lesson 13

newer antipsychotic drugs, which do not create tardive dyskinesia.

atypical antipsychotics example: clozapine (Clozaril) and olanzapine (Zyprexa)

Dialectical behaviour therapy (DBT) is a combined treatment program developed for the treatment of a. schizophrenia. b. borderline personality disorder. c. bipolar disorder. d. panic disorder.

b. borderline personality disorder.

Most successful prevention programs incorporate the principles of a. thought distraction. b. cognitive-behavioural therapy. c. poverty reduction. d. psychodynamic therapy.

b. cognitive-behavioural therapy.

Helen Mayberg was surprised to find that brain images of Area 25 showed in people with severe depression and helped devise a way to treat them with deep brain stimulation. a. reduced activity b. overactivity c. tumours d. reduced blood flow

b. overactivity

Both traditional and atypical antipsychotic drugs work best on the _________ symptoms of schizophrenia, but are generally less effective on the _________ symptoms. (Pick the best pair of words to fill in the blanks.) a. negative; positive b. positive; negative c. cognitive; emotional d. emotional; cognitive

b. positive; negative

What is the safest and best form of treatment for depression? a. Paxil b. prevention c. group therapy d. cognitive therapy

b. prevention

therapies that apply the principles of classical and operant conditioning in the treatment of psychological disorders. This therapy focus on changing behaviour, rather than thoughts, feelings, or motives.

behaviour therapies

For a client showing symptoms of simple phobia and suffering from depression, _______ therapy may be best for treating the phobia

behavioural

a class of anxiety-reducing drugs that mimic the effect of the neurotransmitter GABA. These drugs act by enhancing the effect of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA, producing both calming and sedation.

benzodiazepines

According to the research presented in Figure 16.9, which is more effective in decreasing depression—cognitive therapy (CT) or antidepressant medication (Paxil)? a. CT b. Paxil c. They are equally effective. d. Neither; the MAO inhibitors are best.

c. They are equally effective.

Combining drugs with psychotherapy works well for which of the following disorders? a. depressive disorders b. anxiety disorders c. both a and b d. neither a nor b

c. both a and b

The antidepressant medications known as the SSRIs work by a. inhibiting monoamine oxidase. b. decreasing serotonin levels by inhibiting the reuptake of serotonin into the presynaptic neuron. c. increasing serotonin levels by inhibiting the reuptake of serotonin into the presynaptic neuron. d. reducing the activity of the neurotransmitter glutamate.

c. increasing serotonin levels by inhibiting the reuptake of serotonin into the presynaptic neuron.

Your Aunt Julia has been in treatment for years for schizophrenia. She often has jerky spastic movements, which she tells you are from her medication, not the disorder itself. What side effect is she experiencing? a. intolerance b. reactive dysphoria c. tardive dyskinesia d. insomnia

c. tardive dyskinesia

the process of releasing intense, often unconscious, emotions in a therapeutic setting.

catharsis

a form of humanistic therapy in which the therapist shows unconditional positive regard for the patient. This therapy holds that people have mental health problems because there is a gap between who they are and who they would ideally like to be.

client-centred therapy

any type of psychotherapy that works to restructure maladaptive thought patterns. a treatment method designed to identify and correct distorted thinking patterns that can lead to feelings and behaviours that may be troublesome, self-defeating, or self-destructive

cognitive therapy

Often therapists integrate cognitive techniques for restructuring irrational thoughts with behavioural techniques to shape desirable behaviours in what is known as

cognitive-behavioural therapy

an approach to treating psychological disorders that combines techniques for restructuring irrational thoughts with operant and classical conditioning techniques to shape desirable behaviours. change both thoughts and behaviour

cognitive-behavioural therapy

A therapist administers a new treatment for generalized anxiety disorder, a "scream" therapy where clients are encouraged to make as much noise as possible to release all their pent-up emotional fears. After six weeks of participating in this therapy, he finds that his clients show a reduction in their symptoms of generalized anxiety. He concludes that his treatment is effective in the treatment of GAD. Is the therapist justified in his conclusion? a. Yes—clients showed a clear reduction in symptoms of GAD. b. No—clients' improvement may be explained by regression to the mean. c. No—clients' improvement may be explained by the placebo effect. d. Both b and c explain his results.

d. Both b and c explain his results.

_________ exposure is a form of systematic desensitization that is very effective but has a high drop-out rate. a. Imagined b. Virtual reality c. Twelve-step d. In vivo

d. In vivo

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is still in limited use for people with which disorder? a. schizophrenia b. obsessive-compulsive disorder c. generalized anxiety disorder d. major depressive disorder

d. major depressive disorder

Which of the following methods is widely used for effective treatment of simple phobias? a. flooding (implosion therapy) b. token economies c. client-centred therapy d. systematic desensitization

d. systematic desensitization

unconscious strategies the mind uses to protect itself from anxiety by denying and distorting reality in some way.

defence mechanisms

atypical antipsychotic, clozapine (Clorazil), does appear to be somewhat effective in treating the negative symptoms, but it also has a potentially serious side effect, which is...?

diabetes

treatment that integrates elements of CBT with exercises aimed at developing mindfulness without meditation and is used to treat borderline personality disorder.

dialectical behaviour therapy (DBT)

the finding that most forms of therapy are effective and few significant differences exist in effectiveness among standard therapies.

dodo bird verdict

treatment of last resort for severe depression that involves passing an electrical current through a person's brain in order to induce a seizure.

electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

treatment choices based on empirical evidence that they produce the desired outcome.

evidence-based therapies

therapy that confronts clients with what they fear with the goal of reducing the fear

exposure therapy

an extreme form of in vivo exposure in which the client experiences extreme exposure to the phobic object.

flooding

a psychotherapeutic technique in which the client takes one image or idea from a dream and says whatever comes to mind, regardless of how threatening, disgusting, or troubling it may be.

free association

Freud's TWO major techniques for interpreting dreams in order to uncover their unconscious content were...?

free association and symbols

therapeutic settings in which several people who share a common problem all meet regularly with a therapist to help themselves and one another.

group therapy

José's therapist asks to hear about José's week. José tells him about some difficulty he is having with his wife and how he feels worthless in his marriage. The therapist expresses his empathy and understanding. He tells José he knows what it feels like to feel worthless and how uncomfortable that feeling is. What therapeutic approach is José's therapist taking?

humanistic

an eclectic approach in which the therapist draws on different treatment approaches and uses those that seem most appropriate for the situation.

integrative therapy

a salt that is prescribed for its ability to stabilize the mania associated with bipolar disorder.

lithium

an approach that combines elements of CBT with mindfulness meditation to help people with depression learn to recognize and restructure negative thought patterns. develops skills for approaching thoughts non-judgmentally and enhances people's ability to realize that they are neither bound by their thoughts nor defined by them.

mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT)

a class of drugs used to treat depression; they slow the breakdown of monoamine neurotransmitters in the brain.

monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors

a treatment that uses a combination of light stimulation and genetics to manipulate the activity of individual neurons.

optogenetics

drugs used to treat schizophrenia; they help diminish hallucinations, confusion, agitation, and paranoia but also have adverse side effects.

phenothiazines

mprovement in symptoms as a function of expectations that the treatment is effective, rather than the treatment itself.

placebo effect

a form of psychosurgery in which the connections between the prefrontal cortex and the lower portion of the brain are severed; it is no longer in use.

prefrontal lobotomy

therapy aimed at uncovering unconscious motives that underlie psychological problems. The relationship between therapist and client in this psychotherapy is that of a supportive partnership, in which the therapist listens to the client in a non-judgmental manner.

psychodynamic psychotherapy

types of psychotherapeutic approaches (5)

psychodynamic, humanistic, behavioural, cognitive, and cognitive-behavioural

the use of psychological techniques to modify maladaptive behaviours or thought patterns, or both, and to help patients develop insight into their own behaviour.

psychotherapy

a cognitive therapy developed by Albert Ellis that aims to change emotions, such as guilt and sadness, by challenging the belief system that causes the emotions.

rational-emotive therapy

a statistical phenomenon when extreme scores become less extreme on retesting.

regression to the mean

treatment for severe depression involving exposure of specific brain structures to bursts of high-intensity magnetic fields instead of electricity.

repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)

defence mechanism for keeping unpleasant thoughts, feelings, or impulses out of consciousness.

repression

drugs prescribed primarily for depression and some anxiety disorders that work by making more serotonin available in the synapse.

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

according to Maslow, one of the ultimate psychological needs that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill one's potential

self-actualization

improvement in symptoms over time, naturally, without treatment.

spontaneous remission

repetitive, involuntary movements of the jaw, tongue, face, and mouth and body tremors resulting from the extended use of traditional antipsychotic drugs.

tardive dyskinesia

therapies that make use of technology or the Internet to complement current therapies or make psychotherapeutic techniques available to more people.

technology-based therapies

a behavioural technique in which desirable behaviours are reinforced with a token, such as a small chip or fake coin, which can be exchanged for privileges.

token economies

historically, the first medications used to manage psychotic symptoms.

traditional antipsychotics: phenothiazines and haloperidol

a process in psychotherapy in which the client reacts to a person in a present relationship as though that person were someone from the client's past.

transference For example, a woman whose father was verbally abusive to her might find herself shirking her job responsibilities because she experiences extreme fear when her older male supervisor at work speaks with even a slightly raised voice. The supervisor thinks this is an overreaction, but he does not realize that the woman's response stems from her relating to him as if he were her father.

drugs used for treating depression, as well as in chronic pain management and in the treatment of ADHD.

tricyclic antidepressants

the basic tenet of client-centred therapy; the therapist's genuine liking and empathy for the client, regardless of what he or she has said or done

unconditional positive regard

therapies that use virtual (digital simulation) environments to create therapeutic situations that would be hard to create otherwise.

virtual reality therapies

rational-emotive therapy is approached using the ABC model. What do each letter mean?

A - activating event B - belief system C - emotional consequences For example, a man forgets his mother's birthday and feels profoundly guilty about it. In talking to his therapist, he reveals that the activating event (forgetting the birthday) led him to believe that he is a bad son, which resulted in the emotional consequence of feeling guilty. The therapist could then challenge the belief (he is a bad son) by pointing out that forgetting his mother's birthday is only one event that he could easily remedy with a belated gift. Furthermore, the therapist might point out that he has been kind to his mother in many other ways over his life. By challenging the belief system, the aim is to change the negative emotional consequences.

describe the effects of drugs used to treat schizophrenia (Thorazine, Halodol, Clozaril, Risperdal)

Fatigue, visual impairment, tardive dyskinesia Weight gain, increased risk or diabetes, reduction of white blood cells

_______ _______ therapy is an integrative treatment program for people who have post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

Prolonged exposure therapy

of all the classes of antidepressant, _______ have the fewest adverse side effects, and people seem to tolerate them better for long-term use

SSRIs

a behavioural therapy technique, often used for phobias, in which the therapist pairs relaxation with gradual exposure to a phobic object, generating a hierarchy of increasing contact with the feared object.

Systematic desensitization

T or F Family doctors write more prescriptions for antidepressant and anti-anxiety drugs than psychiatrists

T

teaches people with OCD to use mindful thinking to break out of the rigid pattern of intrusive thoughts that plagues them.

The Four Steps