Level 2

(3) What life forms are viruses able to infect?

All life forms

(9) A molecule that induces a specific immune response is known as what?

Antigen

(8) What are the risks and the benefits of fever?

Benefits - Decrease infectious pathogen survival - Resetting of normal body temp Adverse - Risk of seizure activity - febrile - specific to peds - Malaise, irritability, delirium, hallucinations - Insensible fluid loss and dehydration No brain damage until 106, dead at 110

What is the difference between an infection and an autoimmune disorder?

Foreign cells that may activate an immune response cause infections. Whereas autoimmune diseases are caused by the cells own cytotoxic T cells killing off own cells

(2) Which specific (adaptive) defense mechanism defends primarily against antigens in body fluids?

Humoral immune response (Plasma B Cells)

List examples of infections and autoimmune disorders.

Infections: malaria, flu, tuberculosis, bubonic plague. Autoimmune (cytoxic t-cells killing): Type 1 diabetes, multiple sclerosis, ahritis

(5) What is the role of the stomach with regards to immunity?

Its' acidity

(10) Why doesn't passive immunity last very long?

Passive immunity is considered borrowed

(11) What occurs in a victim of Type I diabetes?

Permanent destruction of pancreas

(1) The Sabin vaccine is a liquid containing weakened polio viruses. Why do vaccinated individuals become protected against polio?

Promote production of memory cells

(14) Why does secondary immune response occur much more quickly than the primary response?

Since the body has memory of the antigen, it responds faster and stronger because antibodies exist for the antigen

(4) One difference between the innate and adaptive immune system is when you first encounter a new foreign invader, the latter is slower than the former. Why?

The innate system has all its components already present; the factors of the adaptive immune system must first be stimulated into action

(7) Immune cells recognize "self" from "non-self" by recognizing what?

proteins on the surface of a pathogen