lifespan 6
Erik Erikson
(1968) first identified four aspects of identity: vocation, religion, politics, and sex.
Carol Gilligan
(1982) asserts that adolescents also engage in hypothetical thought that transforms the ways in which they perceive the world.
having sexual intercourse
A decade ago, when teens were said to be "sexually active," it meant they were ________________________.
risk-taking behaviors
A sense of school-connectedness has actually been shown to predict_______________ in adolescents.
calcium and iron
For a healthy diet several key nutrients, especially ___________________, are necessary. Adequate
fourteen
For teens who have initiated sexual intercourse at an age younger than_______ years, the incidence of sexual abuse is high.
seventeen
However, by___________ years of age more than 50 percent of U.S. teens have had sex
formal operations
In Piaget's cognitive theory, the fourth stage of cognitive growth and development is known as ________________.
math and science
In addition, _____________________ performance is poor when compared to other nations. It is believed that a combination of factors, such as less time in classes, less intensive instruction, and greater diversity in U.S. classrooms contribute to this situation.
adhere
In addition, they go through a period of seriously questioning established moral codes, especially if they see adults who verbally ascribe to a code but do not _______to it.
safe sex
In particular, their belief that oral sex is __________puts them at extreme risk for STDs, including HIV.
72%
In the United States, high school graduation rates have declined. The United States has slipped from first place in the world to 24th, and the graduation rate now stands at _________
decreased increased
In the United States, sexual activity rates have ___________ for older teens, but in teens younger than fifteen has __________________.
higher
In the United States, the teen birth rate is _____________ than that in other developed countries.
physical exercise
It has also been shown that increased _________________ is linked to lower levels of depression and an increase in positive selfimage.
child sexual abuse
It includes not only physical sexual activity, but also teasing, taking erotic photographs, asking intrusive questions about the child's body, or especially once puberty begins—invading the child's privacy while bathing, dressing, or sleeping
amends
It is also based on a sense of justice that is founded on making ______________for misdeeds and repairing what has been spoiled by wrongdoing.
cliques and crowds
Membership choices often revolve around the degree of similarity they find with the group members.
STD's
The belief that only sexual intercourse means they are sexually active puts them at a higher risk for _____________.
ten times
The teen birth rate among unmarried adolescent girls in the United States is more than____________ higher than that in Japan.
identity achievement
The ultimate goal of this period is ____________________, which is reached through a selective acceptance and rejection of childhood identities.
school
The____________ is psychologically important to adolescents and tends to be the center of their social lives.
alternatives
These moral principles provide them with the resources they need to evaluate situations, plan action to deal with these situations, and develop___________that are consistent with their ideals.
respected
They are able to articulate how things could be and should be in a just, sincere world in which the sanctity of life is truly ______________.
unjust and wrong
They are quick to see what is _____________ in a situation and do not accept current conditions because "that is the way things are."
their own and those of others
They can also think about____________ thinking processes and ______________. Because of this, they are able to imagine the opinions others may have of them.
mentally manipulate
They can_______________ more than two categories of variables at a time, such as speed and distance.
reciprocal
They have a sense of duty and obligation, and this sense is based on the ____________rights of others.
Peers
They present a set of norms and standards against which adolescents can compare themselves.
differentiate
This ability helps them _______________ their thoughts from the thoughts of others and interpret the thoughts of others more accurately.
pressure from peers
This moral code helps guide their behavior, even in the face of significant___________________________ .
contraceptive methods
This occurs because more U.S. teens are sexually active, fewer have abortions, and fewer ______________________ are used.
developmental crisis
This search for identity leads to a_______________—a period of time when the person searches for an explicit sense of his or her personal uniqueness.
caring teachers and a lack of discrimination.
This sense of school connectedness is less dependent on class size, attendance, academic preparation, and parental involvement and more dependent on ______________________________
hypothetical thought
This skill also allows them to develop abilities in deductive reasoning.
sexually active
Today, however, while teens may not have sexual intercourse, they may engage in mutual masturbation, mutual bathing, and oral sex, but they would not self-report as being ________________.
challenged
When accepted moral codes are ______________, teenagers search for new answers that preserve their moral code and sense of integrity.
morals and values
When this stage is successfully met, adolescents know who they are and remain attached to their________________. They are not, however, inescapably bound to them.
biological drive
While sex is a________________, decisions about sex can be greatly influenced by a young person's social and cultural environment.
Cliques
__________ are groups of ten to twelve people whose members have frequent social interactions with one another.
calcium
__________ intake is important because it builds strong bones and can help decrease the likelihood of osteoporosis in later life.
Iron
___________ intake helps boost immunity levels and prevents iron deficiency anemia.
Exercise
____________ has also been shown to improve academic performance and lead to life-long healthy exercise patterns.
Free consent
_____________ about sex is considered impossible for children and young adolescents. They have no understanding of the implications of sexual activity, are physically weaker than their elders, and are psychologically dependent on them.
Peers
_______________ provide an opportunity for social comparison and discussion of physical changes, attitudes, and opinions.
Earliest attempts
_____________________ at independence are usually manifested by a rejection of the parents. They spend less time at home and more time with peers and confide less in their parents.
Peers
_____________provide reference groups, i.e., people with whom they share their values.
growth spurt
a dramatic increase in physical growth that usually occurs during 24-36 month period
postpubescence
a one to two year period following puberty during which skeletal growth is completed and reproductive functions become well established
imaginary audience
a type of adolecsent egocentrism, In this belief system, the teen sees others as being intensely interested in them, including their appearance and their behavior.
invincibility fable
a type of adolecsent egocentrism, it is a young person's belief that he or she cannot be harmed or conquered by anything that may harm a mortal being; this includes such things as unprotected sex, high-speed driving, or drug and alcohol use.
personal fable
a type of adolecsent egocentrism, it refers to the teenager's belief that he or she is destined to have a unique heroic, or even legendary, life.
hypothetical thought
an example of this is that adolecents can imagine a sequence of events that might occur, such as attending college or buying a car.
Crowds
are larger groups than cliques and are composed of individuals who share particular characteristics but may not interact with one another.
adolescence
begins with the gradual appearance of secondary sex characteristics around 12 y.o and ends with the cessation of of body growth around 20 y.o.
3
estorgen reaches a maximum level about _____ years after the onset of menstration and continues through out the life of the female
11-16
growth spurt in boys occurs between ________y.o.
9-15
growth spurt in girls occurs between______ y.o.
Erikson
he identifies this stage of growth as identity versus role confusion.
hypothetical thought
includes propositions and possibilities that may or may not reflect reality.
Child sexual abuse
is any activity in which an adult uses a child for his or her own sexual stimulation or pleasure—even if it does not involve physical contact.
child sexual abuse
is defined as any erotic activity that arouses shame, excites, or confuses a child younger than sixteen years of age
Sexual abuse
is the use of an unwilling person for one's own sexual pleasure. Hence, sexual activity is abusive when it is not mutual or consent is not freely given.
postformal thought
many psychoogists propose a 5th stage to Piagets theory that describes a person's struggle to reconcile logic and experience, it is called_______
androgens
masculinizing hormones that are secreted in gradually increasing amounts up to about 9y.o. then is a rapid increase until about 15
Deductive reasoning
moves from a general principle and through logical steps to a specific conclusion
intuitive thinking
moves from a prior belief or assumption and is quick powerful and "feels right" even when analysis may lead them in another direction
inductive reasoning
moves from one or more specific experiences facts to a general conclusion.
hypothalamus
puberty is caused by hormonal influences that are regulated in the ____________________
puberty
refers to the maturational, growth, and hormonal changes that occur when the reproductive organs begin to function and the secondary sex charateristics develop
estrogen
the feminizing hormone that excretes in slowly increasing amounts until about the age 11, in males this increase continues into maturation
pituitary gland
the hypothalamus sends a biological signal to the ____________________ that results in the production of hormones
obesity
the most common nutritional concern during adolescence
prepubescence
the two years before pubertywhen the child is developing preliminary physical changes that heral sexual maturity
primary sex characteristics
these are associated with the development of the structures and organs of the body that directly relate to reproductions
secondary sex characteristics
these are the visible signs of sexual maturity thatdo not directly involve the sex organs such as voice characteristics
sociocultural
these theorists believe that adolescence change is a result of exposure to new contexts
epigenetic
these theorists believe that adolescent change asserts a strong relationship to advanced biology
information processing
these theorists consider adolescence is a gradual chnage
Identity moratorium
this is one of Marcia's identity statuses, A time-out during which an adolescent experiments with alternative identities, e.g., college, mission work, and internships.
Foreclosure
this is one of Marcia's identity statuses, Person adopts parents' and society's roles and values rather than exploring alternatives.
Negative identity
this is one of Marcia's identity statuses, in which An adolescent decides that the role parents and society expect them to fill are unattainable or unappealing, so they do the opposite of what they are expected to do.
Identity diffusion
this is one of Marcia's identity statuses,The adolescent does not seem to know or to care what his or her identity is.
adolescence
to grow into maturity
to the same degree that they do.
An important area of similarity that determines group membership is the degree of drug and alcohol use. Teens tend to select groups that use these substances _____________________________________
age of onset
Another cultural factor related to sexuality is differences in the accepted ________________ for intercourse.
Lawrence Kohlberg
At this point in their lives, their moral decisions would be based on what_____________________ (1984) describes as an internalized set of moral principles.
scientific and formal
Adolescents also become increasingly capable of _________ thinking and __________ logic.
2,200
During the teenage years, the average girl requires approximately _________ calories a day
unpredictability
Adolescents are accepted as maturing young people, but parents must also keep restrictions and constraints on some of their activities due to their ________________
present
Adolescents expand their thinking beyond the ___________ to what is possible.
adolescence
During__________________ the person's cognitive development results in the capacity for abstract thinking.
logical idea or premise
Adolescents have increasing skills at starting with a _________________________ and then using logic to draw specific conclusions.
physical exercise
Daily ________________ increases energy; helps maintain a healthy weight; and reduces the risk of developing such disabling conditions as osteoporosis, cancer, and heart disease.
mutual affection and equality
During adolescence, the parent-child relationship changes from one of protection and dependency to one of ______________
2,800
During the teenage years, the average boy _______calories.
