Lifespan (Chapter 10)
Which of the following are true about the developmental cascade model?
-It can include connections between biological, cognitive, and socioemotional processes. -It can involve social contexts such as families, peers, schools, and culture. -It can produce positive or negative outcomes at different points in development.
Positive caregiving beginning with infancy is an important factor in later development. Which of the following are experiences that lead to positive developmental adjustments?
-constructive experiences with life stresses: -early secure caregiver attachment. -positive maternal care
What information did researchers hope to gather from Strange Situation studies?
-how infants react to caregivers in the presence of strangers; -infant motivation to be near caregivers when strangers are present; -infant security when caregivers and strangers are present
As children acquire emotional competence they will exhibit which of the following behaviors? (Select all that apply)
-more effective management of their emotions; -positive relationship development; resilience in stressful circumstances
Early secure attachment has been linked with which of the following?
-positive emotional health; -positive interaction with peers and teachers; -high self-esteem and self-confidence
Self-conscious emotions develop around the age of (blank).
18 to 24 months
In part because of positive social interchanges with caregivers, infants begin to respond differently to people than they do to objects by (blank) of age.
2-3 months
The Strange Situation, which was an observational means to identify individual differences in infant attachment, was developed by
Ainsworth
The Strange Situation, which was an observational means to identify individual differences in infant attachment, was developed by ______.
Ainsworth
______ is defined as the close emotional bond between two people.
Attachment
Match Bowlby's phase of attachment with its description. Phase 2: 2 to 7 months
Attachment becomes focused on one figure.
Which of the following ideas are stressed by John Bowlby in his concept of attachment?
Caregiver responsiveness is important: Attachment is crucial in the first year.
Match Bowlby's phase of attachment with its description. Phase 4: from 24 months on
Children become aware of others' feelings, goals, and plans.
Match Bowlby's phase of attachment with its description. Phase 1: birth to 2 months
Children instinctively direct attachment to human figures.
Which of the following statements are true based on Harlow's conclusions from studying infant monkeys?
Contact comfort is crucial in the attachment process; Feeding is not the crucial element in the attachment process.
The Strange Situation was created to help teach young children about stranger danger.
False
Baby Marlow uses mom as a base from which to explore the environment. When mom leaves, he protests mildly, and when mom returns, he reestablishes positive interactions with her. Which of Ainsworth's categories best describes Marlow?
He is a securely attached baby.
Match Bowlby's phase of attachment with its description. Phase 3: 7 to 24 months
Specific attachments develop.
Ainsworth created _____ the Situation, an observational way to identify differences in infant attachment.
Strange
Ainsworth created the ______ Situation, an observational way to identify differences in infant attachment.
Strange
______ refers to an individual's behavioral style and characteristic ways of responding.
Temperament
True or false: Secure attachment in infancy has been linked to social competence with peers and lower rates of peer conflict in early childhood.
True
Which of the following is true about depression experienced in adolescence?
adolescents are more likely to seek help from informal sources
The Strange Situation, which was an observational means to identify individual differences in infant attachment, was developed by (blank).
ainsworth
Adults with a(n) (blank) attachment style demand closeness, are less trusting, and jealous. Multiple choice question.
anxious
Adults with a(n)______ attachment style demand closeness, are less trusting, and jealous.
anxious
(Blank) is defined as the close emotional bond between two people.
attachment
The close emotional bond between mothers and infants is called (blank). (Make sure to spell it correctly in order to get credit!)
attachment
The close emotional bond between mothers and infants is called ______ . (Make sure to spell it correctly in order to get credit!)
attachment
Adults with a(n) (blank) attachment style are hesitant about getting involved in romantic relationships.
avoidant
Which of the following theorists proposed influential theories of infant attachment? (More than one option may be correct.)
bowlby, erikson, freud
The developmental (blank) model involves connections across domains over time that influence developmental pathways and outcomes.
cascade
The developmental ____ model involves connections across domains over time that influence developmental pathways and outcomes.
cascade
The developmental ________ model involves connections across domains over time that influence developmental pathways and outcomes.
cascade
The ability to develop skills contextually and focus on the adaptive nature of emotional experience is called emotional (blank).
competence
Which term refers to a child's ability to connect his or her own intentions with a peer's intentions and use this understanding to interact with the peer to reach a goal?
cooperation
Which of the following are aspects of the development of social orientation?
cooperation, goal-directed behaviors, locomotion
In the Second Step program, which of the following is the focus of social-emotional learning for grades 6-8?
coping with stress
Six-month-old Fajar often reacts negatively and cries frequently. He also could be more adaptive. According to Chess and Thomas' classification system, he is most likely a(n)_______ child.
difficult
Six-month-old Fajar often reacts negatively and cries frequently. He also is not very adaptive. According to Chess and Thomas' classification system, he is most likely a(n) (blank) child.
difficult
Chess and Thomas' classification system placed children into which categories of temperament? (Select all that apply)
difficult, easy, slow-to-warm-up
Which of the following is considered a supportive emotion socialization strategy? Select all that apply.
discussing emotions with the child; helping a child learn to use emotion strategies; validating a child's emotion
According to Ainsworth's model, insecure (blank) babies may show confusion and fearfulness around their caregivers.
disorganized
According to Chess and Thomas' temperament classification system, a(n) ______child is generally in a positive mood, quickly establishes regular routines in infancy, and adapts readily to new experiences.
easy
(Blank) is characterized by behavior that reflects the pleasantness or unpleasantness of the state that individuals are in, or the transactions they are experiencing.
emotion
A feeling or affect that occurs when individuals are in a state or an interaction that is important to them, especially to their well-being, is called (blank).
emotion
Older adults are motivated to spend more time pursuing ______ satisfaction.
emotional
Older adults are motivated to spend more time pursuing______ satisfaction.
emotional
Because they place a high value on (blank), older adults spend more time with familiar individuals with whom they have had rewarding relationships.
emotional satisfaction
Because they place a high value on ______, older adults spend more time with familiar individuals with whom they have had rewarding relationships.
emotional satisfaction
The use of (blank)-to-(blank) play begins at about 2 to 3 months of age and includes vocalizations, touch, and gestures.
face, face
The use of _____-to- _______play begins at about 2 to 3 months of age and includes vocalizations, touch, and gestures.
face; face
Punishing a child for emotions or feelings is considered a supportive caregiver emotion socialization strategy?
false
True or false: Temperament remains stable throughout an individual's development.
false
Match the theorist with the description of his attachment theory. Instructions
freud: infants become attached to the person who provides oral satisfaction erikson: a sense of trust is the foundation for attachment bowlby: infants and caregivers are biologically predisposed to form attachments
The match between a child's temperament and the environmental demands with which the child must cope is known by the term (blank).
goodness of fit
The match between a child's temperament and the environmental demands with which the child must cope is known by the term ______.
goodness of fit
What emotion would an infant younger than 6 months likely not experience?
guilt
Baby Jordan engages in little interaction with his mother and isn't distressed when she leaves the room. When she returns, Jordan does not reestablish contact with her and even turns his back on her. Which of Ainsworth's categories best describes Jordan?
he is an insecure avoidant baby
According to research, which of the following physiological characteristics have been linked with an inhibited temperament? (Select all that apply)
high and stable heart rate, high activity in the frontal lobe, high level of cortisol
Research has found that decreases in infants' negative emotionality are linked to which of the following? (Select all that apply)
higher parental involvement; higher levels of parental sensitivity; higher levels of parental responsiveness
As the nervous system in infants develops, locomotion becomes possible and children are able to develop a certain amount of (blank).
independence
As the nervous system in infants develops, locomotion becomes possible and children are able to develop a certain amount of Blank______.
independence
Bowlby's internal working model of attachment eventually
influences the child's subsequent responses to other people
Bowlby's internal working model of attachment eventually ______.
influences the child's subsequent responses to other people
Being skilled at perceiving and expressing emotion, understanding emotion, using feelings to facilitate thought, and managing emotions effectively is a description of emotional (blank).
intelligence
Being skilled at perceiving and expressing emotion, understanding emotion, using feelings to facilitate thought, and managing emotions effectively is a description of emotional ______.
intelligence
Which of the following statements are true regarding face-to-face play? (Select all that apply)
it begins when the infant is about 2 to 3 months of age; it includes vocalization, touch, and gestures
Which of the following are true about the developmental cascade model? (Select all that apply)
it can produce positive or negative outcomes at different points in development; it can involve social contexts such as families, peers, schools, and culture; it can include connections between biological, cognitive, and socioemotional processes
Which of the following are important ways that infants in their first year of life begin to understand that other people have intentions?
joint attention; gaze following
According to a recent longitudinal study, which of the following predicted secure attachment in adolescence and emerging adulthood?
maternal sensitivity in childhood and adolescence
According to twin studies, heredity has a (blank) influence on differences in temperament within a group of people.
moderate
Researchers are discovering that infants are (more/less) socially sophisticated and insightful at younger ages than was previously envisioned.
more
Researchers are discovering that infants are _________ (more/less) socially sophisticated and insightful at younger ages than was previously envisioned.
more
Infants' social sophistication and insight are reflected by which of the following?
motivation to share and participate in others' intentionally motivated actions; increase in emotional understanding and communication; perceptions of others' actions as intentionally motivated
The development of locomotor skills is the result of which of the following? (Choose every correct answer.)
nervous system development; environmental support for the skill; infant motivation to reach a goal
Which of the following has been associated with the undermining of attachment stability?
paternal separation or divorce
Which are important social cognitive accomplishments that are established at the end of the first year? (Choose every correct answer.)
perceiving that the behavior of others is goal-directed; joint attention
Which type of emotions is most likely to be observed in infancy?
primary
Which of the following types of emotions are present in infancy?
primary emotions
One way to describe temperament involves the variation in the speed and intensity with which an individual responds to situations with positive or negative emotions. This is referred to as (blank).
reactivity
One way to describe temperament involves the variation in the speed and intensity with which an individual responds to situations with positive or negative emotions. This is referred to as ______.
reactivity
One way to describe temperament is in terms of predispositions toward which two of the following?
reactivity; self-regulation
Social (blank) occurs when one can understand the emotional cues in others to help determine how to act in a given situation.
referencing
Social ______ occurs when one can understand the emotional cues in others to help determine how to act in a given situation.
referencing
Which of the following are among the five core social and emotional learning domains targeted by CASEL?
responsible decision-making; self-awareness; relationship skills
What type of love is also called passionate love and has strong components of sexuality and infatuation?
romantic
Which are self-conscious emotions? (Choose every correct answer.)
shame, guilt, embarrassment, pride
Which of the following refers to an infant's ability to "read" the emotions of other people?
social referencing
Which theory explains why older adults spend more time with close friends and family members?
socioemotional selectivity theory
Which theory states that older adults narrow their social networks?
socioemotional selectivity theory
Ainsworth created the (blank) Situation, an observational way to identify differences in infant attachment.
strange
Individuals' behavioral style and characteristic way of responding is referred to as their (blank).
temperament
Individuals' behavioral style and characteristic way of responding is referred to as their ______.
temperament
According to a study by Joseph Allen and his colleagues, adolescents who were securely attached at age 14 were more likely to report which of the following at age 21? (Select all that apply)
that they were attaining increased financial independence; that they were comfortable with intimacy; that they were in an exclusive relationship
Donghai is a very active toddler whose parents try to avoid putting him in situations where he must sit still for long periods of time. This illustrates (blank).
the concept of goodness of fit
Donghai is a very active toddler whose parents try to avoid putting him in situations where he must sit still for long periods of time. This illustrates Blank______.
the concept of goodness of fit
Adolescents who are experiencing high levels of stress are at increased risk for developing depression.
true
True or false: In development, biological, cognitive, and social processes are intricately intertwined.
true
Bowlby argued that infants develop an internal ____ ____________of attachment.
working: model
