/customer requirements.
False
T or F: Process maps contain more detail than value stream maps.
False
T or F: The impact/effort matrix is a simple five-square matrix that takes each solution and places it in the quadrant that best reflects the impact expected and the effort required if that solution were chosen.
False
T or F: The ranking scale for the nominal group technique is typically 1-10.
False
T or F: The release of the iPhone 7 is an organizational driver in the health care industry.
False
T or F: The sample mean will be identical to the population mean in all cases.
False
T or F: The timekeeper role is a mandatory responsibility.
False
T or F: The vertical distance of each data point from the regression line is called the residue.
False
T or F: The y output provides the vision for the outcome of the project.
False
T or F: There are no points outside of the upper control limit on a control chart, which means the process is under control.
False
T or F: Typically, you set your confidence level at 95%. When you set it at 90%, your confidence intervals become wider.
False
T or F: Upper control limits are calculated based on customer requirements.
False
T or F: We are focused on effectiveness measures when we are trying to improve the effectiveness of a machine.
False
T or F: When a facilitator is assigned to a team, the role of timekeeper never becomes the responsibility of the facilitator.
False
T or F: When designing a new process for a heavy manufacturing environment, an example of an unintended consequence could be the planned efficiency gains.
False
T or F: When developing a process map, it is more important to stress the "ideal" or "what we wish" process than the "as is" process.
False
T or F: When sampling with subgroups of different sizes, it may be appropriate to use an IMR chart.
False
T or F: When using the 5 whys method, it is best to work alone to focus.
False
T or F: When using the 5 whys method, it is recommended that the total whys do not exceed 5 when trying to determine the root cause.
False
T or F: When working on a process improvement, it is best to only listen to the "voice of the process" and not worry too much about the customer requirements.
False
T or F: You are conducting a benchmarking event of a world class organization. You would expect to find they only allow Master Black Belts to select projects.
False
T or F: You are following up on a recently closed Six Sigma project. The gains made during the project have slipped outside the control limits. You should contact the Master Black Belt regarding the slippage.
False
Within 5S, what does "set in order" tell us?
Items must be arranged in a way that enhances production.
Who is responsible for the creation of the seven basic quality tools and, specifically, the fishbone diagram? He also believed these tools should be taught to everyone in the organization.
Kaoru Ishikawa
You have developed critical to x metrics. What tool should you use to prioritize the customer requirements?
QFD
Your company is developing a new service. Which tool will help you meet the customer requirements?
QFD
Your company is faced with shrinking order quantiles and high setup times. Your plan of attack is to reduce the length of setup time. ___________ is credited with this concept.
Shigeo Shingo
T or F: A Master Black Belt should benchmark other companies and evaluate new tools and techniques in pursuit of continuous improvement.
True
T or F: A document control procedure may be helpful in standardizing how documents are maintained and controlled.
True
T or F: A final deliverable is a product, service, process, or plan that satisfies the customer needs and requirements.
True
T or F: A frequency plot check sheet is used to record a measure of an item along a scale or continuum.
True
T or F: A milestone is a task of zero duration that represents an event or time when one or more project activities are completed.
True
T or F: A one-tailed test describes a hypothesis test that is concerned with one side of the frequency distribution.
True
T or F: A p-value is the actual risk of being wrong when saying that a difference exists, which is typically set at 0.05.
True
T or F: A process decision program chart (PDPC) is one of the seven management and planning tools.
True
T or F: A process map provides a diagram that shows how the various components of the process are interconnected in a graphical format that is easy to understand.
True
T or F: A project charter is similar to a contract between the project and the organization that defines resources, expectations, and boundaries.
True
T or F: A replicate represents all of the runs of an experiment. Two replicates are two complete runs.
True
T or F: A run chart is used to monitor the performance of one or more processes over time to detect trends, shifts, or cycles.
True
T or F: A software that could be used to create a Gantt chart is Microsoft Project.
True
T or F: A spaghetti diagram is a visual picture of how things or employees flow through a process.
True
T or F: Active listening is a very important part of the communication process.
True
T or F: Activities are shown as rectangles in a process map.
True
T or F: Activities with zero float are on the critical path.
True
T or F: After randomly selected samples from a population are measured, the resulting data are analyzed to produce descriptive statistics.
True
T or F: All Black Belts should be mentored and certified by a Master Black Belt.
True
T or F: An ANOVA compares three or more independent sample averages.
True
T or F: An example of required non-value added activities would be government regulations.
True
T or F: An important part of managing a project is managing records related to the project's activities, stakeholders, team members, risks/issues, and communications.
True
T or F: An interaction plot shows the interaction effect of two factors on the output and compares the relative strength of the effects.
True
T or F: Appraisers measure the same parts in a different order multiple times to capture repeatability of the test.
True
T or F: Armand Feigenbaum suggested that operator efficiency can be improved by educating them on quality and thereby enhance overall quality.
True
T or F: As part of the basic hypothesis testing procedure, it is appropriate to determine if a test is two-tailed or one-tailed prior to running the test in QI macros.
True
T or F: Assumptions are factors considered to be true, for which there is no underlying proof.
True
T or F: Attribute/discrete data summarize the frequency with which an event occurs.
True
T or F: Bob notices that he has only point above the upper control limit. Based on the common rules to detect special cause, this process is potentially out of control.
True
T or F: Company ABC is preparing for the collection of annual employee satisfaction measures. The Black Belt preparing the data collection plan decides to collect the data by employee location to try to determine if there are differences between the various levels. The employee locations are Lafayette, Indianapolis, Fort Wayne, and Columbus. Is this a good practice?
True
T or F: Constraint management addresses bottlenecks and increasing throughput.
True
T or F: Continuous flow production typically has lower scrap rates than batch and queue.
True
T or F: Convenience sampling involves sampling the items that are easiest to measure or sampling at times that are most convenient.
True
T or F: Current-state process analysis is the second step of a kaizen blitz event.
True
T or F: Daniel Jones and James Womack researched the automotive industry and published a study titled "The Future of the Automobile"
True
T or F: Due to the high costs of collecting data, a Black Belt recommends collecting a smaller initial sample of data to save time and money. Is this a good initial solution?
True
T or F: Effective point of use storage will have a large impact on the wastes of motion and transportation.
True
T or F: Efficiency measures focus on the volume and cost of the resources consumed in the processes.
True
T or F: Eiji Toyoda become President of Toyota Motor Company.
True
T or F: Examples of an efficiency measure would be those used to reduce cycle and wait time in Lean methodology.
True
T or F: Frederick Winslow Taylor advocated that management should create plans stating how the job should be done and communicate those plans to the employees.
True
T or F: Green Belts have a part-time role in most organizations.
True
T or F: Green Belts typically have the same basic skills as Black Belts but work on simpler projects.
True
T or F: Henry Ford helped build a factory that included vertical integration of raw materials.
True
T or F: Histograms can visually represent centering or skewing in a data set.
True
T or F: If a team cannot meet in person, the tree diagram can be conducted online using a MS Excel® template.
True
T or F: If you increase the rolled throughput yield (RTY), the cycle time will decrease.
True
T or F: If you need to meet a specification, your average performance must be better than your specification.
True
T or F: In a regression analysis, if the underlying residuals are small, it is likely that the R^2 will be closer to 1.
True
T or F: In hypothesis testing, a small p-value suggests the null hypothesis is unlikely to be true.
True
T or F: In order to be successful, a Green Belt or Black Belt should possess facilitator skills.
True
T or F: In previous projects you struggled to get accurate time estimates. The expected time calculation will help you avoid unrealistic time estimates.
True
T or F: It is appropriate to determine if the test is one- or two- tailed prior to running a hypothesis test in QI Macros.
True
T or F: It is best to establish scoring criteria for each element/column of the decision matrix.
True
T or F: It is best to perform data stratification before the data are collected.
True
T or F: It is good practice to perform systematic sampling within subgroups of data.
True
T or F: It is important to analyze and monitor the assumptions in a project to ensure their validity and relevancy as the project proceeds.
True
T or F: Jill is given the following key items from a regression analysis. The regression equation (i.e., fitted line) is (Monthly Irrigation P spent per Acre) = 3,000 - .5 * (Monthly Rainfall in Inches). The R^2 in this same analysis is .99. This regression equation have a good fit with the underlying data.
True
T or F: Judgment sampling guarantees a bias and should be avoided.
True
T or F: Knowing only the mean and standard deviation, it is possible to compute the lower control limit on an I chart.
True
T or F: Malcolm Baldridge served as the 26th United States Secretary of Commerce.
True
T or F: Many of your past Green Belt projects have struggled to secure proper resources and buy-in. It would be worthwhile to spend more time and effort getting buy-in from the process sponsor prior to starting any improvement project.
True
T or F: Mapping the process is a great way to visually document the process flow.
True
T or F: Marsha needs to determine which of her Xs are critical. Depending on the situation, using the one factor at a time method may be acceptable.
True
T or F: Marsha used a fishbone to determine the potential root causes of a problem. This is acceptable.
True
T or F: Often the recorder duties are rotated among team members.
True
T or F: On-the-job training is an acceptable form of training as part of the roll out of a new process.
True
T or F: One of the quickest and easiest ways to distribute the votes to each team member is to use "Post-it" dots.
True
T or F: One way to ensure you have experimental error in a DOE is to use replication, which is repeating the same settings.
True
T or F: Operational definitions to express customer requirements in clear and objective terms are typically needed to ensure everyone understands the customer requirements.
True
T or F: Process efficiency is a calculation of the percentage of non-value-added vs. value-added activities.
True
T or F: Quality function deployment (QFD) is used to translate customer requirements statements into product features, performance measures, or opportunities for improvement.
True
T or F: Regression analysis is a statistical tool that finds a model for a relationship between pairs of numerical data.
True
T or F: Reproducibility is the variation due to appraiser variation.
True
T or F: Reproducibility is the variation observed when different operators measure the same parts using the same device.
True
T or F: Required non-value-added processes are processes that may not be meaningful to the customer but are an essential part of conducting business.
True
T or F: Resolution is related to the number of distinct categories in variable gage R & R.
True
T or F: Resolution is the capability to differentiate between samples to the extent necessary to make a decision.
True
T or F: Risk is defined as an undesirable situation or circumstance that has both a likelihood of occurring and a potentially negative outcome.
True
T or F: Sampling involves taking data from a subset of a larger group.
True
T or F: Scatter diagrams can be used to plot dependent vs. independent variables.
True
T or F: Taiichi Ohno and Eiji Toyoda created the Toyota Production System.
True
T or F: The Kano model is named for its inventor, Noriaki Kano.
True
T or F: The Lean principle of Pull is based on replenishment rather than batch and queue.
True
T or F: The MP tools allow for more effective planning and decision-making when working with project teams by ensuring that everyone is actively involved in solving the problem.
True
T or F: The PERT chart is a variation on the Critical Path Method that focuses on time estimates for individual tasks rather than a complete set of interdependent activities.
True
T or F: The activity network diagram (arrow diagram) is a tool for scheduling sequential and simultaneous tasks.
True
T or F: The addition of the assembly line reduced construction of a chassis from 12 hours to two hours.
True
T or F: The business case is a short summary of the strategic reasons to complete an improvement project.
True
T or F: The confidence level represents how confident you are that the data you sample actually represents the entire population or process.
True
T or F: The current state map looks at the "as is."
True
T or F: The effect of one of the factors in an experiment is called the main effect.
True
T or F: The equation to calculate range is: Range = x (largest data point) - x (smallest data point)
True
T or F: The first step in creating a CTQ tree is to list the major customer needs collected during the data collection process.
True
T or F: The impact/effort matrix is a simple four-square matrix that takes each solution and places it in the quadrant that best reflects the impact expected and the effort required if that solution were chosen.
True
T or F: The operators are inconsistent in their interpretation of the measure. One area to investigate would be the operational definition of the measure.
True
T or F: The phrase "to effect real change, we must focus on the Xs" means that, in order to solve problems, we need to work on the inputs or causes (independent variables). The Ys or symptoms are the effect of the process and can only be monitored but not controlled.
True
T or F: The process owner must sustain the changes that have been implemented.
True
T or F: The process owner needs to be involved in LSS projects conducted in their area.
True
T or F: The project champion is the person who provides the business focus for LSS projects.
True
T or F: The project closeout report identifies variances in the project, describes lessons learned, and notes where and when the project's resources have been redistributed.
True
T or F: The purpose of using interim deliverables is to divide up the work of the project and to assign that work to sub-projects.
True
T or F: The recorder maintains the project team's minutes and agendas.
True
T or F: The reliability of the linear relationship between x and y values is represented by the value of r.
True
T or F: The seven quality control tools are fundamentally used to improve the quality of a product or a process.
True
T or F: The use of Post-it Notes makes it easy to evaluate/combine your brainstorm list.
True
T or F: Top-level or core processes represent what the organization wants to accomplish.
True
T or F: Training that is supplemented with visual controls, work instructions, or procedures is called standard work.
True
T or F: Typically, you set your confidence level at 95%. When you set it at 90%, your confidence intervals become tighter.
True
T or F: Under the Lean concept, there are eight wastes that exist in business (products or services).
True
T or F: Unlike detailed process maps or value stream maps, spaghetti diagrams are created for specific work areas and their layouts.
True
T or F: Using the project plan as a road map also allows the team to monitor the project's status once work has begun.
True
T or F: Value is what the customer is willing to pay for a specific product with specific capabilities at a specific price and at a specific time.
True
T or F: Visual factory, sometimes known as visual controls, consists of techniques that allow employees to visually determine the status of a factory or office process at a glance.
True
T or F: When calculating reproducibility, you should use inspectors with varying experience.
True
T or F: When creating a current state value stream map, teams will often map what the process should be instead of the "as is" process.
True
T or F: When designing a new process for a heavy manufacturing environment, it is possible that death or injury could be an unintended consequence of such a change.
True
T or F: When reviewing data pertaining to customer wait times that fit an exponential distribution, without knowing more information, it would be expected that there are fewer large values and more small values.
True
T or F: When sampling with subgroups of different sizes, it may be appropriate to use a u chart.
True
T or F: When using a prioritization matrix, the criteria are often weighted to make a better decision.
True
T or F: When using the stratified sampling method, it is acceptable to divide data into subgroups and then randomly sample within those groups.
True
T or F: While a Black Belt needs to understand and interpret statistical output, it is not necessary for a Black Belt to be a statistics expert.
True
T or F: With a Lean layout, work centers are grouped by product families or groups of products that share common processes.
True
T or F: Within any business system, you should start with a top-level view of the business to define its core processes.
True
T or F: Womack and Jones co-authored several books, one of which won the 2003 Shingo Prize.
True
T or F: You are having trouble getting buy-in and support on your Green Belt project. A stakeholder analysis would help you identify if you are getting the support necessary and who you need to move to a higher level of support.
True
T or F: You are preparing to develop a performance metric. You should involve the employees who are responsible for the work to be measured.
True
T or F: You believe there may be some hidden agendas among team members when deciding on a solution. A good tool to eliminate any hidden agendas when making decisions would be a prioritization matrix.
True
T or F: Your area of responsibility has high variation. Standard work will help reduce the variation in a process.
True
T or F: Your team is assigned the development of a new product. The correct methodology for this problem is Design for Six Sigma (DFSS).
True
You are planning a meeting to identify value from the customer's perspective. Which of the following tools are you likely to use?
VOC tree, CTQ tree, and SIPOC
In your Green Belt project you found that pressure impacts the diameter of the part. In this case, what does the pressure represent in the project?
X Variable
In-process measures are _________________.
X measures taken within the steps of the process
The range of a set of observations (data distribution) is __________________.
all of the above
Which of the following are steps involved in implementing 5S?
all of the above
You are having trouble getting your team involved and working together. You decide to use brainstorming to help the team because it ____________________.
all of the above: a) gets all the team members enthusiastically involved b) keeps individuals from dominating the team c) allows team members to build on each other's creativity
The project selection process is meant to __________________________.
all of the above: a) keep the organization from grappling with too many projects b) make sure the organization selects the right strategic focus projects c) make sure the organization selects the right tactical projects d) maximize the dollar benefit of Lean Six Sigma projects for the organization
Records management includes ____________.
all of the above: Question options: a) planning b) tracking c) storage d) retrieval
Which of the following is a commonly used tool for brainstorming?
all of the above: a) 5 Whys analysis b) affinity diagram c) fishbone diagram
You are preparing for a team meeting that will determine the non-value-added activities. Which of the following questions should you ask the team to determine if a step is adding value?
all of the above: a) Does the step transform the item going through it? b) Would the customer be willing to pay for that step to be done? c) Was this step done right the first time?
Which of the following are included in the seven MP tools?
all of the above: a) Pareto b) affinity diagram c) control chart d) interrelationship diagraph
A balanced scorecard would include _________.
all of the above: a) financial measures b) internal business process measures c) learning and growth measures d) customer measures
A histogram can be used to illustrate ________.
all of the above: a) measures of central tendency b) variations in data c) shapes or underlying distributions of the data
The performance metrics in the milling department have helped produce continuous improvement. The key factors in the success of this metric included __________________.
all of the above: a) ownership of the metric are clear b) clear standards are set c) the metric is reviewed each shift
The ___________ is the exact opposite of the null hypothesis and contains all of the other possibilities.
alternative hypothesis
You have been tasked with creating a standard reporting format for your organization. A good way to do that would be to use _____________.
an A3 one-page report
Which of the following is an input into the Control Phase?
an improved process that is stable and predictable and meets customer requirements
Which of the following is not part of the role of a Master Black Belt?
assume responsibility for the success of every project
In order to measure repeatability, how many times must an inspector measure the same part?
at least 2
In order to measure reproducibility, ________ inspectors need to measure the same part.
at least 2
Process_____________ are a good way to ensure that the process is being run the way it was intended.
audits
Your progress in the implementation of LSS has stalled. A good way to get new ideas would be to ___________________________.
benchmark against other companies to get new ideas
When an inspector consistently measures higher than the standard is an example of _________.
bias
Asking 2,000 people if they have travelled to Rome is an example of a _________ experiment.
binomial
Tossing a coin 100 times and determining how many times heads will occur is an example of a _________ experiment.
binomial
Marsha is working with a discrete data set. Which of the distribution choices below is likely to fit her data?
binomial or hypergeometric
Bob prepared a control plan but is concerned that it may not be executed due to limited support from the team. Bob may be able to sort this out by ________________.
both b and c b) seeking guidance from the project sponsor c) talking to members of the team to understand their situations
Which of the following are included in the seven MP tools?
both b and d: b) affinity diagram d) interrelationship diagraph
A tree diagram is used to ________________.
break down a broad goal into increasing levels of detail
A school is tracking the number of injuries per month. They wish to put this on a control chart. Which of the following control charts is appropriate for this application?
c chart
Jody is working with attribute data. Based on this limited information, which of the following is the best control chart type for this situation?
c chart
T or F: Sampling bias in data collection is the risk of ______________________.
collecting data not representative of a population
Bob owns a delivery service company. When a truck returns from daily deliveries, he uses a simple black and white picture of the delivery truck from all angles and marks where damage has occurred. This is an example of using a ______________.
concentration diagram check sheet
You are having a difficult time keeping your project and team on track. To ensure your project stays on track you should ___________.
conduct regular status updates
Which of the following is an objective of the Define Phase?
confirm the scope, goals, and objectives of the project
Julien is trying to determine his variable type in order to select the proper statistical tests. He is measuring the weight of a part. What type of variable is this?
continuous
Which two types of data are utilized in Lean Six Sigma projects?
continuous and discrete
What tool is the best one to determine the "voice of the process"?
control chart
You have collected output data on a milling machine over the last four months. Which of the following tools would help you point out the special cause variation in the process?
control chart
Bob's boss is excited to see if a new process is under control four months after a Six Sigma project. However, no information seems to be available. It seems that _____________ should have been part of the project's SPC/control plan.
control charts
If you had a choice between judgement sampling and convenience sampling, which would be best?
convenience sampling
Which of the following are included in W. Edwards Deming's 14 points for management.
create constancy of purpose toward improvement of products and services, adopt the new philosophy, cease dependence on inspection to achieve quality, and end the practice of awarding business on the basis of price tag; instead, minimize total cost
Bob is working on a complicated water cleanliness issue. He is struggling to understand which aspect of this problem he should tackle first. The best tool for this situation is a ______.
decision matrix
You are gathering customer requirements from a focus group meeting. Which phase of the DMAIC process are you in?
define
Linear regression is a tool that will help ______.
determine the relationship between a continuous process output (Y) and one factor (X)
Julien is trying to determine his variable type in order to select the proper statistical tests. The data he collected deal with the number of defects on a production line. What type of variable should he use?
discrete
A Pareto chart is used to _________________.
display the relative importance of problems in a simple, quickly interpreted, visual format
Bob walks into a meeting on a DOE that is going to be conducted. He overhears the Black Belt say that the DOE will test the temperature and sensitivity setting at high and low levels. In this situation, the temperature and the sensitivity setting likely are ______________.
factors
Company XYZ developed a comprehensive balanced scorecard. Since implementing the balanced scorecard, there has been very little improvement. The possible reason may include ____________________.
failing to make the scorecard visible, and no communication of progress
If a business is unsure of the success of a new project, it would be wise to complete a _________________ before undertaking the project.
feasibility study
When reviewing customer wait time data that fit an exponential distribution, without knowing more information, it would be expected that there are ________ large values and more small values.
fewer
Activity network diagrams are used to _______.
find the most efficient path to complete a project
Which of the following are included in the matrix to translate the VOC into operational definitions?
gather feedback and affinitize
The purpose of the Six Sigma Improve Phase is to _________________________.
generate and test possible solutions, select the best solutions, and design an implementation plan
Bob is dealing with discrete data and the samples are without replacement. Based on this information, what is the likely probability distribution?
hypergeometric
The DOE tool is used to assist in ____________.
identifying critical x variables that drive the y output metrics, and determining causal relationships between multiple variables
Susie is trying to determine the root cause of a problem. She starts by running various hypothesis tests using available data. While using hypothesis tests is helpful for determining critical Xs, based on the provided information, what has Susie left out?
identifying potential Xs, and screening potential causes
Which of the following is the best action to take if your project sponsor does not provide you with a draft charter?
interview the sponsor and draft one for review
Which of the following is a type of waste as defined by Ohno?
inventory
A correlation coefficient __________________.
is used to measure the linear relationship between two variables, assumes a value between -1 and +1, and assumes the set of data follows a straight line
As they relate to DOEs, ____________ are the values of a factor that we are interested in testing.
levels
Due to its ability to deliver a product at a low cost, a company is considering launching a new product in an unfamiliar industry with a good amount of competition. As part of a SWOT analysis, its "strengths" must be considered. Given the situation, which of the following item(s) may be a strength?
low cost to manufacture
A team is fiercely debating which improvement ideas should become a reality. As the project leader, a good way to take the emotion out of a charged situation is to ____________________________.
make the decision with a solution selection matrix
Your team needs to submit a status report on your project. To communicate status and set expectations to management, _____________ are most often used.
milestones
Which of the following is an example of MUDA?
mistakes that require fixing, extra processing steps that are not needed, and idle employees waiting on material from upstream processes
A run chart is used to ______________.
monitor the performance of one or more processes over time to detect trends, shifts, or cycles
Prioritization matrices are used to ________________________.
narrow down options
Which of the following describes the objective of a prioritization matrix?
narrows down options by systematically selecting and weighting Xs
As it relates to a DOE, a __________ is a variable that is too expensive or difficult to control as part of an experiment.
noise factor
Brad is attempting to define the levels of the factors that will be tested during a DOE. During this discussion, a colleague points out that a day with excessive wind may influence one of the factors. In this case, wind is a ______________ and could be mitigated by performing this test indoors.
noise factor
A manufacturer of widgets wants to see if its average widget heights are above the target of 34 inches. The best type of hypothesis test in this situation would be ____________________.
one-sample t-test
A manufacturer of widgets wants to see if its average widget weights are above the target of 34 lbs. The best type of hypothesis test in this situation would be _____________________.
one-sample t-test
You are trying to reduce the variation in the diameter of the part in your area and improve the Cpk from its current .5 value. The diameter of the part is the______________.
output of a process
In a Six Sigma project, the Y is the project's ______ you are trying to ____________.
output, improve
SPC takes two forms:____________________.
process control and process capability
Which of the following are examples of key drivers?
profit, market share
The following are all examples of tools used to mitigate or understand risk except __________________.
project charter
Lean is about _______________________.
providing customer value, respecting people, keeping things moving, and taking a long-term view
The area you are targeting for improvement currently has no limits or controls on inventory; and as a result, inventory is on the rise. This system is a _______________________.
push system
After the customer requirements are collected and ranked, the next step is to compare the how's to the what's (requirements). What tool would be best for this purpose?
quality functions deployment (QFD)
The matrix diagram is used to ______________.
rate the strengths of relationships between two sets of data
Brad is conducting a hypothesis test. He set his alpha equal to .10. QI Macros has indicated that the p-value is .000001. What is the result of this test?
reject the null hypothesis
Marsha is conducting a hypothesis test. She set her alpha equal to .02. QI Macros indicated that the p-value is .000001. What is the result of this test?
reject the null hypothesis
The role of the project champion in Lean Six Sigma is to _________________________.
remove barriers to success and provide the necessary resources
The Lean methodology focuses on ___________.
removing waste
When you have the operator measure the sample only one time, you are unable to calculate _________________.
repeatability
The team finds a work instruction and is eager to determine if it is current. It has a revision number and authorizing signature, but no other meaningful control information. What other piece of information from a document control standpoint should be included?
revision date
Data stratification _______________________.
searches the data in various buckets to identify patterns, helps identify patterns by "slicing and dicing" the data, and Uses categories like region, time of day, department, and location
A good way to ensure you are getting creative ideas during brainstorming is to ____________.
set a time limit and use the entire time even if the team stalls briefly
A DMAIC team is struggling to reach consensus agreement on which improvement is best to deliver the desired project results. A good tool for this situation could be a ______________.
solution selection matrix
Brad is reviewing his control chart and discovers that he has 15 points in a row that are above the mean, but under the UCL. This would be an example of _________ that would need to be further explored.
special cause variation
Critical Xs are determined by using __________ tools.
statistical
A company is interested in developing a product that equally appeals to all four of its major customer types. To do this, preference data must be collected. What method could be used to ensure an equal view is obtained?
stratified sampling
A scatter diagram is used to _______________.
study and identify the possible relationship between the changes observed in two different sets of variables
FMEAs are used to _____________________.
substantially reduce costs by identifying design and process improvements
Which of the following are components of the SIPOC tool?
suppliers, inputs, and customers
What is the fifth step of a kaizen blitz event?
sustain and celebrate
Which of the following processes are the focus areas of Taguchi's design phase?
system design: the process of applying scientific and engineering knowledge to produce a basic functional prototype design, parameter design: the investigation conducted to identify settings that minimize (or reduce) the performance variation, and tolerance design: the method for determining tolerances that minimize the sum of product manufacturing and lifetime costs
Brad is collecting a sample every 100th item produced on an assembly line. This is an example of _________.
systematic sampling
After constructing a value stream map, you find that step 2 has the highest process time. This step is considered ________________.
the bottleneck
Value is defined by ____________________.
the customer
Output measures are referred to as Y data measures and quantify the overall performance of the process, including how well ___________.
the customer needs and requirements are met (quality and speed) and the company needs and requirements are met (cost and speed)
A hypothesis test examines two opposing hypotheses about a population, which are __________________.
the null and alternative hypotheses
Both Lean and Six Sigma projects should begin with ______________________________.
the voice of the customer
Your team is having a difficult time completing the agenda items during team meetings. One way to solve this problem would be to assign a _______________ to keep the team informed of how much time remains for each agenda item.
timekeeper
Vickie just implemented a new process; however, about a month after the project's closure she notices that not all the employees know what to do. An area that could have likely been improved during the Six Sigma project was a ________________.
training plan
A car repair shop wants to collect data and information on its oil change process. It decides to send a sheet with the vehicle as its oil is changed for this purpose. This is an example of using which tool below?
traveler check sheet
Brad wants to collect data at each step in the process. He decided that a good way to collect data as a part flows through the cleaning phase of the process is to put a data collection sheet in the crate in which the part travels. This is an example of using what?
traveler check sheet
An aerospace manufacturer wants to monitor the scratches (defects) on a gear. Employees record the number of scratches on each gear, and each production subgroup has a different number of gears. Which control chart is most appropriate?
u chart
Process capability indices can be used to ___________.
understand how much of a product will fall outside the customer specifications
When running a DMAIC project, it is a good practice to involve all stakeholders to try to eliminate _________________.
unintended consequences
The effect of proposed process changes on the wider system must be taken into consideration If not, it is possible there could be __________.
unintended consequences, upset stakeholders, and negative results downstream in the process
A DMAIC team is struggling to reach consensus agreement on which improvement is best to deliver the desired project results. As a next step, based on the information provided, the leader should recommend _________________.
utilizing a solution selection matrix
A scatter diagram is used to study and identify the possible relationship between the changes observed in two different sets of __________.
variables
Repeatability is the ____________________.
variation in measurements of the same unit by the same person
You want to develop a picture of the current process to share with management and decide to use a flow chart because it ______________.
visualizes the current process step by step
When is the best time to deploy DFSS?
when it appears the organization has met many of the readiness criteria/signs
Marsha has a data set that fits the normal distribution. The mean is 10 and the standard deviation is 1. How much of the data can be expected to fall within two standard deviations of the mean?
~95%
Bob is given the following key items from a regression analysis. The regression equation (i.e., fitted line) is (Monthly Irrigation Spent per Acre) = 20 - .5 * (Monthly Rainfall in Inches). The R^2 in this same analysis is .99. Using this equation to predict an outcome, what monthly irrigation spending could Bob expect if it rained four inches in a given month?
$18/acre
It is reasonable to guess that rain and the irrigation bill of a farmer in the same region have a Pearson correlation coefficient closest to ____.
-1
A process has a Ppl of .5 and a Ppu of 1. What is the Ppk?
0.5
The postal service routes letters at a rate of 1,000 per minute. Two types of defects can occur. The number of occurrences of each defect type over the same period are as follows: - Misread zip code: 1 - Misread postage value: 2 Based on this data for a minute, what is the DPMO?
1500
Brad cannot remember the standard deviation of his process. The USL is 20, the LSL is 10, and the Cp is .833. What is the standard deviation?
2
A golf ball manufacturer produces 200 golf balls per minute. Three types of defects can occur. The number of occurrences of each defect type over the same period is as follows: - Core material faulty: 1 - Cover is scratched: 1 - Numbering not readable: 2 Based on this data for a minute, what is the DPU?
2%
If the calculated power is 80%, the beta risk is ____________.
20%
A golf ball manufacturer has a DPO of 3. What is the DPMO?
3 million
A grocery store is collecting customer data. Based on historical records, the store knows that on any given day, there is an average of 4,000 shoppers, of which 3,500 are frequent and 500 are infrequent. The grocery only has funding for 40 samples but wants to collect a good cross section of customers. How many frequent/ infrequent shoppers should be sampled?
35/5
A 60% process yield equates to which of the following?
400,000 DPMO
A two-step process with a 90% yield in each step has an overall first pass yield of ____________.
81%
T or F: Juran's philosophy is that the product should be designed to be robust and insensitive to variations in the manufacturing process.
False
Which of the following media formats may a communication plan use?
All of the above: a) newsletters b) signs, banners, and bulletin boards c) online communications
The basic aims of the Toyota production system include ___________________________.
All of the above: a) providing world class quality and service to the customer b) developing each employee's potential based on mutual respect, trust, and cooperation c) reducing cost through the elimination of waste and maximize profit d) developing flexible production standards based on market demand
T or F: Marsha used a fishbone to determine the critical Xs. This is acceptable.
False
T or F: More frequent sampling will lead the project team to a better solution.
False
T or F: Once you identify the delighters for a customer, they never change.
False
The PDSA cycle was developed by __________.
Edwards Deming
Susie is developing a training plan as part of the roll out of her new process. Unfortunately, the process expert is out of the office for a week, but she is being pressured to finish the project. Which of the following should be Susie's best, next step?
Explain the situation to the team, and wait a week so the expert can provide input to the training plan.
As it relates to a DOE, a ________ is an input and a test variable that could be significant to the output.
Factor
T or F: A data sheet is used to capture the location of the defects.
False
T or F: A hypothesis test examines two agreeing hypotheses about a population: the null hypothesis and the alternative hypothesis.
False
T or F: A rectangle on a flow chart signifies a decision point.
False
T or F: A replicate represents all of the runs of an experiment. Two replicates equal two factorials.
False
T or F: Activities are shown as diamonds in a process map.
False
T or F: Follow-up is not required for kaizen blitzes.
False
Suppose you believe that there is a statistical difference between the average number of children per household in two towns: Juliette and Stanford. The alternative hypothesis (Ha) is that the mean children per household in Juliette (μj) is ≠ to the mean children per household in Stanford (μs) (also noted as Ha: μj ≠ μs). What is the null hypothesis (H0)?
H0: μj = μs
Suppose you believe that there is a statistical difference between the test scores of juniors and seniors in a high school economics class. The null hypothesis (H0) is that the mean scores of juniors (μj) is = to the mean scores of seniors (μs) (also noted as H0: μj = μs). What is the alternative hypothesis (Ha)?
Ha: μj ≠ μs
____________ was responsible for the introduction of the assembly line, which truly revolutionized the manufacturing process.
Henry Ford
A business tracks the days it takes to deliver every product it sells within a 20-mile radius. They wish to put this on a control chart. Which of the following control charts is the most appropriate?
IMR
You are going to lead a team session to identify non-value added activities. Which of the following questions would not help you identify the non- value added steps?
Should the person doing that step be laid off?
T or F: Benchmarking against an organization in a different industry removes feelings of competition, making it easier to analyze and improve upon their own performance.
True
A process has a Ppu of .5 and a Ppl of .25. What is the Ppk?
None of the above
The postal service routes letters at a rate of 100 per minute. Two types of defects can occur. The number of occurrences of each defect type over the same period is as follows: - Misread zip code: 1 - Misread postage value: 2 Based on this data for a minute, what is the DPU?
None of the above
Which of the following is the Lean principle of perfection?
Ongoing improvement is for life, and the journey is never over.
Which of the following is not true concerning the QFD process?
QFD cannot be used with DMAIC.
Bill's boss is skeptical of the choice to use random sampling as he wants to ensure the "right" data are chosen for the analysis. Which of the choices below is the best message that Bill can communicate to his boss to explain what this method is all about?
Random sampling ensures that every item in the population has an equal chance of being selected.
Which of the following high level process maps can help clarify objectives and define the basic suppliers, customers, inputs, process steps, and outputs?
SIPOC
Which of the following is the definition of a value stream?
Sequence of activities required to design, produce, and provide a specific good or service
The father of the Toyota Production System and the Seven Types of Waste was ______________.
Taiichi Ohno
Lean was developed by ___________________.
Taiichi Ohno and others over a 40-year period of time
T or F: A PERT chart is a visual representation of a project's schedule
True
T or F: A business case should persuade the organization to pursue a project.
True
T or F: A deliverable is a measurable and verifiable outcome or object that a project team must create and deliver according to the terms of an agreement.
True
T or F: A swim lane flow chart should break down the process by department or function.
True
T or F: Bob has a new project that he wants to start. He works in a large company so it would be wise to check previous projects' lessons learned to see if there are any similar projects/solutions that may be available.
True
T or F: You have just completed collecting the voice of the customer in your Green Belt project. You can now translate customer comments into measurable statements called critical to x (CTx) metrics.
True
T or F: You have limited resources on your Green Belt project. The QFD tool can help you prioritize which how's to focus on.
True
T or F: Your company has been very successful in its implementation of Lean Six Sigma. One reason could be that all executives are Green Belt-certified.
True
T or F: Your process is not centered and has a Cp of less than one. In this case it is important to consider both variation and location.
True
T or F: Lean manufacturing tools are often used in the Improve Phase of a Six Sigma project.
Ture
________________ occur(s) when you incorrectly fail to reject the null hypothesis.
Type II error
Which of the following tools are considered part of the seven quality control (7QC) tools.
b, c and d: b) flow charts c) Pareto charts d) control charts
_____________ was the quality pioneer who is credited with the post-WWII transformation of Japan and helping Japanese manufacturers achieve unheard-of levels of quality and productivity?
W. Edwards Deming
Who is responsible for creating process quality control and the control chart?
Walter Shewhart
____________ framed the problem of variation in terms of assignable-cause and chance-cause variation.
Walter Shewhart
Bob is dealing with a dataset comprised of time to failure data on car engines. Based on this information, which of the following distributions potentially offers the best fit?
Weibull
Your team is having trouble listening to each other and receiving feedback. As a way to improve their listening you could __________.
all of the above: a) review tips for good active listening b) add grounds rules supporting active listening c) review the charter
Histograms are used to __________________.
provide a way to evaluate data distribution
Jill is managing a large call center that takes 2,000 calls per hour. She wants to track the wait times of callers by collecting three concurrent samples per hour each day. Which of the following is most appropriate?
XBarR
A good business case should include _________.
a and b: a) the y metric you are trying to improve b) how long the problem has been affecting the organization
The purpose of defining the interim deliverables is ______________________.
a and b: a) determining the deliverables that will be produced before the final deliverable is completed b) assigning accountability to individuals for the production of each interim deliverable
Which of the following would be an example of special cause variation of the on-time delivery policy for a food truck?
a blizzard strikes in a warmer part of the country that causes major delays
The definition of a process is _____________________________.
a collection of related, structured activities that produce a product or service that meets the customer's needs and requirements
In your project plan an activity has zero float. The activity is ___________________.
a critical activity
__________________ is the best tool for collecting x data on the pressure settings of a piece of equipment.
a data sheet
Your project is getting behind schedule; a tool to help you get on track and stay on track is _____.
a deliverables schedule
A high level flow chart shows that the milling department is a problem area. A logical next step would be to provide _________________.
a detailed flow chart to focus your improvement efforts
The tree diagram can be used to __________.
all of the above: a) show the relationships of a production process b) create new ideas in problem-solving c) outline the steps to implement a project
The key element(s) of a control plan include _______________________.
a, b, and c: a) training plan b) response plan c) FMEA
Which of the following are tips for active listening?
a, b, and d a) show that you want to listen b) stop talking d) ask questions
Your team has brainstormed a large list of customer requirements. A good next step would be to combine like ideas. A technique/tool that would be ideal for this job is _____________.
affinity diagram
Which of the following is a commonly used tool for brainstorming?
all of the above: a) 5 Whys analysis b) affinity diagram c) fishbone diagram
The affinity diagram can be used to __________.
all of the above: a) analyze customer requirements b) help a team organize after a brainstorming session c) organize a large set of data
The limitations of a histogram include ________.
all of the above: a) inability to discern exact values of the data b) time-order cannot be captured in a histogram c) requires 30 or more data points to be meaningful
Project documentation can be used to _______.
all of the above: a) obtain resources and approval for the project b) define the project, its scope, and time frame c) define project risks d) track the project's progress
Which of the following tool(s) are helpful in mitigating the risk of scope creep?
all of the above: a) project charter b) team ground rules c) SIPOC
You are preparing for a team meeting to gather and analyze the voice of the customer. Which of the following tools would you use?
all of the above: a) quality function deployment (QFD) b) SIPOC c) a CTQ tree
Which of the following are examples of activities?
all of the above: a) writing a report b) creating a design c) training employees
Project team members use various communication methods to deliver project information, including:
all of the above: Question options: a) meetings b) telephone calls c) emails d) voicemails e) websites
Project stakeholders are people who _____________________________.
all of the above: Question options: a) might be positively or negatively impacted by a project b) have influence and power to potentially derail the project c) might be strongly supportive or strongly against the project
Due to its ability to deliver a product at a low cost, a company is considering launching a new product in an unfamiliar industry with a good amount of competition. As part of a SWOT analysis, its "threats" must be considered. Given the situation, which of the following item(s) may be a threat?
existing companies in the new industry
Vickie's boss is not sure she should be running a project because he is concerned that the benefits of new business will not outweigh the costs. Which of the following measures may be useful in evaluating this decision?
expected profit
Brad is trying to determine the proper distribution for the time customers are waiting before an appointment. In the absence of other information, a good bet may be that his data fit a __________ distribution.
exponential
Which of the following are Armand Feigenbaum's crucial benchmarks for total quality success?
quality requires both individual and team zealotry, quality is a way of managing, and quality and innovation are mutually dependent
The multi-voting technique is used to ________.
quickly and easily prioritize a list of items
Which of the following is a type of waste as defined by Ohno?
waiting, defects, transportation, and overproduction
T or F: Batch and queue production typically has shorter lead times than continuous flow production.
False
The equipment in your area of responsibility has a very high percentage of unplanned downtime. What method would help reduce the unplanned downtime?
TPM
The benefits of a kanban system include ______.
all of the above
The benefits of poka-yoke include ___________.
all of the above
The principles of poka-yoke include __________.
all of the above
Which of the following are subgroups of total productive maintenance.
all of the above
Inferential statistics are used to determine ___________.
conclusions that extend beyond existing data
T or F: In an effort to improve throughput in your organization you have five projects working simultaneously. This is an example of the Theory of Constraints.
False
T or F: The visual factory is usually video surveillance.
False
Which of the following best represents the mistake-proofing principle of Detection?
It identifies errors quickly before further processing to allow a quick fix.
T or F: A major cause of high transportation waste is poor plant layout.
True
T or F: Examples of descriptive statistics are the mean, median, and standard deviation.
True
T or F: In a statistical study, population refers to the entire set of objects, individuals, or measurement items defined by the scope of the study that exhibits a particular characteristic.
True
T or F: Inferential statistics make inferences about a populations from a sample.
True
T or F: Kanban is a type of Lean Pull system.
True
T or F: Kanban provides a signal system for controlling or balancing the flow of parts, material, and information.
True
T or F: Lean floor layouts focus on employees, materials, and information flow.
True
T or F: Level loading is also known as heijunka.
True
T or F: POUS is when materials, tools, information, or anything else needed to perform the work are stored at the workstation.
True
T or F: Publicly announcing the start of the program is one of the steps involved in implementing 5S.
True
T or F: SMED is quick changeover between products.
True
T or F: Small lot sizes enhance quality, simplify scheduling, reduce inventory, enable kanban, and encourage continuous improvement.
True
T or F: Standard deviation can be used to describe the variation of normal and non-normal data.
True
T or F: Standard work results in process steps safely carried out with tasks organized in the best known sequence and using the most effective combination of resources.
True
T or F: TPM has a goal of maximizing equipment effectiveness for the lifetime of the equipment, with an ultimate objective of zero unplanned machine downtime.
True
T or F: The "drum" is the process bottleneck or constraint.
True
T or F: The smaller the standard deviation, the more robust the process.
True
As inventory is used, what signals the need for restocking by pulling from the upstream process step?
kanban system
For symmetric data, which of the following is true?
mode = mean = median
The quick changeover refers to_____________.
rapidly and efficiently converting a process from running the current product to running the next product
The benefits of creating continuous flow include _______________________.
reducing throughput time
