Leaves, Stems, and Roots

Photosynthesis is to plants as __________is to animals.

Eating

The 2 chemical products of photosynthesis.

Oxygen and glucose

A layer of tall, columnar mesophyll cells under the upper epidermis

Palisade Mesophyll

What are the functions of leaves?

To produce sugars

What are the three main tissue systems of plants?

Dermal tissue, vascular tissue, and ground tissue

Process in which cells become specialized in structure and function

Differentiation

A cell that makes up the dermal tissue, which is the outer covering of a plant

Epidermal Cells

Specialized cells in the epidermis that control the opening and closing of stomata by responding to changes in water pressureGuard Cell

Guard Cell

Older xylem near the center of a woody stem that no longer conducts water

Heartwood

What specialized cells make up vascular tissue?

It contains several types of specialized cells; Xylem consists of tracheids and vessel elements; phloem consists of sieve tube elements and companion cells

How does meristematic tissue differ from other plant tissue?

It is the only plant tissue that produces new cells by mitosis

Plant tissue found only in the tips of shoots and roots; responsible for plant growth

Meristematic Tissues

Clusters of tissue that are responsible for continuing growth throughout a plant's life time

Meristems

The part of a leaf where photosynthesis occurs. Literally means "middle leaf"

Mesophyll

Are stomates open or closed when guard cells are filled with water?

Open

How does gas exchange take place in a leaf?

Plants keep their stomata open just enough to allow photosynthesis to take place but not so much that they lose an excessive amount of water

A hypothesis that considers plants in terms of where they produce and use materials from photosynthesis

Pressure-Flow hypothesis

A type of plant growth that occurs at the tips of roots and shoot

Primary Growth

How are primary and secondary growth different?

Primary growth is growth in length Secondary growth is growth in roots Secondary growth occurs in woody plants

Protects the root as it forces its way through the soil

Root Cap

Tiny cellular projects that cover the surfaces of the root's epidermal subsystem. Increase surface area of roots for absorption of water and minerals

Root Hair

Where does water enter the plant?

Roots

What are the different functions of roots?

Roots anchor a plant in the ground and absorb water and dissolved nutrients from the soil

What are the three principal organs and tissues of seed plants?

Roots, stems, and leaves

Area in plants that surrounds heartwood and is active in fluid transport

Sapwood

A pattern of plant growth in which stems increase in width

Secondary Growth

Phloem cell that is joined end-to-end to similar cells to form a continuous sieve tube--transports sugars through the plant

Sieve tube element

The part of the plant where sugar is removed from the phloem. Often the roots.

Sink

The part of the plant where sugar is loaded into the phloem. Often the leaves.

Source

A loose tissue with many air spaces between its cells beneath the palisade layer

Spongy Mesophyll

Porelike opening in the underside of the leaf that allow carbon dioxide, water vapor and oxygen to diffuse into and out of the leaf

Stomata

Where does carbon dioxide enter the plant?

Stomata in leaves

Where does oxygen leave the plant?

Stomata in leaves

How are the products of photosynthesis transported throughout a plant?

Sugars are actively transported into phloem sieve tube members by the companion cells at the source. At the sink, sugars are removed

What are the two main types of roots?

Taproots and fibrous roots

How is water transported throughout a plant?

The combination of root pressure, capillary action, and transpiration provides enough force to move water through the xylem tissue of even the tallest plant

What are the main tissues in a mature root?

The epidermis and a central cylinder of vascular tissue; between these two tissues lies a large area of ground tissue

What are the three main functions of stems?

They produce leaves, branches, and flowers; they hold leaves up to the sunlight; and they transport stubstances between roots and leaves

What are 3 possible fates for the sugar from photosynthesis?

Used for cellular respiration immediately in the mitochondria Stored as starch in another part of the plant Used as the basis for creating other biomolecules

In angiosperms, its a xylem cell that forms part of a continious tube through which water can move

Vessel Elements

The attraction between water molecules and xylem tubes

Adhesion

What are the functions of roots?

Anchoring the plant and absorbing water and minerals

Group of undifferentiated cells that divide to produce increased length of stems and roots

Apical Meristems

The tendency of water to rise in a thin tube

Capillary Action

The 2 chemical reactants of photosynthesis

Carbon dioxide and water

Phloem cells that surround sieve tube elements. Load the sieve tube elements with sugar using active transport

Companion Cell