Lifespan

Daniel who is around 2-years-old has three cats at home; Atticus, Andre, and Antoine. Last week he visited his grandmother Sophia for the first time. His grandmother has a dog, a small terrier named Oliver. Upon seeing Oliver Daniel exclaimed: "Kitty!!" This is an example of what Piagetian Process? A. Assimilation B. Accommodation C. Organization D. Equilibrium

A. Assimilation

In Piaget's view, children master conservation A. By recognizing the contradictions in their own thought B. Through specific instruction C. When they go to school D. All of the above

A. By recognizing the contradictions in their own thought

Vygotsky thought of psychological tools as a. cultural tools that aid thinking b. speech but not memory aids c. metacognition and incremental learning d. verbal devices people employ in order to manipulate others

A. Cultural tools that aid thinking

Around age 7, _________speech becomes __________ speech. A. egocentric; inner B. inner; egocentric

A. Egocentric; inner

Piaget most often linked the various forms of preoperational thought to A. Egocentrism B. Hierarchic integration C. A lack of conservation D. Transductive Thinking

A. Egocentrism

A teacher tells his students they should be nice to others because they might one day want others to return favors to them. The teacher is probably reasoning at Kohlberg's A. Stage 2: Individualism and Exchange B. Stage 3: Good Interpersonal Relationships C. Stage 4: Maintaining the Social Order D. Stage 5: Social Contract and Individual Rights

A. Individualism and Exchange

Kohlberg said each stage in his theory A. is more cognitively adequate than the preceding stage B. is not more adequate, but simply a different way of thinking C. is not more adequate, but more differentiated and hierarchically integrated D. is not more adequate, but simply associated with age

A. Is more cognitively adequate that the preceding stage

The child's home environment, school, Sunday school, friends are all examples of what system according to Brofenbrenner? A. Microsystem B. Macrosystem C. Chronosystem D. Exosystem E. Mastersystem

A. Microsystem

The most important environmental level in a person's life is their A. Microsystem B. Macrosystem C. Chronosystem D. Exosystem E. Messosystem

A. Microsystem

According to __________ development leads learning; according to _________ learning leads development. A. Piaget; Vygotsky B. Vygotsky; Piaget.

A. Piaget; Vygotsky

Which of the following provides the best example of the Microsystem? A. Students interact directly with their teacher. B. Local government approves increased funding for public school libraries. C. Society progresses toward acceptability of females serving in more administrative roles in the school system. D. The school board passes a new rule that limits the number of students allowed in each classroom in order to enhance teacher-student relationships.

A. Students interact directly with their teacher.

"Scaffolding" a. gradually removes assistance to the child b. is a form of inner speech children use when problems are difficult c. refers to instruction in scientific concepts d. all of the above

A. gradually removes assistance to the child

Daniel's mother responded by saying: "No, this is a doggie, not a kitty" several times throughout the day while they were visiting grandmother Sophia. The next day Daniel and his mom once again visited his grandmother. This time, though, when Daniel saw Oliver he exclaimed: "Doggie!" This is an example of what Piagetian Process? A. Assimilation B. Accommodation C. Organization D. Equilibrium

B. Accommodation

When two preoperational children are engaged in parallel play they are displaying what type of social thinking? A. Animism B. Egocentric C. Heteronomy D. Autonomy E. Reversiability

B. Egocentric

Which of the following is NOT an assumption of Ecological Systems Theory? A. Time is a limitation and a resource. B. Humans are independent of their ecosystem. C. Human behavior can be understood at the individual and at the population level. D. Humans organize their interactions within their spatial environment.

B. Humans are independent of their ecosystem.

The _____ contains all of the general tenets, beliefs, and values of the culture or subculture and is made up of the written and unwritten principles that regulate everyone's behavior. A. Microsystem B. Macrosystem C. Messosystem D. Exosystem

B. Macrosystem

In caring for other people's children, it is important to understand the values and beliefs of the children's cultures in order to maintain consistency and stability between the home and child care environments. In Brofembrenner's Ecological Systems Theory this is an example of A. Microsystem B. Messosystem C. Exosystem D. Macrosystem E. Chronosystem

B. Messosystem

One of the main differences between Piaget and Vygotsky is in their view of the role of objects or people in development. As such, Piaget focused on the role of _____ while Vygotsky focused on the role of _________. A. people; objects B. objects; people

B. Objects; people

When children enter the Concrete Operations stage of cognitive development, they are able to conserve liquids and may use one of three arguments. Which one of the following is not an argument used to explain conservation of liquids? A. Identity B. Seriation C. Compensation D. Inversion E. None of the Above

B. Seriation

Moral thought in Kohlberg's sequence becomes relativistic (it depends) at A. Stage 1: Punishment and Obedience Orientation B. Stage 2: Individualism and Exchange C. Stage 3: Good Interpersonal Relationships D. Stage 4: Maintaining the Social Order

B. Stage 2: Individualism and Exchange

A person who justifies decisions in terms of the moral authority of his or her religious group is probably reasoning at Kohlberg's A. Stage 3: Good Interpersonal Relationships B. Stage 4: Maintaining the Social Order C. Stage 5: Social Contract and Individual Rights D. Stage 6: Universal Principles

B. Stage 3: Good Interpersonal Relationships

The child who can find a completely hidden object but cannot follow visible displacement is in what stage of sensorimotor development? A. Stage 3 B. Stage 4 C. Stage 5 D. Stage 6

B. Stage 4

An emphasis on social order and organization characteristics moral thought at Kohlberg's A. Stage 3: Good Interpersonal Relationships B. Stage 4: Maintaining the Social Order C. Stage 5: Social Contract and Individual Rights D. Stage 6: Universal Principles

B. Stage 4: Maintaining Social Order

A child strikes a table several times, sometimes more loudly, sometimes more softly. This behavior illustrates A. Secondary Circular Reactions B. Tertiary Circular Reactions C. The coordination of secondary schemes D. The beginning of thought

B. Tertiary Circular Reactions

According to Brofenbrenner, an example of the macrosystem in the developing child is A. How satisfied mother is with her work B. The rules of the society in which the child lives C. How sensitive father is in his interactions with child D. The relation between mother and the child's care provider in daycare.

B. The rules of the society in which the child lives

Egocentric speech appears to increase in use among young children before it gradually declines. This finding supports a. Piaget b. Vygotsky c. both Piaget and Vygotsky d.neither Piaget nor Vygotsky

B. Vygotsky

Five-year-olds seem to talk to themselves aloud more often as their work becomes increasingly difficult. This finding supports a. Piaget b. Vygotsky c. both Piaget and Vygotsky d. neither Piaget nor Vygotsky

B. Vygotsky

A niche is A. an organism that operates as a unit in interaction with its environment. B. a term describing the relational position of a species or population in an ecosystem. C. change generated within the individual. D. what is required to survive and adapt to our environment

B. a term describing the relational position of a species or population in an ecosystem.

A person who reasons at Kohlberg's third stage, Good Interpersonal Relationships is likely to say that fighting is wrong because A. it is against the law, it disrupts the social order B. it is mean and injures others C. it violates a universal principle

B. it is mean and injures others

According to the text, Piaget said most people reach the highest stages of reasoning A. only in societies with educational systems B. primarily in areas of special interest or ability C. in most areas of thinking D. in most technologically developed societies, but not in simple, village societies

B. primarily in areas of special interest or ability

Which of the following is an example of the Messosytem? A. Religious beliefs B. Extended family C. A parent-teacher conference D. School

C. A parent-teacher conference

A change in the way of life that allows individuals to survive in particular environment is called A. Niche B. Ontogenic Development C. Adaptation D. an Ecosystem

C. Adaption

One of the reasons that Dr. Caldera and you are different is that each developed during a different era/period. This is called: A. Microsystem B. Macrosystem C. Chronosystem D. Exosystem E. Messosystem

C. Chronosystem

In the conservation of liquids experiment, when a concrete operations child says the containers have the same amount of liquid because: "one is taller, but the other is wider, so they cancel each other out" they are using which conservation argument? A. Identity B. Seriation C. Compensation D. Inversion E. None of the Above

C. Compensation

When children consider rules fixed and unchangeable, Piaget used the term A. Moral Absolutes B. Hierarchial Thinking C. Moral Heteronomy D. Moral Autonomy

C. Moral Heteronomy

The United States Constitution, with its rights and procedures, illustrates moral thinking at Kohlberg's A. Stage 3: Good Interpersonal Relationships B. Stage 4: Maintaining the Social Order C. Stage 5: Social Contract and Individual Rights D. Stage 6: Universal Principles

C. Stage 5: Social Contract and Individual Rights

We might expect young people to begin talking about utopian societies at Kohlberg's A. Stage 3: Good Interpersonal Relationships B. Stage 4: Maintaining the Social Order C. Stage 5: Social Contract and Individual Rights D. Stage 6: Universal Principles

C. Stage 5: Social Contract and Individual Rights

The Preoperational period of cognitive development lasts from age 2 to 7 years. During this period, children use one object to represent another that is not present. This is called A. Transductive Thinking B. Preconcept C. Symbolic Representation D. Conservation of Masses E. Inversion

C. Symbolic Representations

Vygotsky argued that self-directed speech a. begins developing after social speech b. starts out spoken and gradually becomes internalized c. becoming increasingly abbreviated during the ages 6 to 8 years d. all of the above

D. All of the Above

According to Vygotsky, thought and speech A. are independent. B. merge around age 2. C. split around age 2. D. both A and B

D. Both A and B

When a child begins to master conservation and classification tasks, she beings to attain A. Tertiary Circular Reactions B. Formal Operations C. Preoperational Thought D. Concrete Operations

D. Concrete Operations

The day-to-day experiences the child's parents or teachers or peers have in their own microsystems is which system? A. Microsystem B. Macrosystem C. Chronosystem D. Exosystem E. Mastersystem

D. Exosystem

Which of the Following is NOT one of the focuses of Piaget's Theory? A. How we come to know something B. Whether objective knowledge is possible or not C. Whether we are born knowing specific ideas or must learn them all D. How personality develops

D. How personality develops

In the conservation of numbers experiment, when a concrete operations child says that two rows of chips are the same because: "you could make this row long again and make them equal" she is using which conservation argument? A. Identity B. Seriation C. Compensation D. Inversion E. None of the Above

D. Inversion

___________ refers to the process by which an adult can help a child by using strategies that are initially beyond the child's independent capabilities. A. Metacognition B. Zone of proximal development C. Self regulation D. Scaffolding

D. Scaffolding

A person who says we ought to keep all promises out of a respect for the equal worth of all individuals is probably reasoning at Kohlberg's A. Stage 3: Good Interpersonal Relationships B. Stage 4: Maintaining the Social Order C. Stage 5: Social Contract and Individual RIghts D. Stage 6: Universal Principles

D. Universal Principles

Which of the following is NOT a point Piaget made? A. logic is a very internalized form of motor action B. the first symbols are motor actions, not words C. the rates of development vary from child to child D. preoperational thought inspires creativity

D. preoperational thought inspires creativity

The need for ____________includes being loved, valued, accepted. A. growth and development B. to possess information and resources C. fulfillment D. relating E. satisfaction

D. relating

Needs refer to A. an organism that operates as a unit in interaction with its environment. B. a term describing the relational position of a species or population in an ecosystem. C. change generated within the individual. D. what is required to survive and adapt to our environment

D. what is required to survive and adapt to our environment

Ecological system's theory divides the environment into how many different systems? A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4 E. 5

E. 5

According to Brofenbrenner, in order to understand the development of any individual child we need to know all of the following except which of the ones below? A. Microsystem B. Macrosystem C. Chronosystem D. Exosystem E. Mastersystem

E. Mastersystem

Which of the following is NOT true of stages as presented by Piaget? A. They are structures in a state of equilibrium B. They follow an invariant sequence C. They are irreversible D. They are universal E. None of the above. They are all true of Piagetian stages

E. None of the above. They are all true of Piagetian stages

True or False In North America, the transition from adolescence to adulthood is marked by clearly defined rights of passage.

False

True or False. According to Brofenbrenner, only the environment is important in understanding human development.

False

True or False. According to Piaget, the child's understanding of the world remains the same throughout development.

False

True or False. The first stage of cognitive development according to Piaget consists of 6 periods. The first one is the longest and it lasts from birth to 6 months of life.

False

True or False. The school is the center of Brofenbrenner's EST

False

True or False. To fully integrate Vygotsky's approach to education, we would need to have more teachers in the classroom so that they would be available to scaffold the work of more and more children.

False

Define learning, and identify two forms of learning

Learning is a relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience. 1) In associated learning, we learn to associate two stimuli or a response and its consequences. 2) In observational learning, we learn by watching others' experiences and examples

True or False Some aspects of our social identity are assigned to us while others may be chosen by us.

True

True or False The experience of adulthood varies dramatically across and even within cultures.

True

True or False. It appears that cognitive structures described by Piaget are universal. Children in diverse societies proceed in the same sequence as Piaget predicted, although the rate and level of performance at which children move through the concrete operational period depend on cultural experiences.

True

True or False. Socialization is a process through which individuals learn which behaviors are desirable in a social setting and which behaviors are undesirable.

True

True or False. According to Vygotsky, the zone of proximal development refers to the "distance between the actual developmental level as determined by independent problem solving and the level of potential development as determined through problem solving under adult guidance or in collaboration with more capable peers."

True

True or False. Vygotsky was interested in the sociocultural origins of mental functioning.

True

True or False. When slight assistance quickly enables a child to succeed, we can say that they are in their zone of proximal development.

True

A 3-year-old child enthusiastically imitates the behavior of a slightly older child. This imitation most clearly supports the theory of a) Bandura b) Watson c) Piaget d) Skinner

a) Bandura

Classical conditioning is attributed to a) Pavlov b) Skinner c) all of the above d) Bandura

a) Pavlov

Which of the following best illustrates the skills acquired though informal learning, rather than formal schooling? a) Street children in Brazil accurately perform mathematical calculations in daily life, but make errors when solving math problems on paper. b) Somali children accurately memorize the placement of familiar objects, but make errors in memorizing the placement of unfamiliar objects. c) Bilingual children accurately address monolingual children in the appropriate language. d) all of the above

a) Street children in Brazil accurately perform mathematical calculations in daily life, but make errors when solving math problems on paper.

As discussed in the text, co-sleeping is: a) a child sleeping in the bed with the parent. b) one or more children sleeping in the bed with the grandparent. c) several siblings sleeping in the same bed. d) a husband and wife sleeping in the same bed.

a) a child sleeping in the bed with the parent.

Which is not a typical outcome of the anal stage? a) a person who is psychotic b) a person who compulsively checks for errors c) a person who is very neat and orderly d) a person who is extremely messy

a) a person who is psychotic

At twenty-one, Sergio and Marcus have been working for the past thirteen years in an apprenticeship to learn the tailoring trade at their family's business in Portugal. In addition to becoming excellent tailors, they have also learned to balance their subjective views of the business with the social and historical traditions of the Portuguese According to the text, this ability is known as a) adaptive logic. b) integrated cognition. c) affective reasoning. d) dialectic thought.

a) adaptive logic

Freud thought the ego a) all of these b) has no energy of its own c) delays impulses d) includes cognitive functions

a) all of these

The authors of the text argue that cross-cultural psychology would greatly benefit if many different types of social scientists collaborated to develop theories and conduct research. Which of the following social science fields is most relevant to cross-cultural psychology? a) anthropology b) social work c) biology d) political science

a) anthropology

Carol Gilligan's criticism of Kohlberg a) argues that women's morality is more relationship-oriented than men's b) argues that the idea of a postconventional morality is gender- biased c) all of these d) gives strong empirical evidence for gender-bias in Kohlberg's stages

a) argues that women's morality is more relationship-oriented than men's

In Bolwby's scheme, which does not begin in the same phase of attachment? a) babbling b) separation anxiety c) crying out for a departing parent d) stranger anxiety

a) babbling

According to Bowlby and Ainsworth, a one-year-old boy who uses the mother as a "base of support" a) behaves in a healthy manner b) is likely to be classified as insecure-ambivalent c) is a bit too dependent for this age d) is likely to be classified as insecure-avoidant

a) behaves in a healthy manner

In the experiments that Bandura conducted on modeling aggression, children who observed an aggressive ________ were more aggressive in their play than the children who saw other models a) cartoon b) movie c) play

a) cartoon

Since the 1960s, strict Skinnerian theory has lost much popularity because psychologists have become increasingly interested in a) cognitive events b) classical conditioning of emotions c) psychoanalytic theory d) drive theories of motivation

a) cognitive events

Vygtrosky was a) committed to Marxism b) opposed to Marx's dialectical theory c) opposed to Marxism d) opposed to Engels

a) committed to Marxism

When a child begins to master conservation and classification tasks, she begins to attain a) concrete operations b) tertiary circular reactions c) preoperational thought d) formal operations

a) concrete operations

Berry, Poortinga, & Pandey (1997) provided the following definition for one of the concepts central to this class, "the systematic study of relationships between the cultural context of human development and the behaviors that become established in the repertoire of individuals growing up in a particular culture." This defines: a) cross-cultural psychology b) cultural anthropology c) developmental sociology d) human development

a) cross-cultural psychology

Aldrich is a nineteen year old college sophomore writing a term paper on the topic of honesty. At first, he believes in the saying that "honesty is always the best policy" and gathers substantial evidence in support of this statement. However, as his research progresses, he begins to consider an opposing viewpoint that proposes, in some cases, that "honesty can prove to be harmful and even destructive." Aldrich's ability to synthesize these two opposing positions on a given issue represents a new level of cognitive flexibility in early adulthood known as a) dialectical thinking. b) adaptive logic. c) bimodal thought. d) ideological cognition

a) dialectical thinking.

Bandura says a positive sense of self-efficacy a) gives one energy to persist with tasks b) all of the above c) promotes independence from peers d) promotes patience and tolerance of others

a) gives one energy to persist with tasks

In reviews of cross cultural research on Piaget's sensorimotor stage of development, Dasen and Heron (1981) and Werner (1979) conclude that: a) in sensorimotor development, there are more similarities across cultures than there are differences. b) in many African cultures, children develop object permanence earlier than they do in most Western cultures. c) in many cultures, children do NOT experience a sensorimotor stage. d) in many Western cultures, children develop object permanence earlier than they do in most African cultures.

a) in sensorimotor development, there are more similarities across cultures than there are differences.

Piaget emphasized the importance of a) independent thinking b) biological maturation c) adult teaching d) early schooling

a) independent thinking

Vygotsky thought of play as a) involving rules b) totally impulsive c) totally free d) useless

a) involving rules

Shaping a) is a method of small steps b) is the method for getting the organism "in shape" c) is technically similar to negative reinforcement

a) is a method of small steps

Kohlberg said each stage in his theory a) is more cognitively adequate than the preceding stage b) is not more adequate, but simply a different way of thinking c) is not more adequate, but simply associated with age d) is not more adequate, but more differentiated and hierarchically integrated

a) is more cognitively adequate than the preceding stage

Bronfenbrenner, in his ecological model, divides the environment into several nested systems. The system which recognizes the interrelation between settings, or the "linkages and processes taking place between two or more settings containing the developing person" is the: a) mesosystem. b) exosystem. c) microsystem. d) macrosystem.

a) mesosystem.

Responses that are intermittently rather than continuously reinforced are a) more difficult to extinguish b) all of the above c) less likely to generalize d) less subject to negative reinforcement

a) more difficult to extinguish

"Constraints" on learning refer to the finding that a) organisms learn some things more readily than others 'b) organisms are constrained by reflexive responses c) organisms are constrained by stimuli and reinforcement d) in classical conditioning, animals are less free than in operant conditioning

a) organisms learn some things more readily than others

In Bandura's theory, direct reinforcements primarily affect a) performances rather than the acquisition of responses b) altruistic behavior rather than other kinds of behavior c) aggressive behavior rather than other kinds of behavior d) general classes of behavior rather than specific behavior

a) performances rather than the acquisition of responses

Skinner's attitude toward the theory of natural selection seemed basically a) positive b) unclear c) mixed d) negative

a) positive

Studies on pro-social behavior suggest that a) preaching can have strong short-term effects but can backfire b) preaching is always more effective than modeling a behavior c) practicing and preaching have about the same effects d) modeling a behavior for children always has stronger effects than issuing orders

a) preaching can have strong short-term effects but can backfire

Erikson's stage of initiative vs. guilt is most closely related to Piaget's stage of a) preoperational thought b) sensorimotor intelligence c) formal operations d) concrete operations

a) preoperational thought

When an infant realizes she needs mother but still seeks independence, the infant is in Mahler's phase of a) rapprochement b) early practicing c) conflict d) separation

a) rapprochement

A 4-year-old who had begun drawing in a clockwise direction shifts to a counterclockwise preference. The child's behavior illustrates the principle of a) reciprocal interweaving b) individuality c) functional asymmetry d) temporary disequilibrium

a) reciprocal interweaving

The text indicates how Skinner discussed emotions as the effects of a) reinforcement schedules b) shaping c) behavior chains d) discriminative stimuli

a) reinforcement schedules

All of the following are examples of preoperational thought except a) reversible operations b) animism c) egocentrism d) the view that dreams are real

a) reversible operations

Greg, who lives in the United States, is 27 years old. He has been in college for several years and cannot decide on a major. In Erikson's terms he has not established an identity, but rather is in a state of a) role confusion b) foreclosure c) moratorium

a) role confusion

An infant who accidentally pushes an object and then pushes it again and again to see the interesting sight last demonstrates a) secondary circular reactions b) tertiary circular reactions c) primary circular reactions d) the coordination of secondary schemes

a) secondary circular reactions

When Miss Therani says "I am a good teacher" she is engaging in: a) self-efficacy b) egocentrism c) reinforcement d) operant conditioning

a) self-efficacy

In Kohlberg's most recent scoring manual, the stage most affected was a) stage 6 b) stage 4 c) stage 2 d) stage 5

a) stage 6

Over the years, Bandura has come to view Piaget's theory as a) still wrong in major respects b) correct about stages c) similar to his own d) correct about external standards

a) still wrong in major respects

In their child rearing advice, Bowlby and Ainsworth say parents should a) take their cues from their children b) be authoritative but not authoritarian c) master goal-corrected behavior d) teach children early independence

a) take their cues from their children

Shlomo and Eriya, both eight years old, are riding in the school bus playing computer crossword puzzles in both Japanese and English. As they switch back and forth from Japanese to English, their laughter gives way to other classmates wanting to join in on the fun. By the time they arrive at school, the children have solved most of the puzzles. According to Vygotsky, children's attempts to organize and internalize their thoughts by verbalizing them in front of others is known as: a) talking to learn b) cognitive dialectics c) linguistic interactionism d) thinking to talk

a) talking to learn

In a comprehensive overview of cross-cultural psychology, Berry, Poortinga, Segall, and Dasen (2002) identified three goals for the field. The first involves: a) testing or extending the generalizability of existing theories and findings b) identifying the major confounds in cross-cultural theory. c) discussing the limitations of current research findings. d) analyzing the literature and summarizing the conclusions.

a) testing or extending the generalizability of existing theories and findings

In Piaget's theory, deferred imitation is an example of a) the beginning of thought b) the coordination of secondary schemes c) primary circular reactions d) secondary circular reactions

a) the beginning of thought

Looking at old age, Erikson focused on a) the inner struggle for meaning b) the problem of being useless in America c) the various styles people use to remain young and active d) social and physical losses that require new adjustments

a) the inner struggle for meaning

According to Erikson, trust ultimately depends on a) the parents' own confidence b) the infant's feeling that he or she is loved c) the resolution of anger in the mother/infant bond d) the parents' consistency and predictability

a) the parents' own confidence

Immigrants and children of immigrants experience a unique shift in the ecological system and developmental niche, influencing their socialization in relation to their culture of origin and their new culture. Overall, the socialized values of second-generation immigrants most closely resemble the values of: a) the same generation in their original culture. b) the previous generation of non-immigrants. c) first generation immigrants (their parents) in their new culture. d) the same generation of non-immigrants in their new culture.

a) the same generation in their original culture.

According to the text, the most basic difference between Skinner and the developmentalists has to do with a) the source of developmental change—inner or outer b) the continuity-discontinuity issue c) the importance of emotions in the developmental process d) the issue of stages

a) the source of developmental change—inner or outer

Piagetians generally believe that Bandura a) underestimates the power of spontaneous interests b) is in agreement with them, except for minor details c) has demonstrated the effects of classical conditioning d) is more in agreement with Freudian thinking than their own

a) underestimates the power of spontaneous interests

When we learn from the consequences that follow the actions of others, the process is called a) vicarious reinforcement b) symbolic modeling c) modeling d) consequence observation

a) vicarious reinforcement

According to Bandura a) we often learn by simply observing others b) cognition plays no role in learning c) the best motto is, "Try things and see what happens" d) modeling is an outmoded concept

a) we often learn by simply observing others

Based on cross-cultural research of Piaget's preoperational and concrete operational stages of development, we can conclude that a) while children in different cultures have to deal with different realities, they apply all of the same operations or processes of thought. b) while children in different cultures have to deal with different realities, they apply different operations or processes of thought c) research is still not certain if children in different cultures apply all of the same operations or processes of thought

a) while children in different cultures have to deal with different realities, they apply all of the same operations or processes of thought.

Foo May May is assisting her three-year-old son, Alex, to build a tower out of Lego blocks. At first, Alex needs lots of help. However, as he becomes more confident, his mother steps back and allows him to build on his own. The distance between what Alex can do on his own and the potential level of development he might attain given help or assistance from his mother, refers to Vygotsky's a) zone of proximal development. b) zone of least assistance development. c) zone of greatest assistance development. d) zone of cephalo development

a) zone of proximal development.

The theories of Piaget, Kohlberg, and Erikson are considered to be traditional or mainstream psychological theories that focus on the individual. Examples of interactionist theories, as discussed in the text, are those of: a) Gilligan, Matsumoto, and Gardiner. b) Bronfenbrenner, Super and Harkness, and Vygotsky. c) Mead, Benedict and Whiting. d) Freud, Horney and Jung

b) Bronfenbrenner, Super and Harkness, and Vygotsky.

Erikson's child rearing advice sounds most similar to that of a) Locke b) Gesell c) Skinner d) Piaget

b) Gesell

Recent research suggests a) Piaget's sequences are wrong b) Piaget' stages are not too general across tasks c) children cannot be taught conservation d) all of the above

b) Piaget' stages are not too general across tasks

Clara Thompson said that penis envy in girls is actually a) quite pathological b) a cry for equal opportunity c) womb envy d) more valid than women will admit

b) a cry for equal opportunity

When children pick up the rules underlying modeled behavior, Bandura calls the process a) cognitive modeling b) abstract modeling c) observational learning d) rule-induced modeling

b) abstract modeling

Ego integrity most basically includes a) complete honesty in one's relations to others b) acceptance of the past as something that had to be c) not dwelling on the past but remaining cheerful in the present d) an ability to remain active and youthful in spirit

b) acceptance of the past as something that had to be

What are the four areas in socialization that Bandura studies? a) modeling, vicarious learning, observation, self-regulation b) aggression, gender roles, prosocial behavior, and self-regulation c) aggression, modeling, selflessness, observation

b) aggression, gender roles, prosocial behavior, and self-regulation

In Piaget's view, young people in formal operations can a) engage in scientific experiments b) all of the above c) think abstractly d) consider hypothetical possibilities

b) all of the above

Vygotsky argued that self-directed speech a) begins developing after social speech b) all of the above c) starts out spoken and gradually becomes internalized d) becoming increasingly abbreviated during the ages 6 to 8 years

b) all of the above

According to Bowlby, a human baby crawling after a parent a) is following innate, evolved tendencies b) all of these c) has "imprinted" on the parent d) is attached to the parent

b) all of these

Research suggests that the parents of insecure-ambivalent children a) repress most feelings concerning attachment b) are preoccupied with winning their own parents' love c) are primarily ambivalent about their children's exploratory drive d) are ambivalent about their desire to have children

b) are preoccupied with winning their own parents' love

In light of problems posed by the concept of drive, Premack, one of Skinner's followers, proposes we consider reinforcement a) in terms of the length of extinction b) as the momentary probability of a response c) as ratios between positive and negative reinforcement d) in terms of the power of discriminative stimuli

b) as the momentary probability of a response

In light of problems posed by the concept of drive, Premack, one of Skinner's followers, proposes we consider reinforcement a) as ratios between positive and negative reinforcement b) as the momentary probability of a response c) in terms of the power of discriminative stimuli d) in terms of the length of extinction

b) as the momentary probability of a response

Mahler's belief in the caretaker's patient availability is similar to the view of a) Montessori b) both Montessori and Ainsworth c) neither d) Ainsworth

b) both Montessori and Ainsworth

One of Vygotsky's laws was that a) behavior begins as action and then become increasingly verbal and logical b) children first learn the social forms of behavior, then apply it to themselves themselves c) logic is simply interiorized action d) the dialectic of history manifests itself in the cognitive conflicts between individuals

b) children first learn the social forms of behavior, then apply it to themselves themselves

Erikson's stage of industry vs. inferiority is most closely related to Piaget's stage of a) sensorimotor intelligence b) concrete operations c) preoperational thought d) formal operations

b) concrete operations

In Bowlby's scheme, a baby restricts smiling to familiar people a) when she shows a fear of strangers b) during the second phase c) when she develops partnership behavior d) during the third phase

b) during the second phase

Which of the following involves studying behaviors of multiple cultures from outside the system, and compares/contrasts features using criteria thought to be absolute or universal? a) emic approach b) etic approach c) none of the above d) homogeneous approach

b) etic approach

In general, the strongest fixations seem to be due to a) inconsistent care b) excessive frustration c) unconscious fantasies d) excessive gratification

b) excessive frustration

According to Bandura, observational learning from models, compared to operant conditioning, is frequently a) more easily extinguished b) faster c) more influenced by schedules of reinforcement d) more scientific

b) faster

According to Bandura, observational learning from models, compared to operant conditioning, is frequently a) more scientific b) faster c) more influenced by schedules of reinforcement d) more easily extinguished

b) faster

Bandura says a positive sense of self-efficacy a) promotes independence from peers b) gives one energy to persist with tasks c) promotes patient and tolerance of others d) all of the above

b) gives one energy to persist with tasks

In Bowlby's scheme, which of the following does not occur during the same phase of attachment? a) the Moro reflex b) greeting a returning parent c) cooing and babbling d) social smiling

b) greeting a returning parent

Erikson seems to regard identity foreclosure as a) a necessary stage for all of us to go through b) impoverishing the personality c) all of these d) tied to postconventional thought

b) impoverishing the personality

Vygotsky believed egocentric or self-directed speech a) refutes the zone of proximal development b) is useful to children c) is useless to children d) is a perceptual failure

b) is useful to children

In Bronfenbrenner's model, the most complex system, which consists of customs, values, and laws in a given individual's culture is the: a) exosystem. b) macrosystem. c) mesosystem. d) microsystem.

b) macrosystem.

Which of the following is not on Bandura's list of variables strongly influencing self-efficacy appraisals? a) pep talks b) non-judgmental acceptance c) physiological cues d) vicarious experiences

b) non-judgmental acceptance

In Bandura's theory, direct reinforcements primarily affect a) altruistic behavior rather than other kinds of behavior b) performances rather than the acquisition of responses c) aggressive behavior rather than other kinds of behavior d) general classes of behavior rather than specific behavior

b) performances rather than the acquisition of responses

Piaget emphasized children's lack of conservation as a quality of a) infancy b) preoperational thought c) stage 6 of sensorimotor thought d) formal operations

b) preoperational thought

Vygotsky was interested in speech and memory aids as a) aspects of IQ tests b) psychological tools c) products of biological maturation d) created by individuals apart from society

b) psychological tools

Vygotsky was interested in speech and memory aids as a) created by individuals apart from society b) psychological tools c) products of biological maturation d) aspects of IQ tests

b) psychological tools

According to Erik Erikson, individuals pass through eight _____ in which a "crisis" occurs. As the crisis is resolved, a virtue is achieved. a) psychosexual stages b) psychosocial stages c) psychological stage

b) psychosocial stages

A favorable resolution of the conflict between initiative and guilt in Erikson's theory leads to a sense of a) industry b) purpose c) will d) competence

b) purpose

Vygotsky was perhaps the first to advance many concepts. Which is not among the list? a) mediation b) repression c) metacognition d) inner speech

b) repression

Which is nota common part of the resolution of the Oedipus complex? a) internalization b) restitution c) sublimation d) identification

b) restitution

For Piaget, which of the following is not an example of egocentrism? a) collective monologues b) selfishness c) failing to realize that others can't see one's dreams d) not considering another's viewpoint

b) selfishness

Social learning theorists retained the focus on learning, but broadened the notion of learning in two main ways. They added focus on: a) observation and vicarious reinforcement b) social behavior and the social context of behavior c) prosocial behavior and self-regulation

b) social behavior and the social context of behavior

A person says, "You have to obey the law; otherwise you will get punished." This person is probably reasoning at Kohlberg's a) stage 4 b) stage 1 c) stage 3 d) stage 2

b) stage 1

A person who justifies decisions in terms of the moral authority of his or her religious group is probably reasoning at Kohlberg's a) stage 3 b) stage 4 c) stage 6 d) stage 5

b) stage 4

The United States Constitution, with its rights and procedures, illustrates moral thinking at Kohlberg's a) stage 3 b) stage 5 c) stage 6 d) stage 4

b) stage 5

A person who says we ought to keep all promises out of a respect for the equal worth of all individuals is probably reasoning at Kohlberg's a) stage 3 b) stage 6 c) stage 5 d) stage 4

b) stage 6

A child strikes a table several times, sometimes more loudly, sometimes more softly. This behavior illustrates a) the coordination of secondary schemes b) tertiary circular reactions c) secondary circular reactions d) the beginning of thought

b) tertiary circular reactions

The term guided participation, compared to other theories of socialization, emphasized the fact that ________ have/has a great impact on a child's socialization a) parents b) the child (him or herself) c) the media d) one's ethnic group

b) the child (him or herself) *online Quizlet answer: the bidriectional (2-way) nature of socialization

Our early ancestors seem to have foraged about in small groups and were threatened by large predators. Bowlby referred to this as a) early proximity-seeking behavior b) the environment of adaptedness c) the pre-technological period d) the early period of attachment formation

b) the environment of adaptedness

Imprinting is most precisely defined as the process by which a) animals learn the environment of adaptedness b) the releasing stimuli of instincts are filled in c) both humans and animals learn the objects of later sexual desires d) animals learn to follow their principal attachment figures

b) the releasing stimuli of instincts are filled in

What Freudian agency of the mind criticizes us on moral grounds? a) the repression barrier b) the superego c) the id d) the ego

b) the superego

Which of the following develops after all the others? a) pauses that show a sensitivity to phrase structure b) transformations c) agent-action-object categories d) negatives

b) transformations

Vygotsky, compared to Piaget, viewed egocentric or self-directed speech a. more cognitively b. more positively c. similarly d. more tentatively

b. more positively

The Bowlby/Ainsworth advice on child-rearing is most similar to that of a) preformationism b) Aries c) Gesell d) Locke

c) Gesell

Bowlby's theory draws on the work of a) Locke b) Rousseau c) Lorenz d) all of these

c) Lorenz

Studies involving pregnant women have shown that "socialization begins before " Which of the following examples illustrates this finding? a) Mother's alcohol consumption during pregnancy is related to mental retardation in the newborn. b) playing classical music to the unborn child slows its heartbeat. c) Mothers' prenatal talk to the female or male fetus reflects gender stereotypes. d) Reading to the unborn child is correlated with earlier language acquisition

c) Mothers' prenatal talk to the female or male fetus reflects gender stereotypes.

In operant conditioning a) delayed reinforcement is highly effective b) the initial stimuli are always known c) a key measure of conditioning is the rate of response d) the organism is often strapped to ensure reliable behavior

c) a key measure of conditioning is the rate of response

Mohammed, a high school exchange student, has just arrived from Malaysia to live with his host family in California. Mohammed attends a varsity volleyball game at his new school. At first, he seems puzzled about the rules of the game. However, as it progresses, he smiles and says, "This game is just like sepak takaru back home, only we play it with a ball made from bamboo and we can use our head and feet to volley the ball back and forth across the net." Mohammed's ability to adjust or modify his scheme of volleyball to fit his scheme of sepak takaru, is an example of a) adaptation. b) equilibration. c) accommodation. d) assimilation.

c) accommodation.

Erikson's stages, compared to Freud's, a) are less hierarchically organized b) unfold in an invariant sequence c) are more general d) are more closely tied to libidinal zones

c) are more general

The 4 components of Observational Learning are: a) vicarious, prosocial, cultural, punishment b) attenuation, modeling, reinforcement, motivation c) attention, retention, production and motivation

c) attention, retention, production and motivation

A basic principle of operant conditioning is that a) the CS is the most powerful variable b) irradiation occurs c) behavior is governed by its consequences d) all of the above

c) behavior is governed by its consequences

Which is not a trait of autism? a) echoing words b) isolation from others c) competitive play d) avoidance of eye contact

c) competitive play

Vygotsky believed that culture and society a) are the causes of human misery b) are useless c) contribute powerfully to people's thinking d) are utopian dreams

c) contribute powerfully to people's thinking

Vygotsky believed that culture and society a) are utopian dreams b) are useless c) contribute powerfully to people's thinking d) are the causes of human misery

c) contribute powerfully to people's thinking

At the stage of primary circular reactions, infants a) think with motor symbols but not words b) engage in trial and error experiments c) coordinate two body actions d) repeat newly imitated behavior over and over

c) coordinate two body actions

Piaget most often linked the various forms of preoperational thought to a) hierarchic integration b) transductive thinking c) egocentrism d) a lack of conservation

c) egocentrism

A favorable resolution of the conflict between identity and role confusion leads to a sense of a) purpose b) care c) fidelity d) ego integrity

c) fidelity

Freud first replaced hypnosis with a) the interpretation of dreams b) memory facilitating drugs c) free association d) the exploration of childhood fantasies

c) free association

A psychosocial moratorium occurs at Erikson's stage of a) intimacy vs. isolation b) initiative vs. guilt c) identity vs. role confusion d) industry vs. inferiority

c) identity vs. role confusion

A child who is very curious, ambitious, and imaginative is most likely to be at Erikson's stage of a) autonomy vs. shame, doubt b) trust vs. mistrust c) initiative vs. guilt d) industry vs. inferiority

c) initiative vs. guilt

Ainsworth a) all of these b) could be criticized for basing all her ideas on white, middle class families c) is credited with the concept of using the parent as "a base of support" d) considered Bowlby to be too preoccupied with evolutionary theory

c) is credited with the concept of using the parent as "a base of support"

A person who reasons at Kohlberg's third stage is likely to say that fighting is wrong because a) it disrupts the social order b) it is against the law c) it is mean and injures others d) it violates a universal principle

c) it is mean and injures others

Kohlberg's stage 7 a) tries to show that life has no purpose b) has been found to be a clearer version of stage 6 c) may include a spiritual sense of oneness with the cosmos d) is a highly rational, Western moral orientation

c) may include a spiritual sense of oneness with the cosmos

Erikson's stages, compared to Piaget's stages, are a) more universal b) all of these c) more maturationally governed d) more difficult to attain

c) more maturationally governed

In Skinner's view, punishment a) can also be called negative reinforcement b) is an effective way to eliminate attention-getting behavior c) often produces unwanted side effects d) is rare in the modern world

c) often produces unwanted side effects

In classic Freudian theory, the defense mechanisms a) all of these b) are the work of the id c) operate unconsciously d) include suppression

c) operate unconsciously

Between about 2 and 3 months, social smiles are elicited a) primarily by principal and secondary attachment figures b) by any human feature c) primarily by faces in the frontal position d) primarily by caresses

c) primarily by faces in the frontal position

Ainsworth describes insecure-avoidant children as a) consistently independent in both the home and the Strange Situation b) avoiding new situations whenever possible c) reacting defensively to the threat of maternal unresponsiveness d) avoiding strangers at all costs, but clinging to the mother

c) reacting defensively to the threat of maternal unresponsiveness

Marx argued that people's ideas and values a) all of the above b) are important forms of metamemory c) reflect people's economic interests d) are important in their own right

c) reflect people's economic interests

A study by Bell and Ainsworth suggests that when parents consistently respond to young infants' cries, the infants at one year of age are a) quite spoiled b) vigorous criers c) relatively independent d) insecurely attached

c) relatively independent

Anna Freud said the most powerful defense mechanism, which frequently works in conjunction with the other defenses, is a) displacement b) projection c) repression d) denial

c) repression

Contemporary Vygotskians see children's make-believe play as a) much as Piaget saw it b) spontaneous c) requiring initial adult support d) basically autistic

c) requiring initial adult support

Jeremy, Simone, and Emily are working collaboratively to solve their fifth grade geometry problems. Their teacher, Ms. Greta, stays after class to help them with the first five. While providing hints for solving the remaining ten, the three students are required to complete the rest on their own. The contextualist approach to learning in which temporary support or guidance is provided by Ms. Greta is referred to as a) scripting. b) architecturing. c) scaffolding. d) platforming

c) scaffolding.

The "Tools of the Mind" project tries to teach a) moral concepts through fairy tales b) grammar c) self-regulation through play d) abstract thinking

c) self-regulation through play

Skinner argued that internal events such as thoughts a) have no place in behaviorism b) are less important than Pavlov said they are c) should only be studied if they can be observed and measured d) are less important than Watson said they are

c) should only be studied if they can be observed and measured

A person says, "Everyone has their own perspective on right and wrong, so just do what is best for you." This person is probably reasoning at Kohlberg's a) stage 3 b) stage 1 c) stage 2 d) stage 4

c) stage 2

A teacher tells his students they should be nice to others because they might one day want others to return favors to them. The teacher is probably reasoning at Kohlberg's a) stage 5 b) stage 3 c) stage 2 d) stage 4

c) stage 2

Over the years, Bandura has come to view Piaget's theory as a) correct about external standards b) correct about stages c) still wrong in major respects d) similar to his own

c) still wrong in major respects

Mahler used which term to describe a state of non-differentiation between infant and mother? a) autism b) rapprochement c) symbiosis d) practicing

c) symbiosis

In Kohlberg's just community approach a) high school students are frequently friendlier to one another, but their moral thinking remains about the same b) moral dialogue and moral atmosphere frequently advance moral thinking two or more stages c) the moral thinking of high school students advances somewhat, primarily from stage 2 to 3 d) there is little relationship between moral thought and moral behavior

c) the moral thinking of high school students advances somewhat, primarily from stage 2 to 3

Bowlby believed that a) instincts are never found in humans b) all of these c) there is a form of imprinting in humans d) Ainsworth's research was over-rated

c) there is a form of imprinting in humans

Piaget's stage of "formal operational thinking" has been the subject of many years of cross-cultural research. This body of research has revealed that a) there is much use of formal operational thinking. b) there is much use of concrete operational thinking. c) there is little use of formal operational thinking. d) there is little use of concrete operational thinking.

c) there is little use of formal operational thinking.

In therapy with severely disturbed children, one of Mahler's most common goals was a) to increase the infant's independence b) to overcome internal object constancy c) to promote a more pleasurable symbiosis d) to teach the child essential social skills

c) to promote a more pleasurable symbiosis

Vygotsky, compared to Piaget, believed it can be productive a) all of the above b) to restrict children's play c) to teach concepts beyond the child's grasp d) to use IQ scores in education

c) to teach concepts beyond the child's grasp

Which reflex illustrates the principle of functional asymmetry? a) Moro b) Babinsky c) tonic neck d) sucking

c) tonic neck

On which issue are the stage theories of Erikson and Piaget in agreement? a) whether biological maturation is a powerful force b) whether the stages represent hierarchic integrations c) whether the stages are qualitatively different d) whether all people reach the highest stages

c) whether the stages are qualitatively different

Which educator would be most impressed by Vygotsky? An educator a) who believes students need lots of time to figure things out for themselves b) who believes in letting kids be kids c) who thinks children can initially profit from assistance d) who wants thinking to be spontaneous, unself-conscious process

c) who thinks children can initially profit from assistance

An example of a discriminative stimulus is a boy who a) cries to get attention b) works only when immediately rewarded c) works hard only when the teacher says, "This paper will be graded" d) is startled by the sight of a dog

c) works hard only when the teacher says, "This paper will be graded"

Five-year-olds seem to talk to themselves aloud more often as their work becomes increasingly difficult. This finding supports a) both Piaget and Vygotsky b) Piaget c) neither Piaget nor Vygotsky d) Vygotsky

d) Vygotsky

When children pick up the rules underlying modeled behavior, Bandura calls the process a) rule-induced modeling b) observational learning c) cognitive modeling d) abstract modeling

d) abstract modeling

Bandura disagrees with Piaget over the extent to which children a) go through general stages b) learn from moderately novel events c) learn through intrinsic motivation d) all of the above

d) all of the above

Bandura disagrees with Piaget over the extent to which children a) learn from moderately novel events b) learn through intrinsic motivation c) go through general stages d) all of the above

d) all of the above

Classical conditioning deals with a) the pairing of stimuli that precede responses b) extinction c) conditioning of reflexes and innate behavior d) all of the above

d) all of the above

Shaping a) is also known as the "method of approximations" b) is associated with the work of Skinner c) can teach skills little by little d) all of the above

d) all of the above

J. B. Watson a) said there are no innate emotions b) all of the above c) provided new insights into the role of discriminative stimuli d) applied classical conditioning to child development

d) applied classical conditioning to child development

In Vygotsky's theory, inner speech a) uses excessive words b) contradicts Werner's concept of microgenesis c) emphasizes the precise meanings of words but not their feeling- tones d) articulates dimly formed thoughts and feelings

d) articulates dimly formed thoughts and feelings

A distinctive defense mechanism in adolescence, Anna Freud said is a) denial b) repression c) identification d) asceticism

d) asceticism

The issue of parental discipline usually first arises at Erikson's stage of a) industry vs. inferiority b) trust vs. mistrust c) initiative vs. guilt d) autonomy vs. shame, doubt

d) autonomy vs. shame, doubt

In Bandura's Bobo doll experiment, ________ were more aggressive than _________. a) infants; toddlers b) children; adolescents c) girls; boys d) boys; girls

d) boys; girls

In Piaget's view, children master conservation a) through specific instruction b) all of the above c) when they go to school d) by recognizing the contradictions in their own thought

d) by recognizing the contradictions in their own thought

For Erikson, gaining maturity in adulthood primarily means a) gaining independence b) persevering in one's goals c) finding one's unique identity d) caring for others

d) caring for others

Since the 1960s, strict Skinnerian theory has lost much popularity because psychologists have become increasingly interested in a) drive theories of motivation b) psychoanalytic theory c) classical conditioning of emotions d) cognitive events

d) cognitive events

Piaget said the mastery of conservation indicates a) sensorimotor development b) preoperational thought c) formal operations d) concrete operations

d) concrete operations

One of the criticisms of Erikson, advanced by Robert White, is that Erikson a) overlooked the need for anthropological fieldwork b) didn't fully recognize the importance of a historical perspective c) didn't fully recognize maturational forces d) didn't capture all ego development in his concepts of modes

d) didn't capture all ego development in his concepts of modes

The text considers research on televised aggression as a) fairly weak b) supporting some theorists but not others c) weak d) fairly conclusive

d) fairly conclusive

An answer that includes the consideration of all hypothetical possibilities is at the level of ' a) concrete operations b) the sixth stage of sensorimotor development ' c) preoperational thought d) formal operations

d) formal operations

When the infant begins pulling back from the mother to inspect her, Mahler used the term a) stranger anxiety b) "the love affair with the world" c) conflicted d) hatched

d) hatched

Which phrase below does not describe Mahler's normal autism? a) inner focus b) still achieving physiological balance c) stimulus barrier d) hyper alert

d) hyper alert

Mahler's concept of object constancy a) has little to do with Piaget's concept b) is a prerequisite to basic trust c) means overcoming the world of make-believe d) is an internal image of the mother

d) is an internal image of the mother

Skinner's programmed instruction seemed to agree with Montessori's belief in a) an innate language mechanism b) the use of sensory materials c) sensitive periods d) making learning a positive experience

d) making learning a positive experience

Responses that are intermittently rather than continuously reinforced are a) all of the above b) less likely to generalize c) less subject to negative reinforcement d) more difficult to extinguish

d) more difficult to extinguish

Some contemporary ethologists prefer the term "sensitive period" to "critical period" to convey a) greater sensitivity to children b) all of these c) preprogrammed infant sensitivity d) more flexible boundaries

d) more flexible boundaries

Which of the following is not on Bandura's list of variables strongly influencing self-efficacy appraisals? a) physiological cues b) vicarious experiences c) pep talks d) non-judgmental acceptance

d) non-judgmental acceptance

Bandura's observational learning theory differs from Skinner's operant theory a) on the need for experimental research b) on the existence of direct rewards and punishments c) on the value of general stages d) on the need to directly act to learn

d) on the need to directly act to learn

When we attribute our own feelings to others, the Freudian defense mechanism is a) repression b) displacement c) reaction-formation d) projection

d) projection

Which defense mechanism is most typically at play in the anal stage? a) displacement b) denial c) substitution d) reaction-formation

d) reaction-formation

According to Ainsworth, in the healthiest pattern of attachment, the child is a) vigilant b) able to explore without the mother's presence c) cognitively gifted d) securely attached

d) securely attached

An emphasis on social order and organization characterizes moral thought at Kohlberg's a) stage 6 b) stage 3 c) stage 5 d) stage 4

d) stage 4

Most urban middle class adults in the United States reason at Kohlberg's a) stage 5 b) stage 2 c) stage 3 d) stage 4

d) stage 4

According to Kohlberg, Martin Luther King, Immanuel Kant, and John Rawls thought about moral issues at a) stage 3 b) stage 4 c) stage 5 d) stage 6

d) stage 6

A pediatrician expects the infant to demonstrate the pincer grasp at a) six months b) birth c) twelve months d) ten months

d) ten months

Piaget and Vygotsky most strongly disagreed over a) all of the above b) the existence of egocentric speech c) the definitions of "scientific" and "spontaneous concepts" d) the importance of children making their own discoveries

d) the importance of children making their own discoveries

The text says the story of Hansel and Gretel illustrates conflicts at a) the anal stage b) the latency stage c) the phallic stage d) the oral stage

d) the oral stage

Mahler's phase in which the child explores with unbridled enthusiasm is a) the rapprochement phase b) the symbiotic phase c) the normal autistic phase d) the practicing phase

d) the practicing phase

Freud would suggest that a young man's anxiety over competition probably reflects earlier problems at a) the fourth stage b) the first stage c) the second stage d) the third stage

d) the third stage

Luria found that when young children try to give themselves verbal commands a) they can immediately regulate their behavior b) they respond to the meaning of their words rather than their words' signaling function c) they respond primarily to familiar words d) they behave as if all commands initiate behavior

d) they behave as if all commands initiate behavior

Vygotsky created the "zone of proximal development" a) to indicate the child's potential for independent learning b) to give educators a true assessment of children's current intelligence c) to distinguish between the truly gifted and other children d) to assess children's potential for new learning

d) to assess children's potential for new learning

Piagetians generally believe that Bandura a) has demonstrated the effects of classical conditioning b) is in agreement with them, except for minor details c) is more in agreement with Freudian thinking than their own d) underestimates the power of spontaneous interests

d) underestimates the power of spontaneous interests

According to Bandura a) the best motto is, "Try things and see what happens" b) cognition plays no role in learning c) modeling is an outmoded concept d) we often learn by simply observing others

d) we often learn by simply observing others

What most puzzled Freud about the girl's Oedipus complex was a) why girls develop a masculinity complex b) why girls aren't as open as boys about sexual matters c) why girls experience penis envy d) why girls feel a need to resolve the crisis

d) why girls feel a need to resolve the crisis

E.B. Tylor, who was the first anthropologist to define the term "culture," referred to it as a) that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, laws, customs and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society. b) the totality of societal norms derived from historical and social customs and beliefs. c) the values and beliefs societies pass down from one generation to the next. d) the shared beliefs and customs that members of a given society view as important in sustaining identity

that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, laws, customs and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.

When our previously learned responses are more likely to occur after watching the consequences that follow others' behavior, the process is called

vicarious reinforcement