LEARNSMART Chapter 1

One thing that the information-processing theory, Vygotsky's sociocultural theory, and Piaget's developmental theory have in common is that they are all ______ theories.

cognitive

What term describes the beliefs, customs, and general behavior patterns of a group of people?

culture

Life-Span ______ is the pattern of movement or change that begins at conception

development

Which developmental period in childhood involves learning to be self-sufficient, caring for the self, developing school readiness skills, and playing with peers?

early childhood

Aysha does not believe any one theory can account for all real-life phenomena. She would most likely adopt a/an ______ approach to life-span development.

eclectic

According to ______, the presence or absence of certain experiences is especially important during specific time frames called critical periods.

ethologist

The ______ theory states that behavior is tied to evolution, is strongly affected by biological influence, and is characterized by critical or sensitive periods.

ethology

True or false: The life-span perspective involves sociocultural and individual factors, but not biological factors.

false

Events or trends (such as social or economic trends) that are common to members of a particular generation are known as ______ influences.

normative history-graded

The _____ period of development is the time from conception to birth. (Watch your spelling!)

prenatal

stability and change issue

the degree to which early traits and characteristics persist through life or change

Psychoanalytic theories of development place heavy emphasis on the role of ______.

the unconscious

These design to... descriptive: experimental: correlational:

-aims to observe and record -aims to understand causality -aims to provide information that will predict how people will behave

Both the behavioral and the social cognitive theories of development assume that ______.

development does not occur in stage-like fashion

Which of the following represent main issues that impact how we look at development? Select all that apply:

Stability and change, nature and nurture, continuity and discontinuity

Which of the following is NOT one of the three main types of research designs? -descriptive research -experimental research -standard research -correlational research

Standard Research

social age

age measured by your lifestyle and the connections you have with others

A person's _____ age refers to connectedness with others and the roles that individuals adopt.

social

Which of the following are components of Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory?

-Chronosystem -Macrosystem -Exosystem -Mesosystem -Microsystem

biological age

A person's age in terms of biological health.

Which of the following statements is true in regard to conducting ethical research with human subjects at a college or university?

An institutional review board must approve a study prior to its implementation.

Which of the following statements most accurately reflects what is important in the study of life-span development?

It is important to study growth as well as decline when studying the life span.

Which of the following are characteristics of the life-span perspective of development?

It is life long it is multidimensional it is multidirectional

Which statement about the human life span is TRUE?

The maximum human life span has not changed since the beginning of recorded history.

nature and nurture issue

the extent to which development is determined by nature or nurture. Nature refers to an organism's biological influence. Nurture refers to its environmental experience

Which of the following correctly describe life span in the study of human development? (select all that apply)

- It occurs throughout life -It involves growth and change

What are the four ways of measuring age?

-social -physiological -chronological -biological

If a study is "cross-cultural," this means that it ______. A) involves a diverse group of participants B) encompasses all elements of a particular culture C) has a researcher who is from a different culture than the participants D) compares multiple cultures

D) compares multiple cultures

Drawing conclusions about the abilities or behaviors of ethnic minority groups from a study in which all the participants came from the ethnic majority group is an example of cultural and ethnic _____

bias

Research results from studies done with participants who are not from diverse cultures or ethnic groups have sometimes been applied to people who are from diverse cultures and ethnic groups. This is clearly a case of cultural and ethnic ______

bias

The perspective that does not rigidly believe in any one theoretical perspective but considers multiple theories and selects the best features from each is known as ______ theoretical orientation.

eclectic

Developmentalists believe that biological, cognitive, and socioemotional processes ______.

interact as people develop

The average number of years that a person born in a particular year can expect to live is called ______ expectancy.

life

the _______ period of development is a time of transition between infancy and early childhood.

toddler

chronological age

Age as measured in years from date of birth

Normative history-graded influences are ______.

common to members of a particular generation

Dr. Booker is researching friendship patterns across childhood. She has included four groups in her study: 4-year-olds, 6-year-olds, 8-year-olds, and 10-year-olds. This is an example of _______.

cross-sectional study

psychological age

individual's adaptive capacities compared with those of other individuals of the same chronological age

Waylon is extremely dependent on his parents and is just beginning to develop language. Which developmental period is Waylon mostly likely in?

infancy

Freud's five stages of psychosexual development

oral stage, anal stage, phallic stage, latency stage, genital stage

In lifespan development, which term refers to the capacity for change?

plasticity

______ theories view development as being primarily the result of unconscious processes.

psychoanalytic

Which period of development would a 2-year-old be in?

toddler period

encompasses the behavior patterns and beliefs that are passed from generation to generation.

Culture

Which theorist believed that development reflects the influence of five environmental systems?

bronfenbrenner

The prenatal period is the time from ______.

conception to birth

________ is the developmental period from birth to 18 or 24 months.

infancy

Which of the following are cognitive theories of development?

-Piaget's developmental theory -information-processing theory -vygotsky's developmental theory

True or false: Life-span development focuses mostly on the rapid growth and development that occurs during childhood.

False: The focus of life-span development is from conception to death.

The three main issues that influence how we look at development are nature and nurture, _____ and ______, stability and change

continuity and discontinuity

Both the behavioral and the social cognitive theories emphasize ______.

continuity in development

____ -cultural studies compare aspects of two or more cultures.

cross

A research strategy that simultaneously compares people of different ages is known as the ______ approach.

cross-sectional

Sharon is 4 years old and can follow instructions. She is even learning to identify letters. She is in the _____ ______ part of development

early childhood

Mike lost a friend in a car crash during his senior year in high school. This would be considered a(n) _______ life event, because it made a major impact on Mike, but not everyone.

non-normative

_________ life events are unusual occurrences that have a major impact on an individual's life, but do not occur to every individual and do not always influence people in the same way.

nonnormative

________ age-graded influences include biological processes such as puberty and menopause. (Remember to type only one word in the blank.)

normative

Events that typically occur at the same age for most people, such as beginning school in early childhood, are known as ______ influences.

normative age-graded

A method that involves systematically gathering data in a laboratory or natural setting by watching and recording interactions or behaviors is known as ______ research.

observational

In Dr. Crawford's research study, he and his colleagues spend time in a sixth-grade classroom watching teacher-student interactions. The type of research that Dr. Crawford's team is doing is most likely ______.

observational research

The upper boundary of the human life span (based on the oldest age documented) is _____ years.

122

The life expectancy in the US is _____ years old

79

A central focus in developmental research is plasticity, which refers to ______.

a person's capacity to change

Life-span development is defined as the pattern of change that begins ______ and continues ______.

at conception; throughout the human life span