Lexicology

Lexical set

1) a group of words more or less corresponding in their main semantic component, i. e. belonging to the same semantic field 2) a group of words having the same generic meaning

Sociolingustics

A branch of linguistics concerned with the problems of social nature of language. It studies the relations between language and society

Synchrony

A conventional isolation of a certain stage in the development of language as the object of linguistic investigation

Barbarism

A foreign word or expression used in some social groups instead of native words as a fashion

Phonological neologism

A new word comprised of separate phonemes (like acronyms or onomatopoeia) Луи Гилберт

Word combination

A non-predicative unit of speech which is, semantic ally, both global and articulate. It is produced, not reproduced, in speech

Idiom proper

A phraseological unit with pronounced stylistic characteristics owing to which an element of play is introduced into speech.

Morhological neologism

A result of a word-building process which is based on the patterns and morphemes existing in the language

Language

A semiological system of a special type serving as the main means of human communication

Cliche

A stereotyped expression mechanically reproduced in speech and due to it has lost its freshness and its ability to express thought exactly

Word-forming pattern

A structural and semantic formula, displaying a sequence of elements which is regularly reproduced in speech

Allolex

A word as a member of speech, a variant of a lexeme in a given utterance

Phraseological unit

A word combination in which semantic unity (non-separability) prevails over structural separability (or in which global nomination is expressed in a combination of different units)

Hybrid

A word different element of which are of etymologically different origin

Occasional word

A word formed after existing patterns as an individual innovation for a special occasion but not in current use

Lexeme

A word in all its meanings and forms, i. e. a word as a structural element of language (invariant)

Neologism

A word or a word combination that is specially coined to name a new object or express a new concept

Archaism

A word or an expression out of use but still understood by the speakers of the language (очи, чело)

Euphemism

A word or expression which refers to the taboo topic in a vague or indirect way

Term

A word or word combination of a special (technical, scientific) language used for definition of specific objects and concepts. Usually monosemantic

Historism

A word that got out of use bc the object it denotes dissappeared from modern life (батоги)

Obsolete word

A word that is out of use at present but is recognized by the speakers of the language

Semantic extention

A) the extention of the semantic capacity of a word (the development of polysemy) b) widening of meaning

Context

A) the linguistic environment of a unit of language which reveals the conditions and the characteristic features of its usage in speech b) the semantically complete passage of written speech sufficient to establish the meaning of a given word (phrase)

Narrowing of meaning

A) the restriction of the semantic capacity of a word in the course of its historical development b) the shrinking of meaning

Jargon

A) the technical vocabulary or idiom of special activity or group b) obscure and often pretentious language marked by a roundabout way of expression and use of long word

Antonyms

A) words which have in their meaning a qualitative feature and can therefore be regarded as semantically opposite b) words contrasted as correlated pairs

Derivational morpheme

An affixal morpheme which, when added to the stem modifies the lexical meaning of the root and forms a new word

Paradigmatics

Associative (non-simultaneous) relationship of words in language as distinct from linear (simultaneous) relationship of words in speech (syntagmatics)

Loan translation (calques)

Borrowing by means of literally translating words or word-combinations by modeling theirs foreign patterns

Parts of speech

Classes of words according to their a) general categoric meaning b) system of grammatical categories c) specific syntactic functions d) special types (patterns) of form-building and word-formation

Conversion

Derivation without affixation. A special type of derivation where the word-forming means is the paradigm of the word itself

Homographs

Different words coinciding in their orthographic expression

Main nominative meaning of a word

Direct meaning of a word, immediately referring to objects, phenomena, actions, and qualities in extralinguistic reality (referent)

Polysemy

Diversity of meanings; the existence within one word of several connected meanings as the result of the development and changes of its original meaning.

Back-formation

Forming the allegedly allegedly [ ə ' l e d ʒ ɪ d l ɪ ]вроде бы, по всей вероятности, original stem from a supposed derivative on the analogy of the existing pairs, i. e. the singling-out of a stem from a word which is wrongly regarded as a derivative

Lexical morpheme

Generalized term for root and derivational morphemes, as expressing lexical meanings in contrast to flexional morphemes that express grammatical meanings

Idiomatic

Having the qualities of a phraseological unit, i. e.the globality of meaning which is not deducible from the meanings of the components

Slang

Language of a highly colloquial type, below the level of educated standard speech and consisting either of new words or of current words employed in some special sense

Politically correct language

Language that is based on the idea of multiculturalism and excludes all biased styles of language, like words marked with gender (suffix ess, morpheme man)

Colligation

Morphosyntactically conditioned combinability of words as a means of realization of their polysemy

Etymological doublet

One of a pair of(or more) words borrowed from the same language (origin of borrowing) at different times

Nominative-derivative meaning

Other meanings in a polysemantic word which are characterized by free combinability and are connected with the main nominative meaning

Semantic field

Part of reality singled out in human experience and theoretically covered in language by a more or less autonomous lexical microsystem

Enantiosemy

Polarization of meaning, the ability of a word (a morpheme, etc) to express opposite meanings (bad to say good)

Reproducibility

Regular use in speech ready-made (a condition sine qua non of a word as a linguistic unit)

Synchronic

Representing one historical stage in the development of language

Borrowing

Resorting to the word-stock of other languages for words to express new concepts, name new objects, phenomena etc

Multiculturalism

Social and political movement which assumes real equality of cultures and considers it a necessity to include the achievements of all ethnical, sexual and other minorities into social and cultural life and educational programmes. Opposite - eurocentrism

Collocation

Such a combination of words which conditions the realization or a certain meaning

Connotation

Supplementary semantic and/or stylistic shade added to the word's main meaning and expressing additional emotional, expressive and evalutive overtones

Morphological segmentation

The ability of a word to be divided into such elements as root, stem and affixes

Productivity

The ability of being used to form new words which are readily understood by the speakers of a language

Speech

The activity of man using language to communicate with other people (the use of linguistic means to convey certain content)

Word

The basic unit of language. It corresponds to the thing meant and names it

Semasiology

The branch of linguistics which studies the semantics of linguistic units

Semantic neologism

The change in the meaning of a word without changes in its form or paradigm

Word changing

The changing of a word form according to its paradigm

Homonymy

The coincidence in the same sound form and the orthographic complex of two or more different linguistic units

Monosemy

The existence of only one meaning within one word

Denotation

The expression of the main meaning, meaning proper of a linguistic unit in contrast to its connotation

Context of situation

The extralinguistic situation which enables to understand the meaning of a word or phrase

Diachrony

The historical development of the system of language as the object of linguistic investigation

Source of borrowing

The language from which the borrowing came into English

Sociolect

The language of a social and/or professional group

Origin of borrowing

The language to which the word may be traced

Vocabulary

The lexical corpus of language. All the words of a language as distinct from sounds, grammar and other aspects of linguistic investigation

Semantic isolation

The loss by a word, or word combination, of productivity and the acquisition of idiomatic qualities

Lexical meaning

The material meaning of a word as distinct from its formal, grammatical meaning, which reflects the concept the word expresses

Grammatical meaning

The meaning of the formal membership of a word in the grammatical system of a language (is expressed in the word's form)

Semantics

The meaning of words, expressions or grammatical forms

Stem

The part of a word which remains unchanged throughout it's paradigm and to which grammatical affixes and inflections are added

Clipping

The process and the result of curtailing off сокращения a word to one or two, usually initial, syllables

Abbreviation

The process and the result of forming a word out of the initial elements (letters, syllables, or morphemes) of a word combination

Word-formation(word-building)

The process of forming words according to certain patterns specific for the language.

Blending(contamination)

The process of fusing two words, often with a letter or syllable in common. The result is called a blend, portmanteau word, contamination

Meaning

The reverberation in the human consciousness of an object of extralinguistic reality (a phenomenon, a relationship, a quality, a process) which becomes a fact of language bc of its constant indissoluble association with a definite linguistic expression

Root

The semantic nucleus of a word which doesn't express any grammatical properties

Morpheme

The smallest (ultimate) recurrent unit of language directly related to meaning

Neology

The study of the structure, meaning and word-building patterns of neologisms

Terminology

The sum total of terms for a specific branch of science, technology, industry, etc, forming a special layer in the word-stock of a language

Paradigm

The system of grammatical forms of a word

Biased language

The use of words that stereotypes individuals, inappropriately assigning physical or behavioral characteristics to members of a particular group, usually a minority (sexist language, call attention to gender)

Deformation of idiom

The violation of semantic integrity (нарушение целостности) of a phraseological unit or idiom proper by actualizing the potential meanings of its elements or destruction of its form

Synonyms

Two or more words of the same lge belonging to the same part of speech and possessing at least one identical or nearly identical denotational meanings, interchangeable in some contexts, without any considerable alteration denotational meaning, but different in morphemic composition, phonemic shape and connotations

Derivation

Word-formation through combining a stem and affixes

Composition

Word-formation through combining two or more stems (or roots)

Borrowings

Words borrowed into a language in their phonetic form (intifada from Arabic rebellion, kung fu from Mandarin martial art)

Paronyms

Words which by virtue of partial homonymy may be either erroneuously or for stylistic purposes be used one instead of the other in speech

Homophones

Words with different meanings but the same sound form

Onomatopoeia onomatopoeia [ ɒ n ə m eə t ə ' p i : ə ]

Ономатопия, звукоподражание formation of words from sounds that resemble those associated with the object or action to be named, or that seem suggestive of its qualities