Lifespan Development Exams 1, 2, 3, 4: Chapters 1-22
Parents of a typical 5-year-old girl in America are MOST likely to say _____ -"She isn't eating enough." -"She eats too much." -"She is suffering from malnutrition." -"She has no control over her appetite."
"She isn't eating enough."
Psychosocial development during adolescence is often seen as a quest to answer the question _____. -"What am I going to do with my life?" -"Why don't my parents understand me?" -"Will I ever find someone to love?" -"Who am I?"
"Who am I?"
Marcella just gave birth to a baby who is preterm and low-birthweight. In addition, Marcella experienced high blood pressure throughout her pregnancy. Marcella is most likely _____ years old. -19 -25 -15 -21
15
In 2015, only _____ percent of adolescents consumed the recommended three or more servings of vegetables daily. -22 -31 -10 -16
16
About _____ percent of all new cases of STIs worldwide occur in people under the age of 26. -75 -1 -25 -50
50
In developed nations, grandparenthood begins on average at about age _____. -75 -60 -67 -50
50
Most babies learn to grasp and hold onto objects by about _____ months old. -2 -4 -6 -8
6
Amy spontaneously says things such as "mamamamamama" and "dadadadadadada." About how old is Amy likely to be? -6-10 months -2 months -10-12 months -3-6 months
6-10 months
Recent studies report that ____ percent of teenagers say that social network sites hurt their body confidence. -30 -86 -49 -77
86
Kristy and her friends come up with several options of things to do on Friday night, and ultimately decide to go to a new movie because it received positive reviews. In making this decision Kristy and her friends are using what type of thought? -analytic thought -deductive reasoning --intuitive thought -concrete reasoning
?
The concept of the Big Five reflects which type of theory? -information processing --humanism -trait -psychoanalytic
?
Who is MOST likely to experience few psychological problems during middle childhood? -Gareth, who is being raised by his biological mother and her romantic partner -Tony, who is being raised by his single dad -Richard, who is being raised by his single mom -Alberto, who is being raised by his biological mother and father
Alberto, who is being raised by his biological mother and father
_____ is experience-expectant; all babies engage in it. -Babbling -Sign language -The use of holophrases -Waving
Babbling
Which of the following children is likely to be the first in his or her class to learn to write his or her name? -Bai, a 3-year-old Chinese-American girl -Park, a 4-year-old Chinese-American boy -Jeremy, a 4-year-old Caucasian-American boy -Todd, a 3-year-old Caucasian-American boy
Bai, a 3-year-old Chinese-American girl
Which scenario best illustrates prosocial behavior? -Gwen says "please" when asking her mother for a dollar. -Bethany feeds her baby brother because her mother is sick. -Selena helps her mother clean so that her mother will take her to the park. -Savannah takes out the garbage for a quarter.
Bethany feeds her baby brother because her mother is sick.
Which statement is true? -The ways children play are identical around the world. -Children in North America who engage in parallel play are developmentally delayed. -Children's play reflects their culture's practices and values. -Parents around the world play with their children regularly.
Children's play reflects their culture's practices and values.
Chris is helpful and cooperative and takes care of his family and friends. Aaron is selfish and arrogant and puts his needs before those of his family and friends. Whose traits are likely to be selected for future generations in order to meet the evolutionary goals of humans? -Chris's -Aaron's -Both Chris's and Aaron's -Neither Chris's nor Aaron's
Chris's
In addition to cultural influences, what is a compelling reason that causes parents to choose to co-sleep with their infant? ____ -Co-sleeping makes nighttime feedings easier. -Co-sleeping allows the infant to sleep more deeply for longer periods. -Co-sleeping helps the baby's digestion. -Co-sleeping infants become more independent.
Co-sleeping makes nighttime feedings easier.
_____ are essential ethical safeguards. -Promotion, social awareness, and publication -Independence, privacy, and funding -Political correctness, scientific advancement, and medical treatment -Collaboration, replication, and transparency
Collaboration, replication, and transparency
_____ rise at puberty, and that makes adolescents quicker to become angry or upset. -Psychotic episodes -Cortisol levels -Externalizing disorders -Identity conflicts
Cortisol levels
Four-month-old Tammi and 13-month-old Dawn are left with a babysitter. How will they react? -Neither girl is likely to show distress. -Both Tammi and Dawn will be experiencing separation anxiety. -Tammi will be more upset than Dawn. -Dawn will probably show more distress than Tammi.
Dawn will probably show more distress than Tammi.
The _____ measures electrical activity in the cortex. -EEG -ERP -MRI -fMRI
EEG
Some children in the United States are classified as _____ based on their proficiency in English. -TIMSS -PIRLS -ELL -NAEP
ELL
Which of the following illustrates expectations about emerging adults' ability to manage their time? -Byron's residential adviser reviews curfew limits for entering freshman. -Grady's mother gives him a calendar to take to college. -Lyn's mother calls every night to make sure she has completed her homework. -Vanessa's professors provide syllabi with projects and due dates for the semester.
Vanessa's professors provide syllabi with projects and due dates for the semester.
In a typical family, the kinkeeper is MOST likely to be _____. -a middle-aged mother -the first grandchild -a middle-aged father -a young adult son
a middle-aged mother
Jane is in the third grade but reads at the level of a preschooler. Jane's teacher thinks that she reverses letters and may have _____. -ADHD -dyscalculia -autism spectrum disorder -dyslexia
dyslexia
Research indicates that infants reach the stages of Piaget's sensorimotor intelligence _____ Piaget originally predicted. -at the same time as -in a different sequence than -earlier than -later than
earlier than
According to the text, social learning is particularly noticeable in _____. -infancy -early adolescence -late adolescence -early adulthood
early adolescence
A child fixated in the oral stage may become an adult who____ -is excessively neat. -has intense fears. -eats too much. -tends to be introverted.
eats too much
An individual's socioeconomic status includes, among other things, his or her _____. -ethnicity -education level -political beliefs -religion
education level
The Piagetian term for a particular type of centration in which a child thinks about the world only from his or her personal perspective is called "_____." -static reasoning -irreversibility -egocentrism -conservatism
egocentrism
How long it takes to respond to a stimulus is referred to as "_____." -reaction time -waiting period -response time -stimulus response
reaction time
The preeminent psychosocial accomplishment between the ages of 2 and 6 is learning when and how to _____. -make friends -regulate emotions -know right from wrong -make choices
regulate emotions
For both men and women, as they age, _____. -sexual responses come quicker -fertility increases -sex-hormone levels increase -reproduction becomes less likely
reproduction becomes less likely
Restitution as a punishment for a transgression involves _____. -hurting the transgressor -restoring what was lost -defining what was lost -praising the transgressor
restoring what was lost
Dixie just started dating BJ. Dixie feels happy and excited when she thinks about BJ and feels confident that BJ feels the same about her. However, she is not sure where the relationship will lead, because they both continue to live independent lives. According to Robert Sternberg, which form of love does Dixie appear MOST likely to be experiencing? -romantic love -companionship love -consummate love -infatuation
romantic love
According to Vygotsky, a teacher who carefully plans each child's participation in the learning process within the zone of proximal development uses _____. -reinforcements for good behavior -scaffolding -peer mentoring -skill construction
scaffolding
Bridget is in tenth grade. Bridget is enrolled in _____ education. -higher education -tertiary -secondary -primary
secondary
Severe brain loss that occurs before late adulthood could be caused by any of these factors EXCEPT _____. -drug abuse -genes -poor circulation -senescence
senescence
The memory system in which signals are held for a split second is called "______" memory. -short-term -working -sensory -holding
sensory
A particular body weight that an individual's homeostatic processes strive to maintain is referred to as the "_____." -organ reserve -body mass index -optimal weight -set point
set point
The worry that one's appearance or behavior will be misused to confirm another person's oversimplified, prejudiced attitude is referred to as "_____." -reverse discrimination -stereotype threat -dialectical thought -overcompensation
stereotype threat
A dynamic longer-term body adjustment that affects overall physiology is referred to as "_____." -organ reserve -allostasis -homeostasis -senescence
allostasis
According to Erikson, children have _____, and thus believe that they can achieve any goal. -an unrealistic self-concept -strong feelings of guilt -a weak self-concept -a sense of self-doubt
an unrealistic self-concept
Piaget's scale-balancing problem requires ____ thought. -conventional -intuitive -concrete operational -analytic
analytic
Hearing how bad one's health is from a doctor can lead to _____. -metabolic syndrome -reduced awareness -anger and defiance -premature death
anger and defiance
When Alexia was born, she had a lack of oxygen for a small amount of time. Alexia experienced _____. -cerebral hemorrhaging -cerebral palsy -couvade -anoxia
anoxia
IQ tests _____. -are influenced by culture -reflect multicultural understanding -accurately reflect achievement -do not accurately reflect aptitude
are influenced by culture
In terms of visual acuity, newborns _____. -possess 20/20 vision -are legally blind -have binocular vision -exhibit organized visual scanning
are legally blind
Earl Hunt, a psychologist who studies intelligence, has proposed that nations with the most advanced economies and greatest national wealth are those that make best use of cognitive _____—that is, ways to amplify and extend general cognitive ability. -tools -artifacts -optimizers -modifiers
artifacts
When the thought required for an action has become routine, and it appears that most aspects of the task are performed instinctively, the performance of the task is _____. -compensated -automatic -optimized -modified
automatic
Susie has an IQ score of 90. According to the distribution of IQ scores, Susie's IQ falls into what category? -average -superior -slow learner -gifted
average
The idea that child maltreatment is rare and perpetuated by disturbed strangers _____. -is true for abuse, but not neglect -has been disproved by research -is representative of most child maltreatment cases -is called "battered child syndrome
has been disproved by research
Compared to individuals without a college education, those with a college education tend to be _____. -more likely to smoke -more intelligent -healthier and wealthier -married
healthier and wealthier
A popular term for parents who hover over their emerging adults, ready to swoop down if any problem arises, is "_____ parents." -helicopter -hovering -vigilant -supportive
helicopter
Which of the following factors does NOT facilitate increases in the knowledge base? -high intelligence -past experience -current opportunity -personal motivation
high intelligence
James uses the word "more" to mean "I want another cookie." In this case, "more" is a(n) _____. -overextension -holophrase -reflexive communication -preverbal communication
holophrase
The first 22 chromosomes contain hundreds of genes in the same positions and sequence. If the code of the gene from one parent is exactly like the code on the same gene from the other parent, the gene pair is _____. -homozygous -heterozygous -monozygotic -dizygotic
homozygous
The belief that children's immune systems need to be exposed to viruses and bacteria in order to strengthen them, but that children are overprotected from this exposure, is called the "_____." -hygiene hypothesis -sterile environment theory -immunity hypothesis -spore theory
hygiene hypothesis
When would a time-out be the most effective discipline strategy? -once the child can use words to express emotions -when the child is less than 2 -if the child is over the age of 8 -if the child enjoys being with other people
if the child enjoys being with other people
Slow-wave sleep _____ -increases at about 3 or 4 months of age. -is also known as "REM sleep." -is also known as "paradoxical sleep." -rarely occurs until 2 years of age.
increases at about 3 or 4 months of age.
An approach to understanding intelligence that holds that intelligence can be directly increased by effort is referred to as the "_____ theory of intelligence." -entity -dual-process -intrinsic-extrinsic -incremental
incremental
The stage in which faith becomes an active commitment, detached from the expectations of culture and others, is referred to as the stage of "_____ faith." -individual-reflective -universalizing -mythic-literal -intuitive-projective
individual-reflective
Holly was two weeks over her due date. The doctor decided it was best for Holly to _____ labor due to the increasing size of the fetus. -postpone -induce -forego -decrease
induce
Freud claimed that during the anal stage, _____. -infants find pleasure in stimulating and controlling the bowels -infants often find urinating and defecating to be painful -toilet training leads to positive mother-child interactions -infants strive to develop a sense of trust in the parents
infants find pleasure in stimulating and controlling the bowels
Originally, a person's mental age and chronological age were factors used to determine his or her _____. -achievement on the WAIS -achievement on the WPPSI -intelligence quotient -multiple intelligences
intelligence quotient
The psychometric approach to studying cognitive development analyzes intelligence using _____. -physiological measures -narratives -intelligence tests -observation
intelligence tests
According to Vygotsky, guided participation requires that a child _____. -learns new skills through observation -interacts with a mentor to accomplish a task -is only provided with one set of directions for a task -discovers the solution to a task on his or her own
interacts with a mentor to accomplish a task
Gwen is the mother of newborn Taylor. For the majority of the day, Gwen holds Taylor between her breasts, skin-to-skin. This allows Taylor to listen to Gwen's heartbeat, as well as feel her mother's body heat. Gwen is utilizing ____. -swaddling -neonatal care -contact comfort -kangaroo care
kangaroo care
Research indicates that a child who demonstrates positive adaptation in the face of stressors such as poverty and neglect is showing resilience and _____. -will only show resilience if the child's current experiences remain the same -may or may not show resilience in the future -will always show resilience no matter how the child's life changes -will only show resilience if the child's current experiences get worse
may or may not show resilience in the future
Most bullies pick on _____. -people they barely know -their little brothers and sisters -members of their own sex -members of the other sex
members of their own sex
Taylor spends one hour getting ready for school. She insists on only wearing brand-name clothes. Taylor also wears specific sunglasses to demonstrate that she is a member of the popular crowd, and she participates in verbal bullying of students in the loner crowd. Taylor is most likely to be at what level of the education system? -preschool -high school -elementary school -middle school
middle school
Emerging adult Afton is a heavy social media user. She tends to have _____ face-to-face friends than do nonusers. -more -less -variable -the same amount of
more
A study of adults ages 34 to 83 found that people high in fluid intelligence were exposed to _____ stress and were _____ likely to suffer from it. -less; more -more; less -more; more -less; less
more; less
Roger wants to be more physically active. His friend knows the research on what helps adults be more active and suggests that Roger _____. -move to a neighborhood with walking paths and sidewalks -reduce the number of hours he works -donate $10 to a local charity for each day that he does not exercise -join a gym with an expensive membership fee so he will feel guilty if he does not go to the gym
move to a neighborhood with walking paths and sidewalks
A _____ is an average or usual event or experience. -norm -theory -hypothesis -median
norm
Critics worry that the DIT is _____. -not sensitive to cross-cultural differences -biased toward female morality -biased toward male morality -only valid for college students
not sensitive to cross-cultural differences
Due to smell recognition, babies prefer to sleep _____. -alone in a crib with freshly washed sheets -nuzzled into their caregiver's chest -near a kitchen while food is being prepared -in the room in which they were born
nuzzled into their caregiver's chest
Social learning theory indicates that learning occurs from _____. -the association between one stimulus and another -past reinforcement -observing and imitating others -responding to a particular stimulus
observing and imitating others
A correlation is considered to be negative if _____. -both variables decrease -both variables increase one variable increases while the other -variable decreases -change in one variable is unrelated to change in the other variable
one variable increases while the other variable decreases
Cooperation between a mother and a father based on their mutual commitment to their children is called _____. -co-parenting -bonding -parental alliance -parental synchrony
parental alliance
A child's active play during the childhood years correlates with _____. -increased competitiveness -increased aggression -peer acceptance -increased bullying
peer acceptance
Abida is a nurturing parent and has good communication with her children, whom she never disciplines. Her parenting style is _____. -authoritarian -permissive -neglectful -authoritative
permissive
Timur and Juan are playing basketball. Timur shoots the ball, and Juan blocks the shot. Timur says, "Wow, I didn't realize how tall you were until you did that!" Timur's comment refers to Juan's "_____." -phenotype -allele -genotype -gamete
phenotype
Jenny is always friendly. When someone tells her a secret she does not tell other friends. She also is helpful and cooperates with others to get class projects done. Other students like working with Jenny. Jenny could be defined as a(n) _____ child. -popular -spoiled -aggressive-rejected -moral
popular
The first step in the scientific method involves _____. -posing a question -conducting research -analyzing evidence -developing a hypothesis
posing a question
Knowing which words, tones, and grammatical forms to use with whom is called "_____." -pragmatics -imitative speech -grammar -code-switching
pragmatics
Latisha experienced menarche when she was 8 years old. She experienced _____. -preterm menarche -abnormal hormonal fluctuations -excessively high levels of androgens -precocious puberty
precocious puberty
The ability to play "Simon Says" successfully appears to be directly related to the development of the _____ cortex. -striate -prefrontal -posterior -parietal
prefrontal
Obesity has increased because it is common for _____. -preschoolers to watch TV and drink soda -children to walk to school -preschoolers to attend preschool -babies to be breast-fed
preschoolers to watch TV and drink soda
To retain information in working memory, individuals must _____. -process the information -do nothing, as the information will be passively absorbed into working memory -merely be exposed to the information -unconsciously be aware of the information
process the information
A study of 7,578 adults in seven nations has found that physical separation between parents and adult children _____. -creates conflict between parents and their adult children -causes parents to spend more time and resources to support their adult children -weakens family ties -strengthens the relationships between parents and their adult children
strengthens the relationships between parents and their adult siblings
Children with a parent who does not have an optimal balance between emotional expression and emotional control may be likely to _____. -demonstrate characteristics of autism spectrum disorder -develop a sense of shame -struggle with emotional regulation -experience high levels of pride
struggle with emotional regulation
The coordinated interaction between caregiver and infant is called "_____." -interplay -symbiosis -synchrony -scaffolding
synchrony
Herman and Todd, two friends, are discussing logos on T-shirts. Herman says that everyone should be able to wear whatever logos they want on their T-shirts. Todd suggests that some logos may be offensive and thus should not be worn. If Herman is able to integrate those two ideas, he will have created a(n) _____. -theory -synthesis -antithesis -thesis
synthesis
During an identity moratorium, adolescents typically _____. -ignore their future roles and responsibilities -adopt their parents' views after having tested them on their own -take on temporary roles and postpone identity-achievement decisions -change their identities from that of their youth
take on temporary roles and postpone identity-achievement decisions
Ellie is 10 years old and well into puberty. She will probably experience _____. -pride that she is ahead of her friends -teasing from boys her age -a better body image than her peers -welcome attention from boys her age
teasing from boys her age
In regard to gross motor development, many educators agree that ____ is/are the third teacher. -the environment -brain -parents -relatives
the environment
One of the benefits of children having imaginary friends is ____ -the imaginary friend helps them to develop strategies for emotional control. -there is less pressure to develop friendships with real peers. -parents can use the imaginary friend to convince their child to obey. -the child will always be happy because he has someone to talk to at all times.
the imaginary friend helps them to develop strategies for emotional control.
In the science of human development, nature refers to _____. -the influence of the genes that people inherit -environmental influences -patterns of development -developmental differences
the influence of the genes that people inherit
An independent variable is _____. -the measured variable that may change depending upon manipulation of a dependent variable. -any unmeasured variable that is uncontrolled within the context of the experiment. -the variable that is intentionally manipulated by the researcher. -an external variable that cannot be controlled by the researcher.
the variable that is intentionally manipulated by the researcher.
George, age 65, is experiencing some symptoms of age-related hearing loss. If he is typical for his age, which sound would be the LEAST audible for him? -a low, bass beat -the voice of a small child -music on headphones -ringing in the ears
the voice of a small child
Howard Gardner proposed that _____. -IQ tests are the best way to measure intelligence -there are multiple intelligences -there is only one intelligence -everyone is equal in all types of intelligence
there are multiple intelligences
One of the most prominent aspects of formal operational thought is the ability to _____. -reject adult thoughts and values -take another person's point of view -think in terms of possibilities -use creative impulse as a problem-solving skill
think in terms of possibilities
Each stage of Freud's psychosexual theory of development is characterized by a conflict associated with different parts of the body. According to Freud, how people experience and resolve each conflict influences personality _____. -throughout life, because early years provide the foundation of adult behavior -throughout life, only if some of the conflicts are successfully resolved -only in childhood, with new conflicts emerging later that shape adult identity -at a particular stage of development, also called a sensitive period
throughout life, because early years provide the foundation of adult behavior
-The brain develops extremely quickly in the first few years, but not all of this growth is permanent. Rapid and temporary dendrite growth is called "_____." -dendritic proliferation -pruning -cortex multiplication -transient exuberance
transient exuberance
Piaget called the stage of cognitive development between the ages of 2 and 6 "preoperational intelligence" because children do not yet _____. -understand language -produce language -use logical operations -demonstrate intellectual behavior
use logical operations
After twins are conceived, their chance of survival until birth depends on the prenatal circumstances. An early sonogram might reveal two developing organisms, but later only one embryo continues to grow. This is referred to as the "_____ twin phenomenon." -vanishing -disappearing -terminated -missing
vanishing
Janice's mother often lets her 6-month-old baby watch Baby Einstein videos. According to research on language and video exposure, what is Janice likely learning from this program? -very little -how to count -new vocabulary words -how to read
very little
Bart is 21 years old and is not sure what kind of work he would like to do after college. Like many Americans his age, Bart has not yet developed a(n) _____ identity. -political -educational -vocational -true
vocational
Which task would be easier for a 21-year-old than for a 51-year-old? -walking up four flights of stairs -writing a letter by hand -watching two hours of television -carrying a bag of groceries from the store to the car
walking up four flights of stairs
During a boy's puberty, the growth spurt sequence typically occurs in this order. -weight, muscles, height -weight, height, muscles -muscles, height, weight -height, weight, muscles
weight, height muscles
In which of these situations would an individual MOST likely engage in religious coping? -while going through bankruptcy -after losing a job -when diagnosed with stage 4 cancer -while recovering from a car accident
when diagnosed with stage 4 cancer
Leon is asked whether a person should steal food if she is starving. Leon says no because it is against the law. Leon is in Lawrence Kohlberg's _____ moral reasoning level, in the stage called "______." -conventional; good girl and nice boy -postconventional; social contract -conventional; law and order -preconventional; might makes right
conventional; law and order
In the Strange Situation, a sign of insecure attachment might be _____. -crying and unable to be comforted when the mother returns -seeking contact with the mother when reunited -playing happily as long as the mother is present -smiling at the mother when she returns to the room
crying and unable to be comforted when the mother returns
Natalie is asked by her daughter to help with making a list of all the presidents of the United States for a school project. In order for Natalie to help her daughter, she will need to rely on _____ intelligence. -practical -crystallized -creative -fluid
crystalized
The development of motor skills is unique and depends on _________. -parents' athletic skills, socialization, and access to peers -age, ethnicity, and gender -culture, practice, and maturity -preschool quality, age of parents, and ethnic composition of the neighborhood
culture, practice, and maturity
Spreading insults and rumors by means of e-mails, text messages, or Web postings is called " _____." -hacking -electronic harassment -cyberbullying -spamming
cyberbullying
_____ are more likely to be carriers of X-linked traits, and _____ are more likely to express them. -Females; males -Females; females -Males; females -Males; males
Females; males
Cognitively, what is needed to counter stereotypes? -objectivity -dialect -subjectivity -flexibility
Flexibility
Most nations have exhibited substantial increases in IQ scores during the past century. This phenomenon is called the "_____." -Brain Leap -Flynn Effect -Intelligence Surge -Stanford Swell
Flynn Effect
_____ are a crucial part of the social convoy. -Younger adults and children -Personality traits -Friends -Extended family
Friends
What are the odds that a person will inherit the dominant gene for Alzheimer's disease? -1 in 1,000 -10 in 1,000 -50 in 1,000 -100 in 1,000
1 in 1,000
Geoff has begun uttering one-word holophrases (e.g., "Dada!"). About how old is Geoff likely to be? -1 year -2 years -6 months -3 months
1 year
Peak fertility occurs at about age _____. -15 -18 -30 -25
18
Each human has a total of about _____ genes. -10,000 -20,000 -30,000 -40,000
20,000
A typical child at 24 months weighs about _____ pounds. -14 -28 -42 -56
28
Worldwide, women live _____ years longer than men, but there is variation from place to place. -8 -10 -6 -4
4
At what age does any specific disease overtake accidents as a cause for human mortality? -40 -60 -50 -20
40
In 2014, _____ percent of the U.S. labor force was female. -25 -47 -90 -83
47
Peak fertility occurs ____ to ____ years after activated gonads produce mature ova and sperm. -6; 8 -4; 6 -2; 4 -8;10
4; 6
Which percentage of emerging adults reaches the standard of exercising 30 minutes a day, five days a week? -25 percent -62 percent -80 percent -43 percent
62 percent
Late adulthood begins at age _____. -45 -55 -65 -75
65
Regarding culture and dialectics, _____ adults tend to think holistically (about the whole rather than the parts). -African American -Asian -European -Latino
Asian
Which child is demonstrating characteristics of secure attachment? -Jennifer, who ignores her father while sitting in a corner -Jaron, who expresses fear at the sight of his mother -Emily, who refuses to let go of her father when he attempts to place her on the floor -Chase, who makes contact with his mother after she re-enters the room
Chase, who makes contact with his mother after she re-enters the room
The psychoanalytic theorist who proposes four psychosocial stages of adulthood is _____. -B. F. Skinner -Erik Erikson -Lev Vygotsky -Sigmund Freud
Erik Erikson
Which psychoanalytic theorist identified unique stages of development from birth through late adulthood? -Freud -Piaget -Skinner -Erikson
Erikson
In the United States, low-income children are offered a free preschool education through _____. -the War on Poverty -the Women, Infants, and Children Program -the Public Broadcasting System -Head Start
Head Start
The _____ was a worldwide effort to map the complete human genetic code. -Hap Map -Apgar scale -Human Genome Project -Brazelton Assessment
Human Genome Project
_____ is a theory that stresses the potential of all humans for good and the belief that all people have the same basic needs, regardless of culture, gender, or background. -Humanism -Behaviorism -Information processing -Ecology
Humanism
Krista seemed to be struggling academically in her fourth-grade class. After a battery of tests it was determined that Krista had special needs. School professionals met with Krista's parents to discuss specific educational goals for Krista. What the school professionals and Krista's parents created was Krista's _____. -IFSP -LRE -RTI -IEP
IEP
In which nation are most unmarried young adults likely to live in their childhood homes, regardless of economic circumstances? -the United States -Canada -Italy -England
Italy
All members of a family have _____, as the experiences and needs of individuals at one stage of life are affected by all those at other stages. -linked lives -family discord -generation gap -social convoy
Linked lives
_____ research involves studying the same individuals over time, as their development is repeatedly assessed. -Survey -Cross-sectional -Longitudinal -Observational
Longitudinal
Which student is MOST likely to be admired during middle school? -Louisa, who uses marijuana and frequently finds herself in physical fights -Allie, who is a straight-A student -Chong, who is conscientious and friendly -Lloyd, who attends school regularly but fails most of his classes
Louisa, who uses marijuana and frequently finds herself in physical fights
According to a longitudinal study on temperament which followed participants into adulthood, which infant is most likely to change from infancy to age 4? -Yolanda, who is exuberant and easygoing -Michaela, who is inhibited and fearful -Nellie, who is fussy and unpredictable -Paulette, who is sometimes positive and sometimes fearful
Michaela, who is inhibited and fearful
_____ theories have made us aware of the impact of early-childhood experiences, remembered or not, on development. -Psychoanalytic -Cognitive -Sociocultural -Eclectic
Psychoanalytic
_____ is one of the leading theorists of the information-processing perspective. -Robert Siegler -Lev Vygotsky -Jean Piaget -P.A. Silva
Robert Siegler
Which of the following increases the risk of schizophrenia? -drug use -being an only child -college stress -cigarette smoking in adolescence
drug use
Shirley returned to full-time employment six weeks after her baby's birth. She exclusively breast-fed during her maternity leave, and then pumped her breast milk when she returned to work. Now her baby is 3 months old and drinks some formula when at daycare. Shirley wants to stop breast-feeding. If you were a pediatric nurse, what would you say to her? ______ -She can quit breast-feeding since all of its benefits are achieved within the first three months. -She should quit breast-feeding since it is only beneficial if the baby doesn't drink any formula. -She should keep breast-feeding until the baby begins to eat solid foods, which is the point at which breast milk loses its nutritional value. -She should keep breast-feeding as long as possible since breast-fed babies are less likely to get sick.
She should keep breast-feeding as long as possible since breast-fed babies are less likely to get sick.
_____ learning takes place by observing others. -Cognitive -Psychoanalytic -Developmental -Social
Social
_____ are the most common school accidents, and they increase at puberty. -Physical fights -Overdoses -Falls -Sports injuries
Sports injuries
Which statement about the correlation between body fat and onset of puberty among females is correct? -There is no correlation between body fat and the onset of puberty among females. -There is a correlation between body fat and the onset of puberty only among female adolescents who are Native American. -There is a negative correlation between body fat and the onset of puberty among females. -There is a positive correlation between body fat and onset of puberty among females.
There is a positive correlation between body fat and onset of puberty among females
Which of the following is TRUE regarding rates for cesarean sections and epidurals? _____ -They have been relatively steady over the past three decades. -They are the same in the United States as in most other developed nations. -They vary by doctor and by hospital. -They are higher for births attended by midwives.
They vary by doctor and by hospital
Which of the following children is illustrating characteristics of a secure attachment? -Valerie clings to her mother in a new environment. -Xu is willing to explore a new environment in the presence of the caregiver. -Morgan refuses to let other children play with his toys. -Chad mimics his mother's expressions in a familiar environment.
Xu is willing to explore a new environment in the presence of the caregiver.
Sandra is in her bedroom with her mother. Sandra's mother exclaims, "You need to get these clothes off the floor right now!" Sandra replies, "It's my room, and I will leave things where I want." Sandra's mother responds, "I am your mother, and you will do what I say." This is an example of _____. -bickering -family bonds -open communication -parental monitoring
bickering
Piaget believed children begin to develop cognitively at _____. -18 months -1 year -birth -3 months
birth
Studies comparing breast-feeding to bottle-feeding show that _____. -breast-fed babies have fewer allergies and stomach aches -breast-feeding is recommended for about half of all mothers -recent improvements in formula make bottle-feeding more nutritious than breast milk -breast-feeding should end as soon as a baby gets a tooth
breast-fed babies have fewer allergies and stomach aches
Of the different types of aggression, the most worrisome is _____. -relational -reactive -instrumental -bullying
bullying
When it comes to research on prenatal development and teratogens, scientists _____. -always agree on the interpretation of research -can disagree on the interpretation of research -have not yet started to analyze the data -tend to disagree with doctors
can disagree on the interpretation of research
In the United States, public schools that set their own standards, are licensed by the state, but are exempt from some state regulations, are known as _____ schools. -private -religious -charter -voucher
charter
Personality is plastic, but research suggests that a person's personality will be MOST affected lifelong by _____. -childhood experiences -new friends' viewpoints -career choice -economic upswings and downturns
childhood experiences
According to a longitudinal study, 4-year-old children who were identified as being extremely shy were as emerging adults slower than average to _____. -attend college -choose careers -form friendships -purchase homes
choose careers
Dorothy was born during the Great Depression. Within the context of the ecological-systems approach, Dorothy's experience of growing up during this time period falls within the _____. -chronosystem -exosystem -microsystem -macrosystem
chronosystem
Which term did Bronfenbrenner use to describe the impact of the specific time in history on a person's development? -macrosystem -exosystem -microsystem -chronosystem
chronotsystem
When a person or animal learns to associate a neutral stimulus with a meaningful stimulus, gradually responding to the neutral stimulus in the same way as to the meaningful one, he or she is exhibiting _____. -classical conditioning -observational learning -operant conditioning -modeling
classical conditioning
Developmentalists who focus on children's thinking about sex roles as opposed to the children's observable behaviors are _____ theorists. -cognitive -sociocultural -behavioral -psychoanalytic
cognitive
Later high school start times have been associated with all of the following EXCEPT _____. -higher grades -less adolescent depression -less student absenteeism -decreased college attendance
decreased college attendance
A study of women in the United States aged 40 and older found that sexual activity _____. -decreased each decade, but satisfaction did not -increased each decade, but satisfaction did not -and satisfaction decreased each decade -and satisfaction increased each decade
decreases each decade, but satisfaction did not
Eve is considered obese because she _____. -has a BMI of 30 or more -snacks several times a day -consumes foods that are high in cholesterol -diets often but always gains back the weight
has a BMI of 30 or more
When Noah's dad gets home from work, Noah runs to him shouting, "Daddy!" His dad sweeps him up in a bear hug, gives him a gentle knuckle rub on top of his head, then lowers him to the ground in a pretend choke hold. Noah screams with delight, escapes the hold, and climbs on his dad's back to ride him like a horse. Inadvertently, Noah hurt his dad while climbing, and his dad said sternly, "That really hurt. Be nice!" What kind of lesson is Noah's dad teaching him with this rough-and-tumble play bout? -private speech -emotional regulation -gender roles -dominance
emotional regulation
When Rawah, age 3, sees a little boy fall and hurt himself, a look of concern appears on her face. She is probably experiencing _____. -empathy -frustration -fear -sadness
empathy
Learning how to play a musical instrument or how to paint on a canvas results from ________. -experience-expectant growth -experience-dependent growth -self-righting -head-sparing
experience-dependent growth
When young people are first entering the workforce and establishing themselves in their careers, which do they tend to consider to be the most important? -extrinsic rewards -intrinsic rewards -pride -pension
extrinsic rewards
When children hear a new word in a familiar context, they can simply add the word to the general category without fully understanding the word. This is called "_____." -lexical addition -vocabulary expansion -fast-mapping -categorical embellishment
fast-mapping
Psychological control as a means of discipline relies on a child's _____. -sense of pride in himself or herself -sense of fear toward the parents -sense of belonging to the family unit -feelings of shame, guilt, and gratitude
feelings of shame, guilt, and gratitude
Individual A's 23rd pair of chromosomes is XX. Individual A is _____. -male -female -neither male nor female -both male and female
female
Marriages evolve, sometimes getting better, sometimes getting worse. A factor that may lead to marital dissatisfaction is _____. -the end of addiction or illness -maturity among partners -strong communication skills -financial instability
financial instability
Dr. Furth wonders whether a specific brain chemical can be suppressed if a patient is given a large dose of vitamin E. Dr. Furth has just demonstrated the _____ step in the scientific method. -first -second -third -fourth
first
For boys, the usual sequence of physical changes in puberty is _____. -growth of the testes; initial pubic hair growth; growth of the penis; spermarche -growth of the testes; growth of the penis; initial pubic hair growth; spermarche -spermarche; growth of the testes; growth of the penis; initial pubic hair growth -initial pubic hair growth; growth of the testes; spermarche; growth of the penis
growth of the testes; initial pubic hair growth; growth of the penis; spermarche
Developing self-respect, nurturing friendships with peers, and encouraging learning are three of the _____. -suggestions for stress resilience -functions of a family -family structures -measurements of family harmony
functions of a family
Emily is her family's kinkeeper. This means that she assumes responsibility for _____. -the financial stability of the family -caring for her grandchildren while their parents work -gathering the family for holidays and disseminating information -regularly visiting family members who live in care homes
gathering the family for holidays and disseminating information
The DSM-IV labeled individuals who had a strong and persistent cross-gender identification as having "gender identity disorder." The DSM-5 instead describes people who are distressed at their biological genders as having "_____." -sexual fetishism -gender atypicality -gender dysphoria -sexual atypicality
gender dysphoria
A woman carrying dizygotic twins drinks alcohol. The twins' blood alcohol levels are equal, yet one twin may be more severely affected than the other because their alleles for the enzyme that metabolizes alcohol differ. This is evidence that the _____ influence the effects of teratogens. -age of the embryo/fetus -genes of the parent -genes of the embryo/fetus -doses of teratogen
genes of the embryo/fetus
An individual's genetic inheritance is called a(n) "_____." -phenotype -allele -genotype -gamete
genotype
During the _____ period of prenatal development, the placenta must achieve implantation. -germinal -embryonic -fetal -conception
germinal
Robert Siegler has studied the day-by-day details of children's cognition in math. He has found that children _____. -suddenly grasp the logic of the number system -gradually acquire math knowledge and strategies -do not understand math knowledge and strategies until they are in adolescence -already understand all they need to know about math by 3 years of age
gradually acquire math knowledge and strategies
Tang is a 3-month-old infant. Which of the following behaviors has probably just appeared? -distress -laughter -fear -social smile
laughter
Behaviorism has also been referred to as "_____ theory." -conditioning -learning -modeling -operant
learning
According to Erikson, the first crisis of life is _____. -obtaining oral gratification -learning trust or mistrust -learning pain and pleasure -controlling bodily functions
learning trust or mistrust
During adolescence, the _____ matures before the _____ in the brain. -limbic system; prefrontal cortex -prefrontal cortex; amygdala -prefrontal cortex; limbic system -cerebellum; amygdala
limbic system; prefrontal cortex
Makayla was a sophomore thriving in college when her father was laid off from his job. Even with financial aid, the family could no longer afford to send her to school, so she left to get a full-time job at a restaurant near the family home. This situation illustrates the _____ of families. -linked lives -family discord -generation gap -social convoy
linked lives
Logical extension involves _____. -linking a newly learned word to other objects in the same category -equilibration -mentally charting new words -applying a new concept to a preexisting category
linking a newly learned word to other objects in the same category
The component of the information-processing system in which virtually limitless amounts of information can be stored indefinitely is _____. -long-term memory -working memory -iconic memory -sensory memory
long-term memory
An example of stage-three sensorimotor behavior is _____. -searching for a teddy bear hidden under a blanket -trying to dress like Mommy or Daddy -looking for a smile and smiling back -thumb sucking and self-soothing
looking for a smile and smiling back
Randy moved across the country to advance his career. Although he moved alone, he soon developed a group of coworkers and friends who became like a family to him. They served as his _____. -kinkeeper -extrinsic rewards -social convoy -clique
social convoy
Mia and Claire are 3-year-olds at free play in their preschool. Mia has a lacy apron tied around her head like a wedding veil, and Claire has a sheer curtain tied over her shoulders like a cape. Each is holding a wand—one is a stick with a star on the end, and the other is a long Tinker Toy stick with one wheel connector at the end. When asked what they're doing, Mia says, "We're playing fairy. We're both fairies." What kind of play are they engaging in? -parallel play -bullying play -sociodramatic play -rough-and-tumble play
sociodramatic play
Research has found that child-directed speech is _____. -spoken in a high pitch with simple vocabulary and short sentences -unique to English-speaking parents -a feminine, rather than an masculine, approach to language acquisition -spoken in a low pitch with the use of nonsense words
spoken in a high pitch with simple vocabulary and short sentences
A high school science teacher asks the students which cells could be used to produce any other cell in the body. The correct answer is _____ cells. -polymorphic -foundation -stem -allele
stem
