Lesson 2 review - Positioning

shallow breathing (Orthostatic

)For RAO sternum what breathing technique is used?

To visualize air fluid levels under diaphragm

.Why is a PA chest performed with an acute abdominal series?

mesentery

1 of the double folds that holds the small intestine in place is called the

transpyloric plane and transtubercular plane

2 transverse and horizontal planes that divide the abdomen into 9 regions

Right and Left lateral planes

2 vertical planes that divide the abdomen into 9 regions

nasopharynx, laryngopharynx, oropharynx

3 divisions of the structure located proximally to the larynx that serve as a common passageway for both food and air

ascending, descending, and arch

3 parts of the aorta are the:

ascending, transverse, descending and sigmoid

4 forms of mesocolon

pharynx trachea bronchi lungs

4 general divisions of the respiratory system

peritoneum mesentery omentum mesocolon

4 terms that describe the anatomy of the abdominal cavity

yes

A PA and lateral chest radiographic study has been completed. The PA projection reveals the right costophrenic angle was collimated off, but both angles are included on the lateral projection. Would you repeat the PA projection?

2nd inspiration

A PA chest projection is taken on which inspiration or expiration?

peritoneum

A large serious, double-walled, saclike membrane. Surface area is almost equal to the surface area of the skin that covers the body

2nd inspiration

A lateral chest projection is taken on which inspiration or expiration?

NO

A lateral chest radiograph reveals that the posterior ribs and costophrenic angles are separated by approximately 1/2 inch. Should the technologist repeat the projection?

hyposthenic

A narrow thorax that is shallow from the front to back but very long in the vertical dimension is characteristic of a ____ body habitus

since the heart could be on the opposite side, make sure to use the correct anatomic markers

A patient comes to the radiology dept for a presurgical chest exam. The clinical history indicates a possible situs inversus of the thorax. Which position step or action must be taken to perform a successful chest examination?

right lateral decubitus; with hemothorax the side of interest should be down.

A patient enters the ER with a possible hemothorax in the right lung caused by a MVA. The pt is unable to stand or sit erect. Which specific projection would best demonstrate this condition and why?

PA projection with inspiration and expiration or lateral decubitus AP with affected side up

A patient has a possible small pneumothorax. Routine chest projections fail to reveal the pneumothorax conclusively. Which additionally projections could be taken to rule out this condition?

Erect PA and lateral

A patient with a history of pleurisy comes into the Rad Dept. Which one of the following radiographic series should be performed? Soft tissue lateral of the upper airway Right and left lateral decubitus Erect PA and lateral CT scan of the chest

the CR needs to be centered higher. To T7

A radiograph of a PA projection of the chest reveals the top of the apices are cut off and wide collimation border can be seen below the diaphragm. In what way can this be corrected during the repeat radiograph?

rotation to the right

A radiograph of a PA view of the chest reveals the sternoclavicular joints are not the same distance from the spine. The right SC joint is closer to the midline than the left SC joint. What is the positioning error?

Determine which hemidiaphragm is more posterior and anterior

A radiograph of a lateral projection of the chest reveals the posterior ribs and costophrenic angles are separated more than 1/2 inch, or 1 cm, indicating excessive rotation. Describe a possible method determining the direction of rotation?

lesser sac

A smaller portion of the upper posterior peritoneal cavity located posterior to the stomach is called

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

A sudden blockage of an artery in the lung is called

upper airway PA and lateral

A young child enters the ER with a possible foreign body in one of the bronchi of the lung. The foreign body, a peanut, cannot be seen on the PA and lateral projections of the chest. Which additional projections could the technologist perform to locate the foreign body?

Ana - 70-80; dig 80-90 40 in (72 can be used to reduce magnification) 14 x 17 crosswise or 11 x 14 lengthwise

AP Projection of posterior ribs BELOW the diaphragm kV SID IR

Analog - 65-75; digital 75-85 40 in (72 can be used to reduce magnification) 14 x 17 crosswise or 11 x 14 lengthwise

AP projection of posterior rib ABOVE diaphragm kV SID IR

ascites

Abnormal accumulation of this serous fluid is a condition called

15-18 (4.5-5.5 cm)feet

About how long is the small intestine?

liver, gallbladder and pancreas

Accessory organs of the digestive system

hemothorax

Accumulation of fluid in the plural cavity (pleural effusion) creates a condition called a ____

pneumothorax

Air or gas that enters the space identified in the pleural cavity results in a condition called

Crohns disease

Also know as regional enteritis, a chronic inflammation of the intestinal wall that results in bowel obstruction

engorgement, hyperemia

An erect chest PA radiograph aids the patient to achieve full inspiration and helps to prevent _____ and ______ of the pulmonary vessels

The positioning error in this radiograph is that the clavicles are still superimposed over the region of the pulmonary apices.

Are there any positioning errors on this radiograph?

increases

As the diaphragm moves downward, it _____ the volume of the thoracic cavity

decreases

As the diaphragm moves upward, it _____ the volume of the thoracic cavity

1. patient positioned PA rather than AP 2. Left lateral rather than Right unless trauma or pathology indicates or physician orders a Right 3. 72 inch SID

Chest imaging- 3 criteria to reduce magnification of the heart

So that the viewer is seeing the image as the xray tube did (so for Left Lateral chest the image would be put up how the xray tube saw them)

Common method of placing lateral position radiographs on the view box?

Hemothorax

Condition in which blood fills the potential space between the layers of pleura is called

Atelectasis

Condition rather than disease, in which collapse of all or a portion of the lung occurs as the result of obstruction of the bronchus or puncture or "blowout" of an air passageway

pleura

Delicate, double walled sac or membrane containing the lungs is called the

Duodenum

Ducts from the liver, gallbladder and pancreas drain into the ____

lower rectum urinary bladder reproductive organs male - closed sac female - open sac (uterus, tubes, and ovaries)

Examples of infraperitoneal organs

The liver takes up space on the right

Explain why the right lung is smaller than the left lung and the right hemidiaphragm is positioned higher than the left hemidiaphragm

8-12

False ribs are

11-12

Floating ribs are

hold on inspiration

For a R or L lateral sternum what breathing technique is used?

Upright, because the measurement is larger as body expands. The body flattens out and is thinner when lying down

For an Abdomen which requires more technique upright or supine?

hold on inspiration

For an Above Diaphragm PA projection of anterior ribs, what breathing technique is used?

left, 60

For certain studies of the heart, the _____ (right or left) anterior oblique requires a rotation of _____ degrees.

110-125 72 in 14x17 lengthwise or crosswise

For chest xrays, what are these set at: kV SID Image Receptor

so that the patients right is to the viewers left (or patients left to the viewers right... same thing just different wording)

How are CT and MRI radiographs normally hung on the view box?

as projected by the xray beam into the IR

How are projections of the upper and lower limbs hung on the view box?

With the patients right to the viewers left (or patients left to the viewers right... same thing just different wording)

How do you hang PA or AP Oblique radiographs?

As the tube sees them, placed crosswise on the view box with the upside of the patient also on the upper part of the view box (pg 35, fig 1-114)

How do you hang debuitus chest and abdomen projection?

Digits up

How do you hang radiographs of the hands and feet?

patient will lye on their right side (for right lateral; left side for left lateral) Pt's chin extended and both arms raised above head. BK of patient firmly against the IR and knees flexed slightly.

How do you position a patient for a lateral decubitus position AP chest?

IR should be centered with the center of the thorax. CR centered to T7.

How is the IR and CR positioned for a lateral decubitus AP chest projection?

1.1 cm in diameter and 5 cm long

How long and wide is the left bronchus?

45 degrees

How much do you rotate a patient for a chest oblique

lungs are under-inspired. Should have at least 10 ribs visible above the diaphragm; This can be avoided by initiating exposure following the second inspiration by the patient.

Identify any positioning errors and what could be changed to correct them

1. Thyroid Cartilage 2. Larynx 3. sternum 4. scapulae 5. clavicle

Identify correct anatomic terms for the following structures: 1. Adams apple 2. Voice box 3. Breastbone 4. Shoulder blade 5. Collar bone

PA chest

If a patient is put in the following position what chest projection would be performed? Patient erect, feet spread slightly, chin lifted and resting against IR, Hands on outer hips with palms out, shoulders rotated forward; Midsagittal plane aligned with CR with midline of IR equal margins between lateral thorax and sides of IR; Midcoronal plane parallel to IR (no rotation if parallel); CR is centered to T7 and the center of the IR is centered to T7;

Right bronchus - because it has a larger diameter

If a person accidentally inhales a food particle which bronchus is it most likely to enter and why?

PA and LAO

If the patient has an injury to the Right anterior ribs, what projection is done?

PA and RAO

If the patient has an injury to the left anterior ribs, what projection is done?

AP and LPO

If the patient has an injury to the left posterior ribs, what projection is done?

AP and RPO

If the patient has an injury to the right posterior ribs, what projection is done?

adynamic (without force or power)

Ileus-nonmechanical bowel obstruction is categorized as

Bronchiectasis

Irreversible dilation or widening of bronchi or bronchioles that may result form repeated pulmonary infections or obstructions

Xiphoid Process

Landmark at lvl T9-10 that approximates the superior anterior portion of the diaphragm, which is also the superior margin of the abdomen

inferior costal rib margin

Landmark located at L2-3 that is used to locate the upper abdominal organs such as the gallbladder and stomach

iliac crest

Landmark located at L4-L5 that corresponds to the level of the mid-abdomen and is the most commonly used abdominal landmark

Symphysis Pubis

Landmark that corresponds to the inferior margin of the abdomen

Anterior Superior Iliac Spine

Landmark that is anteriorly and inferiorly to the iliac crest. Used for position of pelvic and vertebral structures

80-90 40 14x17

Lateral position: abdomen kV SID IR

thymus gland, trachea, heart and great vessels, and esophagus

List 4 important structures located in the mediastinum

base

Lower concave portion of the lungs

remain the same

Manual exposure factors for a patient with a large pneumothorax should:

10

Minimum # of ribs that should be demonstrated on an above the diaphragm PA

1. true ribs 2. false ribs 3. floating ribs

Name 1, 2 and 3

1. CR at iliac crest 2. Bottom margin of IR at symphysis

Name 2 ways to assure that the symphysis is on the image

ileus, ascites, perforated intestine, post-op, intrabdominal mass

Name 5 indicator for an A.A.S (acute abdominal series)

superior and inferior

Name the 2 lobes of the left lung

1. Right hypochondriac 2. Epigastric 3. Left hypochondriac 4. Right lateral (lumbar) 5. umbilical 6. Left lateral (lumbar) 7. Right inguinal (iliac) 8. Pubic (hypogastric) 9. Left inguinal (iliac)

Name the Abdominal regions

Greater Trochanter

Not a precise landmark but the prominence is about the same level as the superior border of the symphysis pubis

cystic fibrosis

One of the most common inherited diseases

All of the above

Optimal technical factor selection ensures proper penetration of the: Heart great vessels lung regions hilar region All of the above

Infraperitoneal organs

Organs located under or beneath the peritoneum are called

parietal pleura

Outer layer of the pleura membrane adhering to the inner surface of the chest wall and diaphragm is the

LPO and RAO

PA and left lateral projections demonstrate a suspicious region in the left lung. The radiologist orders an oblique projection that will best demonstrate the left lung. Which specific oblique projections will best elongate the left lung?

Ana - 65-70; dig 70-80 40 in (72 if doing bilateral ribs to reduce magnification) 14 x 17 crosswise and 11 x 14 lengthwise

PA projection of anterior ribs ABOVE diaphragm kV SID IR

Ana - 65-75; dig 75-85 40 (72 if doing bilateral) 14 x 17 or 11 x 14 lengthwise

Posterior/Anterior oblique position: Axillary ribs Above the diaphragm kV SID IR

Ana -70-80; dig 80-90 40 (72 if doing bilateral) 14 x 17 or 11 x 14 lengthwise

Posterior/Anterior oblique position: Axillary ribs Below the diaphragm kV SID IR

pleural cavity

Potential space between the visceral and parietal pleura is called

bony thorax

Provides the protective framework for the parts of the chest involved with breathing and blood circulation

Analog - 65-75; digital 70-80 40 10 x 12 lengthwise

RAO position: sternum kV SID IR

bony thorax, respiratory system proper, and mediastinum

Radiographic anatomy of the chest is divided into what 3 sections

analog - 70-75; digital 75-80 40 10 x 12 or 11 x 14 lengthwise

Right or left lateral sternum kV SID IR

Posterior ribs (AP) or Anterior ribs (PA) unilateral rib study Axillary ribs (Anterior or posterior obliques) PA chest

Routine AP projection: posterior ribs above and below diaphragm

PA chest KUB AP erect

Routine abdominal xrays for an acute abdominal series

PA Left Lateral

Routine chest xrays

RAO Left Lateral

Routine sternum xrays

72

SID for Anterior ribs: PA above and oblique

40

SID for RAO of the sternum

40

SID for all abdomen xrays: KUB, erect abd, decubitus

72

SID for all chest xrays:

72

SID for lateral sternum

40

SID for posterior ribs: AP and oblique

bronchioles

Secondary bronchi continue to subdivide into smaller branches called

vocal cords

Sound are made as air passes between the _____ located within the larynx

alveoli

Term for the small air sacs located in the distal ends of the bronchioles

parietal, visceral

The 2 layered peritoneum that adheres to the cavity wall is called the ______, whereas the portion that covers an organ is called ____.

inferior margin of the abdomen

The Symphysis pubis corresponds to the

hyoid

The ____ bone is seen in the anterior portion of the neck and is found just below the tongue or floor of the mouth

greater omentum

The ____ connects the transverse colon to the greater curvature of the stomach inferiorly.

lesser omentum

The ____ extends superiorly from the lesser curvature of the stomach to portions of the liver

pancreas

The ____ is part of the endocrine secretion system and the exocrine secretion system

greater omentum

The _____ drapes down over the small bowel then folds back on itself to form an apron along the anterior abdominal wall

laryngeal prominence

The anterior projection of the thyroid cartilage is palpated easily and is known as the ____

hilum

The area of each lung where the bronchi and blood vessels enter and leave is called the

right colic flexure

The ascending colon joins the transverse colon at the

sternum, 12 pairs of ribs and thoracic vertebra

The bony thorax consists of

T5

The carina is approximately at the level of the ______ vertebra

Dynamic (with power or force) or mechanical bowel obstruction

The complete or nearly complete blockage of the flow of intestinal contents

ileum

The distal portion of the small intestines

downward to the stomach, posterior to the larynx and trachea

The esophagus begins at the distal end of the laryngopharynx and continues ______

posterior

The esophagus is ____ to the heart

percardial sac

The heart is enclosed in a double walled membrane called the ____

L4-5

The iliac crest corresponds to

L2-3

The inferior costal rib angle corresponds with

pulmonary or visceral pleura

The inner layer of the pleura adhering to the surface of the lungs

T2-3

The jugular notch corresponds with

thyroid cartilage

The largest and least mobile of the cartilages in the larynx is

above, postieror

The laryngopharynx lies ____ and ____ to the larynx and extends form the upper border of the epiglottis

2

The left lung contains how many lobes?

omentum bursa

The lesser sac has a special name called the ____

ileocecal valve

The orifice between the distial ileum and the cecum portion of the large intestine is the

greater sac

The peritoneal cavity is commonly refered to as the

visceral and parietal peritoneum

The peritoneum is broken into what 2 groups

mesocolon

The peritoneum that attaches the colon to the posterior abdominal wall

larynx

The respiratory system begins with what structure?

3

The right lung contains how many lobes?

T4-5

The sternal angle corresponds with

vertebra prominens

The term for the 7th cervical vertebrae is

vertical, transverse and anterposterior diamter

The thoracic cavity increases in diameter in which 3 ways?

anteriorly

The trachea is located _____ to the esophagus

anterior

The trachea is located just _____ to the esophagus

left colic flexure

The transverse colon joins the descending colon at the

C7

The vertebra prominens corresponds to

T9-10

The xiphoid tip corresponds with

1-7

True ribs are

False

True/False: A grid is not recommended for a LPO projection of the adult chest

true

True/False: Chest radiography is the most commonly repeated radiographic procedure because of poor positioning or exposure factor selection errors

False

True/False: Generally, you do not need to use radiographic grids for adult patients for PA or lateral chest radiographs

false

True/False: In general, for an average patient more collimation should be visible on the lower margin of the chest image than on the top for a PA or lateral chest projection

True

True/False: Single-photon emission computer tomography (SPECT) is frequently used to diagnose myocardial infarctions

false

True/False: Ultrasound is not an effective modality to detect pleural effusion

True

True/False: With most digital chest units, the question of IR placement into either vertical or crosswise positions is eliminated because of the larger IR

False

True/False: echocardiography and electrocardiography are basically the same procedure

Volvulus

Twisting of a loop of intestine, which creates an obstruction.

kidneys ureters adrenal glands pancreas c-loop of duodenum ascending and descending colon upper rectum major abdominal blood vessels (aorta and inferior vena cava)

What are some examples of retroperitoneal organs?

the diaphragm is allowed to move further down Air and fluid levels in the chest may be visualized Engorgement and hyperemia of pulmonary vessels may be pervented

What are the 3 reasons all chest radiographs should be taken erect

70-80 40 14 X 17

What are the following for all abdominal procedures (except lateral abdomen): kV SID IR

right axillary ribs

What area of interest is demonstrated in an LAO?

left axillary ribs

What area of interest is demonstrated in an RAO?

left axillary ribs

What area of interest is demonstrated in an above diaphragm LPO of the ribs?

right axillary ribs

What area of interest is demonstrated in an above diaphragm RPO of the ribs?

hypersthenic

What body habitus is associated with a broad and deep thorax

Asthenic

What body habitus is this?

hypersthenic

What body habitus is this?

hyposthenic

What body habitus is this?

sthenic

What body habitus is this?

AP lordotic

What chest projection is recommended to detect calcifications or cavitations within the upper lung region near the clavicles

thyroid, thymus and parathyroid

What glands are located near the respiration system?

Ischial tuberosity

What is 1 ½ below the symphysis pubis?

Air bronchogram

What is a common radiographic sign seen on a chest radiograph for a patient with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS)?

with the patient facing the viewer. ( This always places the patients right to the viewers left)

What is the acceptable way to hang most radiographs?

37 degrees

What is the angulation of the left bronchus?

RAO

What is the opposite of LPO

LAO

What is the opposite of RPO

2.3 cm long and 1.3 cm in diameter

What is the width and length of the right bronchus?

Greater Trochanter

What landmark is 1 ½ above the symphysis?

uvula

What marks the boundary between the nasopharynx and the oropharynx?

outline of liver, spleen, kidneys, and air-filled stomach and bowel segments and the arch of the symphysis pubis for the urinary bladder area

What must be visualized in a KUB?

sternum is visualized, superimposed at heart shadow

What must be visualized in a RAO sternum?

both lungs from apex to base; costaphrenic angles; air filled trachea; heart, hilum region, lung markings, bony thorax, great vessels

What must be visualized in a chest xray?

diaphragm and as much of lower abdomen as possible should be included. Air filled loops of bowel in abdomen with soft tissue detail should be visible in anterior abdomen and in prevertebral region

What must be visualized in a dorsal decubitus abdomen?

air filled stomach and loops of bowel and air fluid levels where present. Should include bilateral diaphragm and as much of the lower abdomen as possible.

What must be visualized in a erect AP abdomen?

diaphragm and as much of lower abdomen as possible should be included. Air filled loops of bowel in abdomen with soft tissue detail should be visible in anterior abdomen and in prevertebral region

What must be visualized in a lateral abdomen?

Entire sternum with minimal overlap of soft tissues

What must be visualized in a lateral sternum?

air filled stomach and loops of bowel and air fluid levels where present. should include bilateral diaphragm

What must be visualized in a left lateral decubitus of the abdomen?

outline of liver, spleen, kidneys, and air-filled stomach and bowel segments and the arch of the symphysis pubis for the urinary bladder area

What must be visualized in a prone PA abdomen?

above diaphragm: 1-10 ribs should be visualized below diaphragm: 9-12 ribs should be visulaized

What must be visualized in an AP projection of the posterior ribs?

RIbs 1-10 visualized above the diaphragm

What must be visualized in an PA projection of the anterior ribs (above)?

ribs 1-10 should be included and seen above the diaphragm

What must be visualized in an oblique of the ribs above?

ribs 9-12 should be included and seen below the diaphragm; the axillary portion of the ribs under examination is projected without self super-imposition

What must be visualized in an oblique of the ribs below?

pharynx

What passage must air pass through before entering the respirator system?

Right Posterior Oblique

What position occurs when the patient is erect, rotated 45 degree with the back of the right shoulder against the IR. Right arm raised and resting on the head and left arm is on the hip with palm out?

Left Anterior Oblique

What position will occur if a patient is standing erect facing the IR and rotated 45 degrees with their left shoulder against the IR. Pt's Right arm is raised up and hand is resting on head or wall receptor for support.

the PA chest projection is rotated with the left thorax closer to the IR. (look at distance between sternoclavicular joints and sternum); can be avoided by making sure there is NO rotation: patient's chest is firmly against the image receptor with the back of the hands on the hips and the shoulders rolled forward.

What positioning problems are there with this radiograph and how can you correct them?

Ap Lordotic Projection

What projection will take place if a patient is standing about 1 foot away from the IR and leaning back with shoulders, neck and the back of the head against the IR. Both hands are on hips, palms out and shoulders are rolled forward

RLQ

What quadrant are the following organs located in? Ascending colon Appendix cecum 2/3 of ileum ileocecal valve

LLQ

What quadrant are the following organs located in? Descending colon Sigmoid colon 2/3 of jejunum

RUQ

What quadrant are the following organs located in? Liver Gallbladder Right Colic Flexure Duodenum Head of pancreas Right kidney Right adrenal gland

LUQ

What quadrant are the following organs located in? Spleen stomach Left Colic Flexure Tail of pancreas Left kidney Left adrenal gland

70-80 kv, short exposure time

What set of exposure factors is recommended for a chest examination of a young pediatric patient?

Aspiration

When a foreign object is swallowed into the air passages

hold on inspiration

When doing an oblique position of the axillary ribs above the diaphragm what breathing technique is used?

hold on expiration

When doing an oblique position of the axillary ribs below the diaphragm what breathing technique is used?

transverse to iliac crest and midsagittal to middle of table and IR

When imaging the abdomen what plane is used to correctly position a patient for a KUB?

above

When imagining ribs which requires more technique below or above the diaphragm?

center of sternum

Where is the CR for a lateral sternum xray

Almost at your armpits. It is because you need the diaphragm at the top to check for any air that has lifted up

Where is the upper margin of the IR placed for an erect ABD and why?

The exposure was taken on suspended respiration The kV was between 60 and 70

Which is (are) true concerning this PA projection of the sternoclavicular joints: The midcoronal plane is parallel to the CR The exposure was taken on suspended respiration The kV used was between 60 and 70

left bronchus

Which is more horizontal the left or right bronchus?

psoas major

Which muscles are located on either side of the lumbar vertebral column and seen on abdominal xrays?

Tuberculosis

Which one of the following is NOT a form of occupational lung disease? Asbestosis Silicosis Anthracosis Tuberculosis

epiglottis

Which one of the following structures is NOT found in the mediastinum? Thymus gland Heart and great vessels epiglottis trachea

Duodenum

Which portion of the small intestine is the shortest and widest?

Duodenum

Which portion of the small intestines is about 10 inches (25 cm) long?

left lateral decubitus

Which specific position would be used if a patient were unable to stand but the physician suspected the patient had fluid in the left lung?

trachea

Which structure has 20 C-shaped rings of cartilage that are embedded in its walls

to remove the scapulae from lung fields

Why are the shoulders pressed downward and toward the IR for a PA projection of the chest?

Because the thoracic spine is much denser, it is almost impossible to see the sternum in a true AP or PA projection

Why do we not perform a PA of the sternum?

to visualize free intraperitoneal air in the area of the liver.

Why is a left lateral decubitus of the abdomen performed?

It better demonstrates the heart region

Why should a left lateral be performed unless departmental protocol indicates otherwise?

Thoracic viscera

____ is the terms used to describe parts of the chest consisting of the lungs and the remaining thoracic organs contained in the mediastinum.

tuberculosis

a contagious disease caused by air born bacteria

silicosis

a form of occupational lung disease

cricoid cartilage

a ring of cartilage that forms the inferior and posterior wall of the larynx

pneumothorax

accumulation of air in the pleural cavity

empyema

accumulation of pus in the pulmonary cavity

bronchitis

acute or chronic irritation of bronchi

hilum

central area in which bronchi and blood vessels enter the lungs

Ulcerative colitis

chronic disease involving inflammation of the colon that occurs primarily in young adults and most frequently involves the rectosigmoid region

atelectasis

collapse of all or portion of lung

pneumothorax

condition characterized by free air entering the pleural cavity?

pulmonary edema

condition most frequently associated with congestive heart failure

thyroid cartilage

consists of 2 fused plate like structures that form the anterior wall of the larynx

diaphragm

dome shaped structure, primary muscle of inspiration

mesentery

double fold of peritoneum that extends anteriorly from the posterior abdominal wall to envelop completely a loop of small bowel.

liver gallbladder spleen stomach jejunum ileum cecum transverse colon sigmoid colon

examples of intraperitoneal organs

toxic megacolon

extreme dilation of a segment of colon with potential perforation into the peritoneal cavity. Barium enema is strongly contraindicated with symptoms

costophrenic angle

extreme, outermost lower corner of the lung

trachea

fibrous muscular tube about 3/4 inch in diameter and 4 1/2 inches long

pneumoperitoneum

free air or gas in the peritoneal cavity

25 degrees

how much is the right bronchus angled?

Pt's left shoulder is touching the wall receptor, arms crossed above head or holding onto arm support braces, chin is up.(For wheel chair remove arm rests and place support block behind patient back. CR and IR are level with T7

if a patient cannot stand or is in a wheel chair how to you position them for a Lateral chest projection?

pleurisy

inflammation of pleura

emphysema

irreversible and chronic lung disease in which air spaces in the alveoli become greatly enlarged

bronchiectasis

irreversible dilatation of bronchioles

65-75 (analog) 75-85 (digital)

kV for Anterior oblique above the ribs

70-80 (analog and digital)

kV for KUB, prone PA, Lat decubitus, erect AP, and dorsal decubitus

70-80 (analog) 80-90 (digital)

kV for Posterior ribs: AP below

65-75 (analog) 70-80 (digital)

kV for RAO sternum:

110-125 (analog and digital)

kV for all chest xrays:

65-70 (analog) 70-80 (digital)

kV for anterior ribs: PA above

80-90 (analog and digital)

kV for lateral abdomen

70-75 (analog) 75-80 (digital)

kV for lateral sternum

Ischial tuberosity

landmark used to determine the lower margin on a PA abdomen with the patient in a prone position. Lower margin is about 1-4 cm (1 1/2 inch) below or distal to the symphysis pubis

uvula

lower posterior aspect of the soft palate

fibrous adhesions

most common cause of dynamic/mechanically based bowel obstructions

COPD

most common form of emphysema

appendix ascending colon cecum

name a few organs of the RLQ

descending colon and sigmoid colon

name some of the anatomy in the LLQ

superior, middle and inferior

name the 3 lobes of the right lung

oral cavity pharynx esophagus stomach small intestine large intestine

name the 6 organs of the digestive system

spleen stomach left kidney

name the major organs in the LUQ

liver gallbladder right kidney Duodenum

name the major organs in the RUQ

intraperitoneal organs

organs within the abdominal cavity that are partially or completely covered by peritoneum

spleen

partially visible organ in the LUQ and is part of the lymphatic system

gallbladder

pear-shaped sac located below the liver

cecum

portion of the large intestine below the ileocecal valve is the

carina

prominent ridge where the bronchus divide into the right and left bronchi is?

neoplasm

refers to a new growth or tumor. May be benign or malignant

omentum

refers to a specific type of double-fold peritoneum that extends from the stomach to another organ.

posterior ribs (AP) or anterior ribs (PA) axillary ribs (oblique) PA chest

routine posterior/anterior oblique positions: axillary ribs: above or below diaphragm

dyspnea

shortness of breath

peritoneal cavity

space or cavity between the parietal and visceral portions of the peritoneaum

Retroperitoneal organs

structures "behind" or posterior to the abdominal wall

Intussusception

telescoping of a section of bowel

thymus gland

the _____ gland is located just inferior to the thyroid gland

hemidiaphragm

the diaphragm is broken into what two parts?

laryngopharynx

the larynx and below

oropharynx

the mouth

nasopharynx

the nose above

jejunum

the two-fifths of the small intestine following the duodenum

apex

upper, rounded portion above the level of the clavicles

vertebra prominens and jugular notch

what 2 landmarks are used for chest positioning

RAO and Lateral

what are the basic positions of the sternum?

plueral effusion

what is the name of the condition characterized by fluid entering the pleural cavity?

hard and soft palate

what makes up the oral cavity

The positioning error in this radiograph is that the chest is rotated, evident by a lack of superimposition of the posterior ribs.

what positioning errors are on this radiograph?

Left Lateral Chest

what projection is being taken if a patient has their left side to the wall receptor, left shoulder touching and hand raised above the head, feet spread slightly and chin lifted Midsagittal plane is parallel to the IR and midcoronal is perpendicular to the IR; CR is perpendicular and directed to T7

Supine or semi-erect AP chest

what projection is being taken if a patient is supine on a cart (or bedside) and the head end of the cart is raised into a semi-erect position, shoulders are forward by rotating arms medially or internally; IR is placed under or behind the patient. The IR and CR are centered and the top of the IR is approximately 1-1/2 inches above the shoulders. CR is level with T7 and angled caudad to be perpendicular to the long axis of sternum.

distal end of the laryngopharynx

where does the esophagus begin?

RAO

which anterior oblique position would best demonstrate the left lung: RAO or LAO?

emphysema

which of the following is not a form of occupational lung disease: Anthracosis emphysema silicosis asbestosis

hyposthenic and ashtenic

which one of the following types of body habitus may cause the costophrenic angles to be cut off if careful vertical collimation is not used?

LPO

which posterior oblique position would best demonstrate the left lung: RPO or LPO?

right lateral decubitus

which specific position would be used if the patient was unable to stand but the physician suspected the patient had free air in the left pleural cavity?

heart is closer to the IR so less magnification occurs

why is a PA chest preferred to an AP projection?

remain the same

would manual exposure factors be increased, decreased or remain the same lung neoplasm large pneumothorax pulmonary emboli primary tuberculosis advanced asbestosis

decreased

would manual exposure factors be increased, decreased or remain the same: advanced emphysema

increase

would manual exposure factors be increased, decreased or remain the same: left lung atelectasis severe pulmonary edema respiratory distress syndrome or Adult respiratory distress syndrome Secondary tuberculosis