Lecture Exam 4

*a ___ is a bundle of hundreds to thousands of axons that leave the brain or spinal cord.

nerve

*___ is a catecholamine involved in arousal, dreaming, and regulating mood.

norepinephrine

*___ contributes to the myelin sheath of central nervous system neruons.

oligodendrocyte

*A ___ is the junction between the parts of two neurons where the impulse is conducted.

synaptic cleft

*A bundle of nerve fibers in the central nervous system is called a/an ___ .

tract

A nerve is a single neuron that transmits a nerve impulse. T/F

False

Motor neurons carry impulses from the brain or spinal cord to the periphery. T/F

True

Motor neurons that supply smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, or glands via the autonomic nervous system can be found in the lateral gray horns of the spinal cord. T/F

True

Neurons are cells in the nervous system that transmits a nerve impulse. T/F

True

*The adult spinal cord extends from the _____ of the brain inferiorly to the level of the 2nd lumbar vertebra.

medulla oblongata

*___ are phagocytic neuroglial cells that function like immune cells in the brain.

microglia

*The three basic functions of the nervous system are sensory function, integrative function, and ___ function.

motor

*___ neurons carry impulses out of the brain or spinal cord to the effector organs.

motor

*Cerebrospinal fluid is found between two layers of the meninges, in a space called the _____.

subarachnoid space

*___ is when a single presynaptic neuron synapses with several postsynaptic neurons.

divergence

The white matter of the spinal cord: A)contains sensory and motor, or ascending and descending, tracts. B) is surrounded by gray matter. C) is subdivided into regions called horns. D) all of the above.

A

*There are _____ pairs of spinal nerves, consisting of the following groups: _____ pairs of cervical, _____ pairs of thoracic, _____ pairs of lumbar, _____ pairs of sacral, and _____ pair of coccygeal spinal nerves.

31, 8, 12, 5, 5, 1

A cell membrane moving away from zero to a more negative state is called ___ A) hyperpolarization. B) a threshold potential. C) depolarization. D) a local potential.

A

At a synapse between the axon of one cell and the dendrite of another cell, the axon would always be part of the _____ neuron; the dendrite would always be part of the _____ neuron. A) presynaptic, postsynaptic B) postsynaptic, presynaptic C) visceral, somatic D) somatic, visceral

A

From which plexus does the axillary nerve arise? A) brachial B) thoracic C) lumbar D) sacral E) cervical

A

Motor impulses that help maintain muscle tone and posture are conveyed from the brain through the spinal cord by the: A) indirect pathways. B) direct pathways. C) spinothalamic tracts. D) dorsal column tracts.

A

Select the area innervated by the phrenic nerve. A) diaphragm B) quadriceps femoris muscle C) skin of superior portion of the chest and shoulder D) adductor muscles of thigh E) flexors of the wrist

A

Select the best description of axon: A) usually myelinated B) accumulates as yellow-brown granules as the cell ages C) fine processes at the ends of axons D) usually short and branched E) stored in synaptic vesicles

A

Select the best description of nerve fiber: A) may refer to either axons or dendrites B) join axon to cell body C) fine processes at the ends of axons D) usually short and branched E) fine processes at the ends of dendrites

A

Spinal nerves T2-T12 differ from all other spinal nerves in that: A) the ventral rami do not contribute to a plexus. B) they are autonomic nerves. C) the dorsal rami form a plexus. D) they do not branch to form rami.

A

The main plexuses formed by the ventral rami of spinal nerves are: A) cervical, brachial, lumbar, and sacral. B) cervical, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal. C) cervical, lumbar, sacral, and inguinal. D) thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal

A

This is a structure that results from nervous input from the lower extremities. A) Lumbar enlargement B) Spinal nerve 12 C) Cervical enlargement D) Cauda equine E) Filum terminale

A

This neural circuit consists of a single presynaptic neuron synapsing with several postsynaptic neurons. A) Diverging circuit B) Parallel after discharge circuit C) Normal circuit D) Converging circuit E) Reverberating circuit

A

What is the best description of the arachnoid mater? A) consists of collagen and elastic fiber network; has no blood vessels B) between pia mater and spinal cord C) meninx closest to the bone of the vertebral column D) between subarachnoid space and pia mater E) contains blood vessels that supply oxygen and nutrients to the spinal cord

A

When an action potential passes over the surface of a synaptic knob, the contents of the vesicles are released in response to the presence of ___ A) calcium ions. B) neuropeptides. C) neurotransmitters. D) sodium ions.

A

Which of the below contains cerebrospinal fluid? A) Subarachnoid space B) Epidural space C) Pia mater D) Dural space E) Meninx

A

Which of the following cells form myelin sheaths in the nervous system? A) oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells B) ependyma C) astrocytes and Schwann cells D) astrocytes E) oligodendrocytes

A

Which of the following pairs of terms is most closely matched? A) white matter, tracts in the central nervous system B) gray matter, neurolemmocytes in the peripheral nervous system C) white matter, neuron cell bodies in a ganglion D) gray matter, myelinated axons of the peripheral nervous system

A

Which of the following parts of a reflex arc monitors body conditions? A) Sensory receptor B) Effector C) Motor neuron D) Sensory neuron E) Integration neuron or interneuron

A

___ is the stage of an action potential where sodium is being pumped out and potassium is being pumped in by active transport restoring the membrane potential. A) refractory period B) resting potential C) depolarization D) repolarization E) hyperpolarization

A

A main difference between neurons and neuroglia is: A) Epidural tracts B) Sensory tracts C) Columnar tracts D) Motor tracts E) Integration tracts

B

A motor unit in skeletal muscle is activated by a/an _____. A) parasympathetic motor neuron B) somatic motor neuron C) sympathetic motor neuron D) afferent motor neuron

B

Accidentally stepping on a nail with the sole of your foot causes you quite a bit of discomfort. Which type of pathway is involved in relaying information about the nail? A) efferent B) afferent C) motor D) visceral

B

Membranous sacs found throughout the cytoplasm of neurons that consists of rough endoplasmic reticulum are called ___ A) synaptic vesicles. B) Nissl bodies. C) neurofibrils. D) sarcoplasmic reticulum. E) none of the above

B

Select the area innervated by the axillary nerve. A) diaphragm B) deltoid muscle C) extensors of the wrist D) skin of superior portion of the chest and shoulder E) flexors of the wrist

B

Select the best description of astrocytes: A) form myelin sheaths of peripheral nervous system B) help maintain the blood-brain barrier C) form myelin sheaths in central nervous system D) surround neurons in peripheral nervous system ganglia E) form lining of brain ventricles

B

Select the best description of dendrites: A) accumulates as yellow-brown granules as the cell ages B) usually short and branched C) rough endoplasmic reticulum D) usually myelinated E) stored in synaptic vesicles

B

Select the best description of the satellite cells: A) form lining of brain ventricles B) surround neurons in peripheral nervous system ganglia C) form myelin sheaths of peripheral nervous system D) form myelin sheaths in central nervous system E) help maintain the blood-brain barrier

B

The arachnoid mater lies between two fluids: interstitial fluid on its outer surface and _____ fluid on its inner surface. A) extracellular B) cerebrospinal C) cytoplasm D) blood

B

The cell bodies of sensory neurons are located in the ___ A) ventral root ganglion. B) dorsal root ganglion. C) dorsal horn or gray matter. D) ventral horn or gray matter.

B

The descending tracts of the spinal cord carry what type of information: A) Sensory B) Motor C) Integration

B

The nerve fiber that provides the main receptive surfaces (incoming impulse) for neurons are ___ A) neurofibrils. B) dendrites. C) axons. D) Nissl fibers.

B

The roots of which spinal nerves make up the cauda equina? 1) Thoracic, 2) Lumbar, 3) Sacral, and 4) Coccygeal A) 4 only B) 2, 3, 4 C) 1, 2, 3, 4 D) 3, 4

B

This serves the deep muscles and skin of the dorsal surface of the trunk. A) Ventral ramus B) Dorsal ramus C) Rami communicates D) Brachial plexus E) Meningeal branch

B

What is the best description of the pia mater? A) between pia mater and spinal cord B) contains blood vessels that supply oxygen and nutrients to the spinal cord C) consists of collagen and elastic fiber network; has no blood vessels D) contains a layer of adipose tissue E) between arachnoid mater and pia mater

B

What is the best description of the pia mater? A) contains a layer of adipose tissue B) contains blood vessels that supply oxygen and nutrients to the spinal cord C) consists of collagen and elastic fiber network; has no blood vessels D) between arachnoid mater and pia mater E) between pia mater and spinal cord

B

What phenomenon explains why a light touch feels different than a touch applied with more pressure? A) Continuous conduction B) Frequency of impulses C) Propagation D) Refractory period E) Saltatory conduction

B

Which of the following ions is responsible for the exocytosis of the neurotransmitters housed in the synaptic vesicles? A) Cl B) Ca+2 C) K+ D) Na+ E) PO4

B

Which of the following is not found in neurons? A) nucleus B) sarcoplasmic reticulum C) Nissl bodies D) neurilemma E) neurofibrils F) granular cytoplasm

B

Which of the following lists the parts of a reflex arc in the correct sequence? A) receptor, sensory neuron, motor neuron, interneuron, effector B) receptor, sensory neuron, interneuron, motor neuron, effector C) effector, receptor, sensory neuron, motor neuron, interneuron D) effector, sensory neuron, receptor, interneuron, motor neuron

B

Which of the following parts of a reflex arc changes body condition levels? A) Sensory neuron B) Effector C) Sensory receptor D) Integration neuron or interneuron E) Motor neuron

B

White matter includes: A) ganglia. B) tracts in the spinal cord. C) nuclei in the brain. D) a thin outer layer of most of the brain.

B

A main difference between neurons and neuroglia is: A) neuroglia are found only in the central nervous system. B) neurons are generally smaller than neuroglia. C) mature neurons do not normally divide; neuroglia do. D) neurons are more numerous than neuroglia.

C

Another term for the thoracic nerves is A) Lumbar B) Brachial C) Intercostals D) Cervical E) Sacral

C

As the membrane potential becomes more negative (moving from -70 mV to -90 mV), the membrane is ___ A) refractory. B) depolarizing. C) hyperpolarizing. D) summating.

C

Cell bodies of sensory neurons are found where within the nervous system? A) funiculi of the spinal cord B) dorsal horn of the gray matter C) dorsal root ganglion D) ventral horn of the gray matter

C

Diffusion, enzymatic degradation, and uptake by cells are all ways to A) Inhbitory presynaptic summation potential B) Inhibitory postsynaptic summation potential C) Inhibitory postsynaptic potential D) Inhibitory presynaptic potential E) None of the above

C

During which period can a second action potential be initiated by a larger than normal stimulus? A) Refractory period B) Absolute refractory period C) Relative refractory period D) All of the above E) None of the above

C

From which plexus does the ulnar nerve arise? A) sacral B) thoracic C) brachial D) lumbar E) cervical

C

IPSP stands for: A) Inhbitory presynaptic summation potential B) Inhibitory postsynaptic summation potential C) Inhibitory postsynaptic potential D) Inhibitory presynaptic potential

C

IPSP stands for: A) Inhbitory presynaptic summation potential B) Inhibitory postsynaptic summation potential C) Inhibitory postsynaptic potential D) Inhibitory presynaptic potential E) None of the above

C

If the body had a low calcium level, then this could affect the release of neurotransmitters by ___ A) causing a greater amount to be synthesized and stored in synaptic knobs. B) increasing the quantity released from synaptic knobs. C) causing a decrease in the amount released from synaptic knobs. D) breaking down acetylcholine to acetyl and choline in synaptic knobs.

C

In response to being stretched a muscle spindle generates nerve impulses that propagate along a sensory neuron through which below structure, to get into the spinal column? A) Central canal B) Ventral root C) Dorsal root D) Tectospinal tract E) Lateral reticulospinal tract

C

Select the area innervated by the femoral nerve. A) gastrocnemius and soleus muscles B) tibialis anterior and fibularis (peroneal) muscles C) quadriceps femoris muscle D) gluteus maximus E) adductor muscles of thigh

C

Select the area innervated by the median nerve. A) extensors of the wrist B) diaphragm C) flexors of the wrist D) skin of superior portion of the chest and shoulder E) quadriceps femoris muscle

C

Select the best description of neurofibrils: A) usually myelinated B) accumulates as yellow-brown granules as the cell ages C) form(s) part of the cytoskeleton D) usually short and branched E) rough endoplasmic reticulum

C

Select the best description of neurotransmitter molecules: A) usually short and branched B) fine processes at the ends of axons C) stored in synaptic vesicles D) usually myelinated E) accumulates as yellow-brown granules as the cell ages

C

The action potential repolarizes the membrane by ___ A) opening K+ channels which causes K+ to flood into the cell. B) opening Na+ channels which causes Na+ to flood out of the cell. C) opening K+ channels which causes K+ to flood out of the cell. D) opening Na+ channels which causes Na+ to flood into the cell.

C

The cell bodies of motor neurons are located in the ___ A) dorsal root ganglion. B) ventral root ganglion. C) ventral horn of gray matter. D) dorsal horn of gray matter.

C

The cell has the following conditions during the resting potential A) high Na+ inside with high K+ outside waiting for the Na+ channels to open B) high Na+ inside with high K+ outside waiting for the K+ channels to open C) high Na+ outside with high K+ inside waiting for the Na+ channels to open D) high Na+ outside with high K+ inside waiting for the K+ channels to open E) none of the above

C

The conus medullaris is: A) the inner portion of the spinal cord, seen in cross section. B) the attachment of a spinal nerve to the spinal cord. C) the tapering end of the spinal cord inferior to the lumbar enlargement. D) the junction between the medulla and the spinal cord.

C

The resting membrane potential in neurons ranges from: A) +5 to 100 mV B) -25 to -70 mV C) -40 to -90 mV D) -90 to 5 mV E) None of the above

C

The superficial covering over the entire nerve is called: A) Perineurium B) Fascicle C) Epineurium D) Nerve bundle E) Endonureium

C

This has the property of electrical excitability. A) Muscle cells B) Neurons C) Both muscle cells and neurons D) None of the above

C

This neurotransmitter is believed to be involved in inducing sleep within central nervous system. A) norepinephrine B) GABA C) serotonin D) acetylcholine E) dopamine F) Glycine

C

When a nerve fiber has been depolarized, the concentration of ___ A) sodium ions are higher outside and potassium ions are higher inside the membrane. B) sodium and potassium ions are higher on the outside of membrane. C) sodium and potassium ions are higher on the inside of membrane. D) sodium ions are higher inside and potassium ions are higher outside the membrane.

C

When a nerve fiber is at its resting potential (polarized), the concentration of ___ A) Na+ ions is higher on the inside of its membrane and K+ ions is higher on the outside. B) Na+ and K+ ions is higher on the inside of its membrane. C) Na+ ions is higher on the outside of its membrane and K+ ions is higher on the inside. D) Na+ and K+ ions is higher on the outside of its membrane.

C

Where does summation occur? A) In the neuron nucleus B) In the synaptic cleft C) At the trigger zone D) In the neuroplasm E) In the dendrites

C

Which of the following parts of a reflex arc would have a cell body in the dorsal root (ganglion)s? A) Motor neuron B) Integration neuron or interneuron C) Sensory neuron D) Effector E) Sensory receptor

C

*___ channels open as the action potential reaches the synaptic knob causing synaptic vesicles to exocytosis their contents into the synaptic cleft.

Calcium

A pathway called a reflex arc terminates at an effector, which could be: A) skeletal muscle. B) smooth or cardiac muscle. C) gland. D) all of the above.

D

A typical reflex arc involves the following components: 1) sensory neuron, 2) motor neuron, 3) receptor, 4) one or more interneurons, and 5) effector. The correct order is: A) 3, 4, 2, 5 B) 3, 1, 2, 5 C) 3, 4, 1, 2, 5 D) 3, 1, 4, 2, 5

D

Dendrites are processes of a neuron that: A) carry nerve impulses away from the neuron cell body. B) are usually myelinated. C) are usually longer than axons. D) none of the above.

D

If a resting potential becomes less negative, the membrane is said to be ___ A) summating. B) hyperpolarizing. C) repolarizing. D) depolarizing.

D

In order to flex your fingers, what type of impulse will the flexor digitorum superficialis muscle need to receive? A) visceral B) afferent C) sensory D) efferent

D

Lack of sensation in the umbilical region is most likely the result of an injury to: A) the dorsal ramus of T10 B) the ventral ramus of T10 C) the ventral root of T10 D) the dorsal root of T10

D

Nerve fiber refers to: A) Axon B) Dendrites C) Nissl body D) Both axon and dendrites E) All of the above

D

Plasticity means A) Signal transmission at a synapse B) The ability to regenerate C) The ability to stretch without damage D) Capability to change based on experience E) Sending a signal through a converging circuit

D

Select the best description of neurotransmitter molecules: A) accumulates as yellow-brown granules as the cell ages B) usually short and branched C) fine processes at the ends of axons D) stored in synaptic vesicles E) usually myelinated

D

The gray matter of the spinal cord: A) is subdivided into regions called horns. B) is surrounded by white matter. C) contains neuroglia, neuron cell bodies, and unmyelinated axons and dendrites. D) all of the above.

D

The inferior extension of the pia mater that anchors the spinal cord to the coccyx is called the _____. A) denticulate ligament B) cauda equina C) conus medullaris D) filum terminale

D

The meninges are layers of connective tissue that: A) surround the brain and spinal cord. B) cover the spinal nerves up to where they exit through the intervertebral foramina. C) are called, in order from external to internal: dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater. D) all of the above.

D

The peripheral nervous system carries _____ (or sensory) impulses from the _____ to the _____. A) efferent, central nervous system, receptors B) efferent, receptors, central nervous system C) afferent, central nervous system, receptors D) afferent, receptors, central nervous system

D

The peripheral nervous system consists of: A) somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system. B) sensory neurons and motor neurons. C) cranial nerves and spinal nerves. D) all of the above.

D

The simplest reflex arc is a pathway that: A) contains only one neuron. B) consists of a sensory neuron, an interneuron, and a motor neuron. C) consists of a sensory neuron and an interneuron. D) none of the above.

D

These white matter tracts of the spinal cord contain ascending information: A) Motor tracts B) Integration tracts C) Epidural tracts D) Sensory tracts E) Columnar tracts

D

This pathway conveys nerve impulses that originate in the cerebral cortex and are destined to cause precise, voluntary movements of skeletal muscles. A) Reflex arc B) Somatic arc C) Indirect pathway D) Direct pathway E) Muscle spindle

D

What is the best description of the epidural space? A) contains blood vessels that supply oxygen and nutrients to the spinal cord B) between pia mater and spinal cord C) consists of collagen and elastic fiber network; has no blood vessels D) contains a layer of adipose tissue E) between arachnoid mater and pia mater

D

When a depolarizing graded potential makes the membrane depolarize to threshold A) Ligand gated Ca+ channels close rapidly B) Voltage gated Ca+ channels open rapidly C) Ligand gated Na+ channels close rapidly D) Voltage gated Na+ channels open rapidly E) None of the above

D

When compared to unmyelinated axons, myelinated axons: 1) are electrically insulated, 2) are gray in color, 3) have a faster speed of nerve impulse conduction, 4) are more numerous A) 1, 2, 3, 4 B) 1, 2, 4 C) 2, 3, 4 D) 1, 3, 4

D

Which of the following are NOT components of the nervous system? A) brain and cranial nerves B) sensory receptors and ganglia C) spinal cord and spinal nerves D) none of the above.

D

Which of the following is a difference between neurons and cells from other organ systems? A) Neurons have mitochondria. B) Neurons have Golgi apparatuses. C) Neurons have lysosomes. D) Neurons have Nissl bodies.

D

Which of the following is not a function of the nervous system? A) Sensory function B) Integrative function C) Motor function D) are functions of the nervous system

D

___ is the major neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system. A) dopamine B) glycine C) serotonin D) acetylcholine E) norepinephrine F) GABA

D

A depolarizing graded potential A) Is not considered a graded potential B) Is the last part of an action potential C) Is seen when the cell approaches threshold D) Makes the membrane more polarized, moving away from zero E) Makes the membrane less polarized, moving toward zero

E

A postsynaptic neuron may respond to inhibitory and excitatory effects in which of the following ways: A) EPSP B) Nerve impulse C) IPSP D) Both a and c E) All of the above

E

A reflex pathway having only one synapse in the CNS is called A) Visceral reflex B) Somatic reflex C) Polysynaptic reflex arc D) Autonomic reflex arc E) None of the above

E

Denticulate ligaments are thickenings of the ___ . A) Dura mater B) Subdural space C) Interstitial fluid D) Arachnoid mater E) Pia mater

E

During a somatic spinal reflex, when one effector muscle is stimulated and the opposing muscle is inhibited, this type of innervation is called A) Representative B) Reversal C) Relaxed D) Relegated E) Reciprocal

E

From which plexus does the femoral nerve arise? A) cervical B) brachial C) thoracic D) sacral E) lumbar

E

In response to a muscle being overstretched, a muscle spindle generates a somatic spinal reflex that, ultimately, causes what response? A) Contraction of the agonist muscle B) Relaxation of the antagonist muscle C) Contraction of the antagonist muscle D) Relaxation of the agonist muscle E) Both a and b

E

Saltatory conduction A) Occurs through unmyelinated axons B) Happens due to even distribution of voltage gated channels C) Encode only action potentials in response to pain D) Both a and b E) None of the above

E

Select the area innervated by the radial nerve. A) flexors of the wrist B) deltoid muscle C) diaphragm D) skin of superior portion of the chest and shoulder E) extensors of the wrist

E

Select the best description of the Schwann cells: A) surround neurons in peripheral nervous system ganglia B) help maintain the blood-brain barrier C) form myelin sheaths in central nervous system D) form lining of brain ventricles E) form myelin sheaths of peripheral nervous system

E

Select the best description of the microglia: A) form lining of brain ventricles B) help maintain the blood-brain barrier C) phagocytes of peripheral nervous system D) form myelin sheaths in central nervous system E) phagocytes of the central nervous system

E

Select the best description of the oligodendrocytes: A) form lining of brain ventricles B) surround neurons in peripheral nervous system ganglia C) form myelin sheaths of peripheral nervous system D) help maintain the blood-brain barrier E) form myelin sheaths in central nervous system

E

Spinal nerves A) Are part of the PNS B) Connect the CNS to the body C) Are named according to the region of the cord from which they emerge D) Both a and c E) All of the above

E

The stretch and tendon spinal reflexes do NOT provide what function? A) Prevention of damage to muscles B) Maintenance of muscle tone C) Awareness of muscle tension in body D) Prevention of damage to tendons E) Protection of spinal nerves

E

This contains neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons, axon terminals, and neruoglia. A) Astrocytes B) Ependymal cells C) White matter D) Satellite cells E) Gray matter

E

This pathway governs automatic movements and coordinates them with visual stimuli. A) Direct pathway B) Somatic arc C) Reflex arc D) Muscle spindles E) Indirect pathway

E

This type of neuron has one main dendrite and one main axon. A) Purkinje cell B) Renshaw cell C) Unipolar neuron D) Multipolar neuron E) Bipolar neuron

E

What is the best description of the dura mater? A) consists of collagen and elastic fiber network; has no blood vessels B) between pia mater and spinal cord C) contains blood vessels that supply oxygen and nutrients to the spinal cord D) between arachnoid mater and pia mater E) meninx closest to the bone of the vertebral column

E

Which of the following ions is responsible for the exocytosis of the neurotransmitters housed in the synaptic vesicles? A) Cl B) PO4 C) Na+ D) K+ E) Ca+2

E

Which of the following terms describes synapses? A) Axodendritic B) Axosomatic C) Axoaxonic D) None of the above E) All of the above

E

___ blocks enzymatic degradation of norepinephrine in the presynaptic cell elevating mood. A) Prozac and SSRI B) tricyclic antidepressants C) Valium D) curare E) monoamine oxidase inhibitors F) nicotine

E

This neurotransmitter inhibits spinal cord functions. A) norepinephrine B) GABA C) serotonin D) dopamine E) serotonin F) glycine G) acetylcholine

F

___ enhances the receptor binding of GABA decreasing anxiety. A) tryptophan B) curare C) monoamine oxidase inhibitors D) Prozac and SSRI E) tricyclic antidepressants F) Valium

F

All regions of the spinal cord contain lateral, dorsal, and ventral gray horns. T/F

False

An EPSP is when the potassium channels open and potassium diffuses out hypopolarizing the membrane. T/F

False

An EPSP is when the sodium channels open and sodium diffuses in hyperpolarizing the membrane. T/F

False

An IPSP is when the sodium channels open and sodium diffuses in hyperpolarizing the membrane. T/F

False

Astrocytes form the myelin sheaths within the central nervous system. T/F

False

Complete paralysis of the diaphragm occurs if the spinal cord is severed just below the fifth cervical nerve. T/F

False

Gray matter is located only in the brain. T/F

False

Interneurons are links between multipolar neurons in the peripheral nervous system. T/F

False

Most brain tumors are formed from neurons. T/F

False

Motor information is transmitted to the cell body along dendrites. T/F

False

Motor neurons carry impulses from the periphery to the brain or spinal cord. T/F

False

Nerves are cells in the nervous system that transmits a nerve impulse. T/F

False

Neurofibrils are membranous sacs spread throughout the cytoplasm of a neuron. T/F

False

New fibers can form along the degenerating neurilemma in the central nervous system allowing for some tissue regeneration. T/F

False

Sensory information is transmitted to the neuron cell body along the axon. T/F

False

Sensory neurons carry impulses from the brain to the periphery. T/F

False

The choroid plexus is the fluid produced in the lateral ventricle. T/F

False

The dorsal root ganglion contains the cell bodies of motor neurons. T/F

False

The femoral nerve is a branch of the sciatic nerve. T/F

False

The name given to rough endoplasmic reticulum in neurons is lipofuscin granules. T/F

False

The neuroglia cells that are derived from monocytes are called astrocytes. T/F

False

The nodes of Ranvier are the myelin covered portions of the axon. T/F

False

The refractory period requires calcium to complete the movement of ions. T/F

False

The ventral median fissure of the spinal cord is shallower and narrower than the dorsal median sulcus. T/F

False

*___ is the most common neurotransmitter that inhibits the central nervous system functions.

GABA

*___ is the drug that blocks serotonin reuptake in the brain. It is believed that increasing serotonin can help relieve depression.

SSRI

A nerve is a group of fibers in the nervous system that transmits impulses. T/F

True

A neurolemma is a characteristic of cells located in the peripheral nervous system, but not in the central nervous system. T/F

True

A significant difference between neurons and neuroglia is that mature neuroglia can divide; mature neurons cannot. T/F

True

An IPSP is when the potassium channels open and potassium diffuses out hypopolarizing the membrane. T/F

True

Dendrites conduct signals toward the neuron cell body; the axon conducts nerve impulses away from the neuron cell body. T/F

True

Interneurons are links between multipolar neurons in the central nervous system. T/F

True

Lateral extensions of the pia mater, called denticulate ligaments, suspend the spinal cord in the middle of the dural sheath, providing protection against shock and sudden displacement. T/F

True

Most brain tumors are formed from neuroglial cells. T/F

True

Neurons that originate in the central nervous system and that function to carry information to smooth, skeletal, or cardiac muscle are efferent neurons. T/F

True

New fibers can form along the degenerating neurilemma in the peripheral nervous system allowing for some tissue regeneration. T/F

True

Sensory information is transmitted to the neuron cell body along dendrites. T/F

True

Sensory neurons carry information from the periphery to the brain or spinal cord. T/F

True

The afferent portion of the autonomic nervous system carries sensory information from the viscera to the central nervous system. T/F

True

The denticulate ligaments and the filum terminale are both structures that help to anchor the spinal cord and protect it against sudden displacement. T/F

True

The dorsal root ganglion contains the cell bodies of sensory neurons. T/F

True

The efferent portion of the autonomic nervous system consists of sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. T/F

True

The epidural space found between the dura mater and the wall of the vertebral canal contains a protective cushion of fat and connective tissue. T/F

True

The nodes of Ranvier are the non-myelinated portions of the axon. T/F

True

The portion of the plasma membrane of a neuron that surrounds the axoplasm is called the axolemma. T/F

True

The refractory period requires ATP to complete the movement of ions. T/F

True

The vast majority of neurons in the body are interneurons. T/F

True

There are two types of neuroglia that produce myelin sheaths: oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells. T/F

True

Unipolar neurons are always sensory neurons. T/F

True

*Motor neurons that supply skeletal muscles have cell bodies in _____ gray horns of the spinal cord, and their axons exit the cord via a/an _____ root.

anterior, anterior

*The ___ are neuroglial cells that form the blood brain barrier of the CNS.

astrocytes

*A neuron typically consists of three parts: cell body, ___ , and ___ .

axon, dendrites

*A neuron having one axon and one dendrite, such as those located in the retina or inner ear, are classified as ___ neurons.

bipolar

*The two principal divisions of the nervous system are the ___ and ___ nervous systems.

central, peripheral

*The _____ plexus serves the skin and muscles of the head, neck, and superior part of the shoulders and chest.

cervical

*___ is when several presynaptic neurons synapse with a single postsynaptic neuron.

convergence

This neurotransmitter inhibits motor functions at the basal ganglia. A) serotonin B) GABA C) Glycine D) dopamine E) acetylcholine F) norepinephrine

d

*___ is when the sodium channels open causing sodium to flood into the axon.

depolarization

*___ is an endogenous pain inhibitor that binds the opioid receptor and is much stronger than morphine.

enkephalin

*One class of neuroglial cells is found as a single layer of epithelial cells that serve as a lining for fluid-filled spaces in the CNS creating the blood cerebrospinal fluid barrier. These neuroglia are called ___ .

ependymal cells

*___ is an excitatory amino acid that is maybe responsible for half of the synapses in the brain.

glutamate

*The ___ mater of the spinal cord lies next to the white matter of the cord.

pia

*The two main routes for sensory information in the spinal cord are spinothalamic tracts and _____ columns.

posterior

*During repolarization ___ open and this ion floods out of the neuron.

potassium channels

*During the refractory period ___ moves into the neuron and ___ moves out of the neuron.

potassium, sodium

*___ is when sodium is actively pumped out of the neuron while potassium is actively pumped into the neuron.

refractory period

*___ is when the sodium channels close and the potassium channels open causing potassium to flood out of the axon.

repolarization

*___ carry nerve impulses from the periphery to the brain or spinal cord.

sensory neurons

*During depolarization ___ open and this ion floods into the neuron.

sodium channels