LESSON 1: GENERAL CONCEPTS AND STS HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT

GUNPOWDER

aimed to achieve immortality.

Step 1 of Scientific Method

Define the problem (to make it clear/delimited)

BRONZE AGE WRITING SYSTEM

1. Anatolian hieroglyphs 2. Egyptian hieroglyphs 3. Byblos syllabary 4. Cuneiforms

DIRECTIONS OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

A scientific product (principle or a theory), a technic, an artifact or a product can have the following fates: 1. It could be discarded/become useless, useless," or out molded. 2. It could still be in use in the same form or state 3. It could undergo innovation

SCIENCE

A systematized body of knowledge based on facts established through observation, research and experimentation.

CODE OF HAMMURABI

An ancient preserved law code created in 1790 BC in ancient Babylon. It is written by the sixth Babylonian king Hammurabi.

ASTRONOMY

BRONZE AGE INNOVATIONS: Based on evidence from Denmark where a bronze chariot figurine with horses was discovered in 1902 in a peat bog on the Trundholm moor, it likely that sun worshipping would have been key within Bronze Age belief systems.

BOATS

BRONZE AGE INNOVATIONS: By the middle Bronze Age, a new type of innovation had evolved, made of cut oak planks tightly stitched together with yew withies into a watertight keeled hull.

WRITING

BRONZE AGE INNOVATIONS: During the Bronze Age, this was developed, to help manage the increasing population and communities, as spoken instructions and basic symbols became less effective.

WHEELED CARTS

BRONZE AGE INNOVATIONS: The Trundholm Sun Chariot discovered in 1902

NATIVE COPPER

BRONZE AGE MATERIAL USED. Discovered in 1987 on the Great Orme (a prominent limestone headland on the north coast of Wales), is a mine that was used to extract copper until around 600BCE.

King SENNACHERIB

Babylon was completely destroyed in 689 B.C by this king of Assyria.

SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION

Began about 3500 B.C. and prospered until about 2000 B.C.

HAMMURABI

During the reign of this ruler (1792- 1750 BC) the old Babylonian Empire achieved its greatest period, and Babylon, its capital was the commercial and religious center in the Tigris Euphrates valley

Step 3 of Scientific Method

Formulation of the hypothesis (this is an educated guess which serves as a temporary solution to the problem/answer to the problem)

Step 2 of Scientific Method

Gather data (skill to develop getting the pertinent data only the data related to the problem)

BRONZE AGE

Humans made many technological advances during this period, including the first writing systems and the invention of the wheel.

SENSORY OBSERVATIONS

Impressions on the senses (so in doing observations, see to it that the senses involved are in normal conditions)

NEBRA SKY DISC

It is thought that the purpose of this disc was to help determine when to sow grain or harvest crops. At sunset, a point on the disc was aligned with the Brocken, a mountain visible for many miles in the Nebra area.

THE DAWN OF THE FIRST CIVILIZATION

Longest period in the history of civilization but the least we know about.

HANGING GARDEN OF BABYLON

One of their major contributions of babylonian civilization, one of the seven wonders of the ancient world.

CUNEIFORM

SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION INVENTIONS: A set of word pictures depicted in symbols made of triangular marks. The world's first system of writing (3000 BC)

ZIGGURAT

SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION INVENTIONS: Largest structure in the city. A temple to honor the Gods/ Goddesses surrounded by fortified walls for protection against invaders.

SUMERIAN SHIPS

SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION INVENTIONS: Sailing aboard this ship, they brought their goods for sale to lands along the Persian Gulf. The Sumerian civilization was gradually absorbed by the Semitic people who migrated to Mesopotamia from Arabia during the 2300 B C and founded the great empires of Babylonia, Assyria, and Persia.

TEXTILE MANUFACTURING

SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION INVENTIONS: Sumerian mastered the arts of bleaching, dyeing, mixing pigments, and preparing paints, cosmetics and perfumes.

WHEELED VEHICLE

SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION INVENTIONS: built the first known wheeled vehicle made of solid wooden wheels on axles, now regarded as the greatest mechanical invention of all time.

CITY OF URUK

SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION INVENTIONS: considered to be the first true city in the world.

PLOW

SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION INVENTIONS: evolved from being food gatherers to farm cultivator.

ROADS

SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION INVENTIONS: in order to facilitate faster and easier travel

SEXAGESIMAL SYSTEM

SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION INVENTIONS: is a numeral system with sixty as its base. It originated with the ancient Sumerians in the 3rd millennium BC, was passed down to the ancient Babylonians, and is still for measuring time, angles, and geographic coordinates.

SEED PLOW

SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION INVENTIONS: is also a Sumerian invention, a systematized technique of farming.

WHEEL

SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION INVENTIONS: the first wheels were not made for transportation but for farm work and food processes.

IRRIGATION AND DIKES

SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION INVENTIONS: to bring water to farmlands and at the same time control the flooding of the rivers.

SAILBOATS

SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION INVENTIONS: used for transportation.

RELATIONSHIP OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Science provides the theories and principles for technology, while technology provides the mechanics and instruments for a scientific endeavor

ARTIFACTS

Simply means the products of science and technology.

RUSSELL BERTRAND

Source in its beginnings was due to men who were in love with the world. Because they perceived the beauty of the star and the sea, of the winds and mountains — their thoughts dwelt upon them, and they wished to understand them more intimately than a mere outward contemplation made possible.

EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION

Studied the heavens record time, calculate distances/directions.

Step 4 of Scientific Method

Test the hypothesis (through experimentation)

TECHNOLOGY

The application of the product of science which is knowledge for practical purposes to ensure man's survival and to make life more convenient.

LEAD

The metal composition in the later Bronze Age (1000 BC) often included this element which made the Bronze alloy even stronger.

NEBUCHADNEZZAR II

The new or second Babylonian empire reached its greatest magnificence when this king ruled the empire. (604 562 B C) He also ordered the construction of "Hanging garden of Babylon"

SOCIETY

The people in a country or region, their organizations and their way of life.

SOCIETY

The people in general, thought of as an organized group

EGYPTIANS

They were the first to divide day into 24 hours

CRAFTSMEN AND WOMEN

Women - weaving and making perfume ∙ Men - carpentry, metal working, leather working, paper making and boat building.

SCIENTIFIC METHOD

a logical/step by step/systematic way of doing things, answering a question or solving a problem

NEBRA SKY DISC

a small metal chariot (cast in the lost wax method) is carrying an upright metal disc coated with a thin sheet of gold pressed onto one side, which probably represents the sun and the chariot pulling it across the sky.

DOVER BRONZE AGE BOAT

a type of boat about 9.5 metres long with space for at least 18 paddlers, dates from about 1550 BCE.

FERRIBY BOATS

a type of boat dating from between 2020 and 1680 BCE and up to 16m long

AUTHORITIES

are experts in their own fields whom we use as references

JOHN MICHAEL ZIMAN

argued that the changes that science produces must be assessed and the sources of its powers must be questioned.

Paleolithic Age (Old Stone Age)

began around 3000BC and lasted until about 1000 BC

BRONZE AGE

began around 3500 BC and last until around 2500 BC

Neolithic Age (New Stone Age)

began around 9000 B.C and lasted until about 5000 B.C

BRONZE AGE

marked the first time humans started to work with metal. Bronze tools and weapons soon replaced earlier stone versions

BABYLONIAN CIVILIZATION

civilization that emerged near the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers and considered as great builders, engineers, and architects.

SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION

civilization that grew up in the river valley of Tigris and Euphrates.

SILK

connected Far East China to the world.

FIRST CIVILIZATION

emerged independent of one another along fertile river near river valleys in Mesopotamia, Egypt, China and India. ∙ Roam around to search food and to survive ∙ Discovered, learned and developed science and technology ∙ Until they realized that they can live without roaming around in search for food ∙ And they seek answers to their question about the world of nature

PEOPLE OF SUMER

established cities like Nipur , Ur, Umma, Eridu , Kish and Lagash and enriched this civilization.

BRONZE AGE TOOLS

flanged axes, daggers and halberds were invented and later in the middle and late bronze age swords appeared along with developments in axe design, razors, personal adornments in metal and shields.

WATER MILL

for agricultural processes like milling of grains.

Trundholm Sun Chariot

is a small bronze chariot figurine with horses, carrying an upright metal disc coated with gold which probably represents the sun. The horse stands on a bronze rod supported by four wheels; the rod below the horse is connected to the disk, which is supported by two wheels (The six wheels have four spokes).

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE

is one of the most visual contribution of the ancient Roman Empire to the world.

ROMAN NUMERALS

number system specifically addresses the need for a standard counting method.

ALARM CLOCK

one of the most utilized gadgets today.

GREAT WALL OF CHINA

only man-made structure that could be seen from outer space.

INTUITIONS

sudden thoughts or metal flashes which have no scientific bases but can serve as starting points for new investigation

Sumer

the cradle of the world's earliest known civilization, was an ancient region in Southern Mesopotamia

STONE AGE

the earliest known period of human culture, marked by the creation and use of stone tools

ANCIENT SUMERIANS

the first people to enter the Bronze Age.

AGREEMENT WITH OTHERS

this happens in fora, conventions, meetings etc. where experts in the same field to come to agreements and conclusions scientific conclusions etc.)

BOUND BOOKS OR CODEX

used for record keeping

Paper or Papyrus Ink, Hieroglyphics, Cosmetics, Wig, Water Clock/Clepsydra

∙ Ancient Egyptians were particularly clean and groomed. ∙ The hair is kept short ∙ Wearing wigs ∙ They are using different mixture to their hair ∙ Soap are not usually use. ∙ All sexes wore make ups. ∙ All wore jewelry

CHINESE CIVILIZATION

∙ Considered to be the oldest civilization in Asia, if not the world. ∙ Also known as the middle kingdom, China is located on the far east of Asia. ∙ It was famous among other ancient civilizations because of its silk trade.

GREEK CIVILIZATION

∙ Greece is an archipelago in the southeastern part of Europe. ∙ Known as the birthplace of western philosophy, some of the major achievements of the Greeks include in-depth works on philosophy and mathematics. ∙ Coliseums and the Olympics.

STONE AGE

∙ Peking Man ∙ Homo Sapiens ∙ First tool found made of STONE ∙ discovered PERCUSSION METHOD.

ROMAN CIVILIZATION

∙ The Roman Empire was perceived to be the strongest political and social entity in the west. ∙ Considered to be the cradle of politics and governance during the period.

TEA PRODUCTION

∙ beverage produced by pouring hot or boiling water over crushed or shredded dried tea leaves.

TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES

∙ copper and bronze with wooden handles were used in crafts and trades that were shown in various scenes painted on the inside walls of temples and tombs. ∙ Flint Obsidian and Saws were used in cutting tools. ∙ they use chisels and mallets to make hollows. ∙ bow drills (to drill holes in beads) ∙ pottery wheel (pots) ∙ papyrus (paper making, and boat building) ∙ leather workers produced sandals, shields armor, arrow quivers and even furniture's. ∙ ebony and cedars (king and nobles) -ivory, previous stones and metals. ∙ footstools and folding bed (royal tombs)

NEWSPAPER

∙ known as the gazettes, contained announcements of the Roman Empire