Lecture 14

Which tracts run through the pons?

- tectospinal tract - medial lemniscus

What is the function of the cardiac center?

-regulate autonomic reflexes for controlling the strength of the heartbeat -regulate autonomic reflexes for controlling the rate of the heartbeat

How much CSF does the brain produce per day?

500 mL

Identify the arbor vitae.

A

Extensions of the arachnoid meninx that reabsorb CSF are called __________ granulations or villi.

Arachnoid

Neural crest cells give rise to which of the following?

Arachnoid mater and pia mater

Which term refers to the white matter located in the deeper aspects of the cerebellum exhibiting a branching fern-like pattern?

Arbor Vitae

Identify the brain stem

B

How would you classify the fiber tracts passing through the medulla?

Both ascending sensory and descending motor tracts

Identify the folia

C

Which of the molecules listed below can pass through the blood-brain barrier?

Caffeine Oxygen Glucose

Which nucleus in the medulla oblongata regulates autonomic reflexes for controlling the rate and strength of the heartbeat?

Cardiac center

Which structures make up most of the posterior pons?

Cerebellar peduncles

Name the portion of the brain dorsal to the brainstem responsible for motor coordination, evaluation of sensory input, and memory of learned motor skills.

Cerebellum

Which area of the brain is responsible for equilibrium, motor coordination, and memory of learned motor skills?

Cerebellum

Which part of the brain occupies the posterior cranial fossa?

Cerebellum

Which structure occupies the posterior cranial fossa inferior to the cerebrum and posterior to the brainstem?

Cerebellum

The tegmentum, substantia nigra, and cerebral crus are all found in which part of the midbrain?

Cerebral peduncles

Which anterior midbrain structures anchor the cerebrum to the brainstem?

Cerebral peduncles

Which functions to protect the brain and spinal cord from chemical and physical injury by providing chemical stability and buoyancy?

Cerebrospinal fluid

Which structure is indicated by the arrow?

Corpus callosum

The gray matter of the cerebrum forms which of the following?

Cortex

The outer layer of the cerebrum, called the cerebral _____________ , is formed by gray matter.

Cortex

identify the vermis

D

Match the name of the brainstem component with the correct letter.

Diencephalon = A Medulla oblongata = D Midbrain=B Pons=C

List the meningeal layers from most superficial to deep.

Dura mater, Arachnoid mater, Pia mater

Which sinuses separate the two layers of dura?

Dural sinuses

The _________ is the outermost primary germ layer of an embryo, which gives rise to the nervous system and epidermis.

Ectoderm

The depressor region of vasomotor center evokes vasoconstriction, cardiac acceleration, and myocardial contractility

False: The pressor region evokes vasocontriction, cardiac acceleration, and myocardial contractility

Parasympathetic activity is the primary mechanism for nervous induced peripheral vasodilation

False: Withdrawal of sympathetic tone is the primary mechanism for nervous induced peripheral vasodilation

How many ventricles are located in the brain?

Four

Which ventricle is located between the pons and the cerebellum?

Fourth

The cerebral aqueduct passes CSF down the core of the midbrain and into which of the following?

Fourth ventricle

Which is the most abundant cell type in the cerebellum?

Granule cells

Which term refers to the thick folds of tissue found on each of the cerebral hemispheres?

Gyri

Name the midbrain structures that receive signals from the inner ear and relay them to other parts of the brain.

Inferior colliculi

Which structures mediate auditory reflexes, such as the tendency to jump when startled by a sudden noise?

Inferior colliculi

Which statement about the reticular formation is true?

It is a loose web of gray matter that runs through multiple levels of the brainstem.

Which ventricles are C-shaped structures located within each cerebral hemisphere?

Lateral ventricles

Which divides the cerebrum into right and left hemispheres?

Longitudinal fissure

The descending motor fibers in the corticospinal tracts cross in the pyramidal decussation, which is found in which brainstem region?

Medulla oblongata

Where are the two respiratory centers of the reticular formation located?

Medulla oblongata

Where is the vasomotor center of the reticular formation located?

Medulla oblongata

Which is the most caudal part of the brainstem, immediately superior to the foramen magnum of the skull?

Medulla oblongata

The three-layer fibrous membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord are collectively called the

Meninges

The three-layer fibrous membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord are collectively called the ___________.

Meninges

Which term refers to the connective tissue membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord?

Meninges

Which region of the neural tube does not subdivide during the formation of the five secondary vesicles?

Mesencephalon

The pons develops from an embryonic secondary brain vesicle called the

Metencephalon

The embryonic hindbrain consists of which secondary vesicles?

Metencephalon Myelencephalon

The mesencephalon develops into which of the following?

Midbrain

Within the first three weeks of embryonic development, the neural plate sinks and its edges thicken to form which of the following?

Neural groove

The vasomotor center of the reticular formation does which of the following?

Regulates blood pressure and flow by dilating and constricting blood vessels

What is the function of the two respiratory centers located in the medulla oblongata?

Regulates the rhythm and depth of breathing

The pons develops from which region of the neural tube?

Rhombencephalon

Where does most of the CSF go after it leaves the fourth ventricle?

Subarachnoid space

Which term refers to the shallow grooves found on each of the cerebral hemispheres?

Sulci

Which midbrain structures mediate visual reflexes?

Superior colliculi

Which sinus is found just underneath the cranium along the median line?

Superior sagittal sinus

Which best describes the cerebral cortex?

Surface layer of gray matter on the cerebrum

Which are the main components of the cerebral peduncles?

Tegmentum Cerebral crus Substantia nigra

What are the major components of the cerebral peduncles?

Tegmentum, substantia nigra, and cerebral crus

Where is the reticular formation located?

Throughout multiple levels of the brainstem

Which describes the function of the choroid plexus?

To produce cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

What is the function of the blood barrier system?

To regulate passage of materials from the blood into the brain

Which is the definition of the term "rostral"?

Toward the nose; toward the forehead; or higher (vertical)

Which sinus runs horizontally from the rear of the head toward each ear?

Transverse

Depression, fright/shock, and severe pain decrease blood pressure

True

Excitement, anxiety, and mild pain increase HR and blood pressure

True

Mental states can significantly affect the cardiovascular system

True

Pressor region sends reticulospinal tract fibers to T1-L2/3 to the sympathetic chain

True

The cardiovascular center of the medulla is also known as vasomotor center

True

The depressor region decreases sympathetic output and increases parasympathetic activity

True

The depressor region evokes inhibition of the pressor area

True

The pressor region is the same region responsible for the CNS ischemic response

True

The pressor region's vasoconstrictor subareas are tonically active responsible for vasomotor tone

True

The vasomotor center is found in the reticular formation of the medulla and lower 1/3 of the pons

True

There are 2 functional regions of the vasomotor center: pressor and depressor

True

Vasovagal syncope = emotional fainting due to decreased sympathetic activity resulting from fright/shock

True

Which is least likely to get through the blood-brain barrier?

Urea

Which cranial nerves begin or end in the pons?

V, VI, VII, VIII

The ________ is the region of the brain responsible for equilibrium, motor coordination, and memory of learned motor skills.

cerebellum

The _________ peduncle is a bundle of nerve fibers within the cerebral peduncles of the midbrain that connects the cerebrum to the pons and carries the corticospinal nerve tracts.

cerebral

What are the three major divisions of the brain?

cerebrum, cerebellum, brain stem

The slender, transverse, parallel folds of the cerebellum are specifically called ________

folia

Which term refers to the folds of the cerebellum?

folia

The ________ colliculi are part of the auditory pathway and function to receive signals from the inner ear, relaying them to other parts of the brain.

inferior

The tectum is which part of the midbrain?

posterior

__________ cells are the most distinctive, unusually large cells of the cerebellum with thick dendrites compressed into a single plane.

purkinje

The _________ colliculi play an important role in visual attention and visual tracking of moving objects.

superior

The_________ colliculi play an important role in visual attention and visual tracking of moving objects.

superior

The posterior part of the midbrain, which includes the corpora quadrigemina, is called the

tectum

Which ventricle is located between the right and left halves of the diencephalon?

third

The white matter of the brain consists of which of the following?

tracts

The portion of the cerebellum that connects the right and left cerebellar hemispheres is the ______.

vermis