Lecture Exam #1

The study of the structure and function of cells is called ___________.

Cytology

The clear gel inside a cell is called __________.

Cytosol

he folding and coiling of a protein into a globular shape is the __________ structure of the protein.

Tertiary

Which of these molecules is hydrophobic?

cholesterol

n the following reaction, what is(are) the product(s)? CO2 + H2O ---> H2CO3

H2CO3

The formula of an amino group is __________; the formula of a carboxyl group is __________.

-NH2: -COOH

Sodium has an atomic number of 11 and an atomic mass of 23. Sodium has __________.

12 neutrons and 11 protons

Carbon is very versatile in forming bonds with other atoms because it has __________ valence electrons.

4

Oxygen has an atomic number of 8 and an atomic mass of 16. How many valence electrons does it have?

6

Which of the following would contain the greatest amount of information that scientists consider to be true to the best of their knowledge?

A theory

An atom with 12 electrons, 13 neutrons, and 11 protons is a(n) _________

An anion and an isotope

Which of the following will increase the rate of a chemical reaction?

An increase in reactant concentration

Most primates are ________________, meaning they live in trees.

Arboreal

The terms physics, physiology, and physician come from a term that __________ proposed to distinguish natural causes from supernatural causes.

Aristotle

The plural of axilla (armpit) is ____________, whereas the plural of appendix is ___________.

Axillae; appendices

The prefix hypo- means _______________, whereas hyper- means _____________.

Below; above

In general, __________ have a 2:1 ratio of hydrogen to oxygen.

Carbohydrates

Proteoglycans are composed of __________.

Carbohydrates and proteins

The breakdown of glucose to yield carbon dioxide, oxygen, and ATP can be described as __________.

Catabolic; exergenic

_______________ are the simplest body structures considered alive.

Cells

Stereoscopic vision provides __________.

Depth perception

Since there are no genes coding for carbohydrates, nucleic acids, or lipids, how do cells produce them?

Enzymes encoded by genes synthesize these products

The term fallopian tube (uterine tube) is an example of __________

Eponym

Which of these is hydrophobic?

Fat

Which of the following is not found in the epidermis?

Fibrobasts

_____________ is the process in which ____________ forces water and small solutes, such as salts, through narrow clefts between capillary cells.

Filtration; hydrostatic pressure

__________ provide motility to a sperm cell, __________ act as sensory "antennae" in many cells, and ____________ increase a cell's surface area.

Flagella; cilia; microvilli

A(n) __________ is a group of atoms that determines many of the properties of an organic molecule.

Functional group

Cells that are thick in the middle and tapered toward the end are called __________ cells.

Fusiform

he most influential medical textbook of the ancient era was written by __________.

Galen

Which of the following organelles sorts, cuts, splices, and packages newly formed proteins into membrane-bound vesicles?

Golgi Apparatus

Chemicals in a solution can move down a concentration gradient. This means the chemical will move from the area of __________ concentration to the area of _________ concentration.

High; low

________________ established a code of ethics for physicians. He is considered the "father of medicine."

Hippocrates

_____________ is the view that not everything about an organism can be understood or predicted from the knowledge of its components; that is, the whole is greater than the sum of its parts.

Holism

What type of bond attracts one water molecule to another?

Hydrogen bond

An educated speculation or a possible answer to a question is called a(n) __________.

Hypothesis

Which of the following is not one of the three basic components of a cell?

Interstitial fluid

The vibration of an ear drum is an example of __________ energy.

Kinetic

Which of the following is a disaccharide?

Lactose

Which of these has the highest H+ concentration?

Lemon juice, pH = 2.3

Muscle cells contain numerous __________ to serve their high demand for ATP.

Mitochondria

Which of the following is a double-membraned organelle consisting of a matrix and cristae?

Mitochondrion

he principal theory of how evolution works is called __________.

Natural Selection

Blood glucose concentration rises after a meal and stimulates the pancreas to release the hormone insulin. Insulin travels in the blood and stimulates the uptake of glucose by body cells from the bloodstream, thus reducing blood glucose concentration. This is an example of _________.

Negative feedback

The use of controls and statistical testing are two aspects of experimental design that help to ensure __________.

Objective and reliable results

The number of particles of a solute in a solution is described by its ____________. The ability of a solution to affect the fluid volume in a cell is referred to as its __________.

Osmolarity; tonicity

Feeling structures with your fingertips is called _________, whereas tapping on the body and listening for sounds of abnormalities is called ____________.

Palpatation; percussion

_________ decompose fatty acids, and detoxify alcohol, free radicals, and drugs.

Peroxisomes

The most abundant molecules in the plasma membrane are __________.

Phospholipds

A new drug apparently increases short-term memory. Students were divided randomly into two groups at the beginning of the semester. One group was given the memory pill once a day for the semester, and the other group was given a same-looking pill, but it was just sugar. The sugar pill is termed a(n) __________.

Placebo

Eye color is caused by genes at multiple loci. This phenomenon is called __________.

Polygenic inheritance

Which of the following is most likely to cause disease?

Positive Feedback

When a woman is giving birth, the head of the baby pushes against her cervix and stimulates the release of the hormone oxytocin. Oxytocin travels in the blood and stimulates the uterus to contract. Labor contractions become more and more intense until the baby is expelled. This is an example of __________.

Positive feedback

Which of the following lists examples of body structures from the simplest to the most complex?

Protein, mitochondrion, adipocyte, connective tissue, stomach

What function would immediately cease if the ribosomes of a cell were destroyed?

Ribosomes

ll of the following participate in DNA replication except __________.

Ribosomes

Cells were first discovered when a scientist named __________ observed cell walls in cork under a microscope.

Robert Hooke

ou were able to radioactively tag and thereby trace an amino acid that is used to make insulin, a hormone that will be exported out of the cell. The pathway of the tagged amino acid would be __________.

Rough ER> Golgi complex > golgi vesicle > extracellular fluid

DNA polymerase is most active during which phase of the cell cycle?

S

Most kidney tubules are made of __________ epithelial tissue, which is specialized for absorption and secretion.

Simple cuboidal

Rapid diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide through the air sacs (alveoli) of the lungs takes place through __________ epithelium.

Simple squamous

A receptor protein in the plasma membrane will not bind to just any chemical in the extracellular fluid, but only to certain ones. This property is called _________.

Speceficity

Which two strata of the epidermis are most susceptible to cancer?

Stratum spinosum and basale

Sodium and glucose are transported together from the intestinal lumen into an intestinal cell. The carrier protein is a(n) __________ and the process is called ____________.

Symport; cotransport

hich of these processes occurs during a cell's first gap (G1) phase?

The cells synthesize proteins and grow

Which of the following gives a cell structural support, determines the shape of a cell, and directs the movement of substances through a cell?

The cytoskeleton

What is all of the DNA in a set of 23 chromosomes referred to as?

The genome

The process of using numerous observations to develop general principles and predictions about a specific subject is called __________.

The inductive method

Which of the following is not found in RNA?

Thymine

The sodium-potassium (Na+-K+) pump transports both sodium and potassium __________ their concentration gradients in a process called ____________.

Up: active transport

Known as "the father of modern anatomy," __________ was the first to publish accurate drawings of the body.

Vesalius

Minerals are found in all of the following except __________.

Vitamins

Channel protein gates respond to all these stimuli except __________.

Water in the extracellular fluid

What is the product of translation?

a newly synthesized polypeptide

DNA is an example of an __________, whereas PET scan is an example of an _________.

abbreviation; acronym

An enzyme is substrate-specific because of the shape of its __________

active site

Metabolism is the sum of __________ and __________.

anabolism; catabolism

he fact that most of us have five lumbar vertebrae, but some people have six and some have four, is an example of ____________ variation among organisms.

anatomical

The breakdown of starch by digestive enzymes into glucose molecules is a(n) __________ reaction.

decomposition

The __________ gives rise to the __________.

ectoderm; nervous system and epidermis

he bonding properties of an atom are determined by its __________.

electrons

Hypercalcemia means _________.

elevated calcium levels in the blood

he fuzzy coat of carbohydrates on the outer surface of the plasma membrane that functions in cell identification is called the __________.

glycocalyx

A physiological __________ is a difference in chemical concentration, electrical charge, physical pressure, temperature, or other variables between one point and another.

gradient

Cell division is stimulated by __________ and suppressed by __________.

growth factors; contact inhibition

The change in size of the bone marrow (where blood cells are produced) as an infant matures is an example of __________, whereas the transformation of blood stem cells into white blood cells is an example of __________.

growth; differentiation

Amylase is a digestive enzyme that breaks starches down into sugars through __________ reactions.

hydrolysis

A __________ reaction breaks a __________ down into its monomers.

hydrolysis; polymer

The plasma membrane is permeable to _________, but impermeable to ___________.

nutrients; proteins

A chemical reaction that removes electrons from an atom is called a(n) __________ reaction.

oxidation

Nucleic acids are __________ of __________.

polymers; nucleotides

All enzymes are __________.

proteins

Membrane proteins that bind to signals by which cells communicate are called __________.

receptors

Taking apart a clock to see how it works is similar to ____________ thinking about human physiology.

reductionalist

A human is born before his/her nervous system has matured. This is traceable to __________

skeletal adaptation to bipedalism

The ileum is ____________, where are the ilium is __________.

small intestine; hip bone

All of the body's nonreproductive cells, called __________, usually have 23 pairs of chromosomes and are thus called __________ cells.

somatic cells; diploid

Proteins perform all of the following functions except __________.

store hereditary information

he most relevant free energy in human physiology is the energy stored in __________.

the chemical bonds of organic molecules

Which of the following is the template for transcription?

the molecule that carries base triplets

Which of the following is not a function of the Na+-K+ pump?

transport of sodium into the cell and potassium out of the cell

riglycerides consist of a 3-carbon compound called __________ bound to three __________.

triglycerol: fatty acids