Lesson 2 Quiz Ch. 2 and 4

Proportion of blood to body weight in an adult males's body

10%

Proportion of water to body weight to be expected in a healthy male adult

60%

Normal pH

7.4

Effect on blood serum when excessive lactic acid accumulates in the body

Bicarbonate ion levels decrease

Phosphate in not a major component in

Blood clotting

Primary control of serum Na+ levels

Aldosterone

Hypercalcemia

Calcium level in your blood is above normal

Common effect of both hypokalemia and hyperkalemia

Cardiac arrythmias

the two ions most important for acid-base balance in the body

Cl- and HCO3-

Result from a deficit of plasma proteins

Decreased osmotic pressure

Common cause of hyponatremia

Excessive sweating

Control center for thirst is located in

Hypothalamus

Decreased circulating blood volume and excess fluid in a body can lead to

Hypovolemia

Strenuous physical exercise on a hot day is likely to result

Hypovolemia

Manifestation of respiratory alkalosis

Increased nervous system irritability

Atrial natriuretic peptide

It is secreted by heart muscle cells, it helps to control water and sodium balance

Direct effect of acidosis are manifested primarily in the functioning of the

Nervous System

Insensible fluid loss refers to water lost through

Perspiration only

Hypokalemia refers to a condition in which the serum has very low level of this ion

Potassium

Acid-base imbalance results from impaired expiration due to emphysema

Respiratory acidosis

Correct sequence of events when ketoacids increase in the blood of a diabetic patient

Serum bicarbonate decreases, serum pH decreases, Respiration increases, PCO2 decreases, urine pH increases, serum pH increases

Buffer systems

Sodium-bicarbonate acid, phosphate, hemoglobin, protein

When the osmotic pressure of the blood is elevated above normal water would shift from

The interstitial compartment into the cells

Hypovolemia

a decreased volume of circulating blood in the body

What is the effect on blood serum when excessive lactic acid accumulates in the body? a. Bicarbonate ion levels decrease b. Bicarbonate ion levels increase c. Carbonic acid levels increase d. pH increases

a. Bicarbonate ion levels decrease

Which of the following causes tetany? Select one: a. Increased permeability of nerve membranes due to low serum calcium b. Excess calcium ions in skeletal muscle due to excess parathyroid hormone (PTH) c. Excess calcium ions inside somatic nerves as a result of neoplasms d. Increased stimulation of the nerves in the cerebral cortex

a. Increased permeability of nerve membranes due to low serum calcium

Which of the following is the primary cation in the extracellular fluid? Select one: a. Sodium b. Potassium c. Calcium d. Iron

a. Sodium

What is the role of nociceptors? They are: Select one: a. pain receptors that are stimulated by thermal, chemical, or physical means. b. spinal nerves that conduct impulses from specific areas of the skin. c. responsible for the state of arousal with pain. d. useful in localizing pain to a specific area of the body.

a. pain receptors that are stimulated by thermal, chemical, or physical means.

Hyperkalemia

abnormally elevated level of potassium in the blood

In the blood and extracellular fluids, hypernatremia refers to

an excess sodium level

Which of the following is the primary control of serum Na+ levels? Select one: a. ADH b. Aldosterone c. Serum H+ levels d. serum K+ levels

b. Aldosterone

Which of the following is a common cause of hyponatremia? a. Loss of the thirst mechanism b. Excessive sweating c. Excessive aldosterone secretion d. Prolonged period of rapid, deep respirations

b. Excessive sweating

Hypocalcemia causes weak cardiac contractions because: Select one: a. permeability of nerve membranes increases. b. insufficient calcium ions are available for muscle contraction. c. low phosphate ion levels prevent muscle contraction. d. excessive amounts of calcium are stored in cardiac muscle.

b. insufficient calcium ions are available for muscle contraction.

Ibuprofen is classified as an NSAID and is particularly useful in treating: Select one: a. severe pain. b. pain caused by inflammation. c. intracranial pain. d. pain in young infants.

b. pain caused by inflammation.

Intractable pain is best defined as: a. pain that is perceived as occurring in an amputated limb. b. severe pain that cannot be controlled by medication. c. pain perceived as coming from a source other than the actual source. d. pain coming from a specific dermatome.

b. severe pain that cannot be controlled by medication.

Three mechanisms that control or compensate for serum pH

buffer pairs in blood, change in kidney excretion rate, change in respiration rate

Choose the correct effect of increased parathyroid hormone a. Increased movement of calcium ions into the bones b. Increased activation of vitamin D c. Increased absorption of calcium from the digestive tract d. Decreased reabsorption of calcium in the kidneys

c. Increased absorption of calcium from the digestive tract

In which structure do pain impulses ascend the spinal cord? Select one: a. Reticular formation b. Corticospinal tract c. Spinothalamic tract d. Relevant dermatome

c. Spinothalamic tract

Which of the following statements is TRUE? a. The brain is more aware of pain impulses when the reticular activating system is depressed. b. Acute pain does not cause a reflex response at the spinal cord synapses. c. Young infants typically respond to pain with tachycardia and increased blood pressure. d. Chronic pain is easier to tolerate without negative effects.

c. Young infants typically respond to pain with tachycardia and increased blood pressure.

In the blood and extracellular fluids, hypernatremia refers to: Select one: a. a deficient sodium level. b. an excess phosphate level. c. an excess sodium level. d. an excessively low phosphate level.

c. an excess sodium level.

When the osmotic pressure of the blood is elevated above normal, water would shift from the: Select one: a. blood into the cells. b. interstitial compartment into the cells. c. interstitial compartment into the blood. d. cells into the interstitial compartment.

c. interstitial compartment into the blood.

Insensible fluid loss refers to water lost through: Select one: a. perspiration only. b. feces only. c. perspiration and expiration. d. urine and feces.

c. perspiration and expiration.

Serum potassium levels are affected by: 1. ADH. 2. aldosterone. 3. serum H+ levels. 4. insulin levels. a. 2 only b. 1, 2 c. 1, 3 d. 2, 3, 4 e. 1, 2, 3

d. 2, 3, 4

Which of the following results from hypocalcemia? 1. Low serum phosphate levels 2. Nausea and constipation 3. Skeletal muscle twitch and spasms 4. Weak cardiac contractions Select one: a. 1, 2 b. 1, 4 c. 2, 3 d. 3, 4

d. 3, 4

Which of the following is a common effect of both hypokalemia and hyperkalemia? Select one: a. Skeletal muscle twitch and cramps b. Oliguria c. Elevated serum pH d. Cardiac arrhythmias

d. Cardiac arrhythmias

What is the term used to describe the degree of pain that is endured before an individual takes action? Select one: a. Pain threshold b. Referred pain c. Phantom pain d. Pain tolerance

d. Pain tolerance

Which of the following is a characteristic of acute pain but not of chronic pain? Select one: a. Depression and debilitation b. A perception of increased generalized pain and discomfort c. Fatigue and lower pain tolerance d. Severe but short term

d. Severe but short term

In patients with impaired expiration associated with emphysema, effective compensation for the acid-base imbalance would be: Select one: a. increased rate and depth of respiration. b. decreased rate and depth of respiration. c. increased urine pH and decreased serum bicarbonate. d. decreased urine pH and increased serum bicarbonate.

d. decreased urine pH and increased serum bicarbonate.

Excess hydrogen ions accumulated in the blood leads serum pH to

decrease

Anxiety attack caused by hyperventilation leading to

decreased PCO2

impaired expiration associated with emphysema, effective acid-base imbalance compensation would be

decreased urine pH and increased serum bicarbonate

Hypokalemia

deficiency of potassium in the bloodstream

Cause of tetany

excess calcium ions in skeletal muscle due to excessive parathyroid hormone

Hypernatremia

excess sodium results form ingestion of large amounts of sodium without proportionate water intake of loss of water faster than loss of sodium

Elevated hematocrit reading could lead to

fluid deficit

Hypervolemia

fluid overload in the blood

factors involved in the increased need for water in infants

higher metabolic rate

a prolonged state of metabolic acidosis often leads to

hyperkalemia

Compensation mechanisms in the body for dehydration include

increased antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

A cause of edema

increased capillary permeability

Effect on the body of abnormally slow respirations

increased carbonic acid

Compensation for respiratory system depression due to anesthesia and sedation

increased secretion of hydrogen ions into the filtrate

Alkalosis increases irritability and spontaneous stimulation of nerves

increasing the permeability of nerve membranes

Hypocalcemia causes weak cardiac contractions

insufficient calcium ions are available for muscle contraction

Slowest but most effective control for acid-base balance

kidneys

Hypocalcemia

loss of calcium or insufficient entry of calcium into the circulation

Prolonged diarrhea results in

loss of fluid and bicarbonate ions, leading to metabolic acidosis

Balance of carbonic acid and bicarbonate ion levels are controlled by

lungs and kidneys

serum pH of 7.33 in a patient with kidney disease indicates

metabolic acidosis

In the initial stage, vomiting results in

metabolic alkalosis

Serum value indicates decompensated metabolic acidosis

pH is below normal range

Cause of metabolic acidosis

prolonged diarrhea

Typical sign of dehydration

rough oral mucous

Hyponatremia

serum sodium concentration below 3.8 to 5 mmol per liter or 135 miliequivalent (mEq)

Results of hypocalcemia

skeletal muscle twitch and spasms, weak cardiac contractions

Primary cation in the extracellular fluid

sodium

Essential to maintain serum pH within normal range

the ratio of carbonic acid to bicarbonate ion must be 1:20

Increased milk and/or antacid intake can contribute to development of "milk-alkali syndrome" which can cause

Hypercalcemia