lifespan exam 3

explain cultural factors and how they may impact older adults

-Older persons have valuable knowledge. -Older persons control key family/community resources. -Older persons are permitted to engage in useful and valued functions as long as possible. -There is role continuity throughout the life span. -Age-related role changes involve greater responsibility, authority, and advisory capacity. -The extended family is a common family arrangement in the culture, and the older person is integrated into the extended family.

Describe how nutrition and the aging process are connected: inadequate nutrition intake can lead to deficiency-related diseases:

-anemia, frail, blindness. -chronic diseases associated with aging, cardiovascular disease, diabetes -in elderly there is a decrease in healthy eating habits for nutrient rich food -then an increase in carbohydrates

describe at least two different cognitive disorders that most often occur in the middle to late adulthood: what percentage is at risk for dementia?

23% of women 17% of men all 85 and older are at risk for dementia

Define what is meant by the term "midlife crisis" and describe any gender differences in this process.

A midlife crisis is a transition of identity and self-confidence that can occur in middle-aged individuals, typically 45 to 65 years old. The phenomenon is described as a psychological crisis brought about by events that highlight a person's growing age, inevitable mortality, and possibly lack of accomplishments in life. More common in men and men are more nurturing

Describe at least two different cognitive disorders that most often occur in middle to late adulthood: Parkinson disease

BLANK BLANK a chronic, progressive disease characterized by muscle tremors, slowing of movement, and partial facial paralysis. Parkinson disease is triggered by degeneration of dopamine-producing neurons in the brain. Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that is necessary for normal brain functioning. Why these neurons degenerate is not known.

changes that occur in each of the senses in Late adulthood: hearing and vision:

biggest hit are hearing and vision

5 stages of grief

denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance

Describe at least two different cognitive disorders that most often occur in middle to late adulthood: Dementia

BLANK is a global term for any neurological disorder in which the primary symptoms involve a deterioration of mental functioning. Individuals with dementia often lose the ability to care for themselves and can become unable to recognize familiar surroundings and people—including family members. It is estimated that 23 percent of women and 17 percent of men 85 years and older are at risk for developing dementia .

define different types of intelligence and any change that occur across the lifespan: older adults attention:

older adults attention declines more on complex than simple tasks.

changes that occur in each of the senses in late adulthood: smell and taste

older adults- 74% had impaired taste 22% had impaired smell -loss begins around 60 -majority of 80 and older experience significant reduction in smell -senses decline in less healthier adults -poorer sense of smell in older adults was associated with increased feelings of depression and loneliness

Explain cultural factors and how they may impact older adults: what factors are associated with whether older adults are accorded a position of high status in a culture? seven factors are likely to predict: 3

older persons are permitted to engage in useful and valued functions as long as possible

the frequency of sexual intercourse in the 2nd-14 years of marriage was important, but blank were more important

satisfying sex like and a warm interpersonal relationship were more important

Describe factors that impact life expectancy: additional chromosome

the additional chromosome that women carry may be associated with the production of more antibodies to fight off disease.

discuss the role of gender in the aging process: possible double jeopardy also faces many women:

the burden of both agism and sexism, special attention also needs to be devoted to female ethnic minority older women

Kubler-ross model: commonly known as the 5 stages of grief

theory was developed to help terminally ill individuals accept their impending death

define different types intelligences and any changes that occur across the lifespan: wisdom

wisdom is expert knowledge about practical aspects of life that permits excellent judgment about important matters

what factors are associated with whether older adults are accorded a position of high status in a culture?

"older persons" -have valuable knowledge -control key family/community resources -permitted to engage in useful and valued functions as long as possible -role continuity throughout life span -age related role changes involve greater responsibility, authority, advisory capacity extended family is a common family arrangement in culture, older person is integrated into extended family

Describe the stages of Erikson's lifespan development that influence middle and late adulthood: Stage 8: Integrity vs. Despair

(Older adulthood from 65 to death) During this stage, according to Erikson, we know that death is near and we reflect on life. If we look back and see a fulfilling life, we face death with integrity and wisdom. If not, then we often feel fear and despair.

Describe factors that impact life expectancy: life expectancy differs in various ethnic groups within the US for men and women: 2014 life expectancy

-African americans 73. -latinos 80.3. -non latino whites 79

Describe the stages of Erikson's lifespan development that influence middle and late adulthood:Stage 7: Generativity vs. Stagnation

Generativity vs. Stagnation (Middle age from 40 to 65) During this stage, according to Erikson, we become aware that we are getting closer to death. If we successfully navigate this stage, we do so by finding some greater purpose for our life. If we are unsuccessful, we become focused on our selves and selfishness tends to follow.

Discuss methods of improving memory in middle and late adulthood.

Older adults can use certain strategies to reduce memory decline. In recent research, strategies involving elaboration and self-referential processing were effective in improving the memory of older adults, actually helping older adults' memory more than younger adults' memory. However, a recent analysis concluded that older adults are slower than younger adults in shifting from an initial effortful strategy to using a faster and easier memory-based strategy. In a recent study, using compensation strategies (for example, managing appointments by routinely writing them on a calendar) was associated with higher levels of independence in everyday function in cognitively normal older adults and older adults with mild cognitive impairment. In a recent study, a mindfulness training program was effective in improving episodic memory recall in older adults.

Describe the stages of Erikson's lifespan development that influence middle and late adulthood: Stage 6: Intimacy vs. Isolation

Intimacy vs. Isolation (Young adult years from 18 to 40) During this stage, according to Erikson, we are trying to fine intimate connections with another person/s. If we are successful, we will have a positive outcome. If we fail, we will become socially isolated.

explain cultural factors and how they may impact older adults: What promotes a good old age in most cultures?

One analysis indicated that three factors are important in living the "good life" as an older adult: health, security, and kinship/support.

Describe at least two different cognitive disorders that most often occur in middle to late adulthood: Alzheimer's disease

One form of dementia is BLANK BLANK a progressive, irreversible brain disorder that is characterized by a gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language, and eventually, physical function. In 2017, an estimated 5.5 million adults in the United States had Alzheimer disease, and it is projected that 10 million baby boomers will develop Alzheimer disease in their lifetime. Ten percent of individuals 65 and older have Alzheimer disease. The percentage of individuals with Alzheimer disease increases dramatically with age: 3 percent aged 65 to 74, 17 percent aged 75 to 84, and 32 percent aged 85 and older.

Describe factors that impact life expectancy.

Life expectancy also differs for various ethnic groups within the United States and for men and women. For example, in 2014 the life expectancy of African Americans (73.1) in the United States was 7.2 years lower than the life expectancy for Latinos (80.3) and 5.7 years lower than for non-Latino Whites (78.8). Latino women had a life expectancy of 82.9 and non-Latino White women had a life expectancy of 81.1, followed by African American women (78.1), non-Latino White men (76.5 years), and African American men (72 years). The differences in life expectancies for various ethnicities have increased in recent years, likely because of the powerful influence of education, and some experts argue that closing the gap entirely may not be possible.

What role do hormones play in the aging process and describe any gender differences.

Normally, when people experience stressors, the body responds by releasing certain hormones. As people age, the hormones stimulated by stress remain at elevated levels longer than they did when people were younger. These prolonged, elevated levels of stress-related hormones are associated with increased risks for many diseases, including cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes, and hypertension. Researchers are exploring stress-buffering strategies, including exercise, in an effort to find ways to attenuate some of the negative effects of stress on the aging process

Explain Elizabeth Kubler-Ross' theory and identify the stages of this theory.

The Kübler-Ross model, commonly known as the Five Stages of Grief is a popular theory developed by Swiss-American psychiatrist Elisabeth Kübler-Ross on how people generally deal with death, loss, and grief. The theory was initially developed to help terminally ill individuals accept their impending death. However, the model was later adapted by author and grief expert David Kessler to apply to tragedy and grief as well.

Elizabeth Kubler-Ross' theory

The model involves five stages that do not necessarily occur in any particular order: Denial Anger Bargaining Depression Acceptance

A considerably more common childhood disorder is attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, or ADHD

a disorder marked by inattention, impulsiveness, a low tolerance for frustration, and generally a great deal of inappropriate activity. Although all children show such behavior some of the time, it is so common in children diagnosed with ADHD that it interferes with their everyday functioning. Mood disorders, Learning disability, Anxiety disorder

Explain cultural factors and how they may impact older adults: what factors are associated with whether older adults are accorded a position of high status in a culture? seven factors are likely to predict: 5

age-related role changes involve greater responsibility, authority, and advisory capacity

what role do hormones play in the aging process and describe any gender differences: as people age hormones stimulated by stress remain:

as people age, hormones stimulated by stress remain at elevated levels longer than they did when people were younger. this is associated with risks for many diseases" cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes, hypertension

explain how attachment theory is relevant in middle and late adulthood: initially studied in the 60s & 70s primarily in the context of:

attachment theory was primarily context of kids and parents, later extended to relationships in the late 80s.

Explain cultural factors and how they may impact older adults: what factors are associated with whether older adults are accorded a position of high status in a culture? seven factors are likely to predict: 6

extended family is a common family arrangement in the culture, the older person is integrated into the extended family

explain how attachment theory is relevant in middle and late adulthood: fearful/avoidant style:

fearful/avoidant styles: -older adults have fewer attachment relationships than younger adults -attachment anxiety decreases with age -attachment security is linked to psychological of psychical well-being in order adults

define and discuss the term "successful aging": disengagement theory see successful aging as a process of:

gradual withdrawal from the physical, psychological, and social worlds, there is little research in this

describe factors that impact life expectancy: in life expectancy analysis: the United States although expected to increase life expectancy

had lowest growth rate in life expectancy for all the countries in analysis

The changing norm of male-female equality in marriage and increasingly high expectations for what a marital relationship should be has

has produced marital relationships that are more fragile and intense than they were for earlier generations

explain cultural factors and how they may impact older adults: what promotes a good old age in most cultures? living the "good life"

health, security, kinship/support

describe factors that impact life expectancy: in life expectancy analysis: South Korea is projected to

in life expectancy analysis: higher life expectancy in 2030, women are projected 90 YO. First Nation to break the 90 YO life expectancy barrier.

define different types of intelligence and any changes that occur across the lifespan: window for wisdom

it has been found that high levels of wisdom are rare, the time frame of late adolescence and early adulthood is the main window for wisdom to emerge. personality-related factors are better predictors of wisdom than cognitive factors such as intelligence

marital status is often at its worst when

kids are very young

define and discuss the term "successful aging": activity theory which suggests that the:

maintenance of interests and activities from earlier years leads to successful aging, level social interaction they experienced from earlier years is a more accurate explanation, the major alternative to disengagement

discuss the role of gender in the aging process: study of individuals from 12-80 years and older: male

men in their seventies were more likely than adolescence and younger men to endorse androgynous traits. among older men, those who were married were more likely to endorse stereotypically masculine traits but also have higher androgyny scores than unmarried older men

Explain cultural factors and how they may impact older adults: what factors are associated with whether older adults are accorded a position of high status in a culture? seven factors are likely to predict: 2

older persons control key family/community resources

Explain cultural factors and how they may impact older adults: what factors are associated with whether older adults are accorded a position of high status in a culture? seven factors are likely to predict: 1

older persons have valuable knowledge

describe at least two different cognitive disorders that most often occur in the middle to late adulthood: individuals with dementia often lose the ability:

people with dementia often lose the ability to care for themselves and can become unable to recognize familiar surroundings and people

until the 1930s stable marriage was the endpoint of adult development, now the goal is

personal fulfillment both inside and outside marriage has emerged as a goal that competes with marriage stability

describe factors that impact life expectancy: recent analysis

projections of life expectancy in 2030 were made for 35 developed countries.

define different types of intelligence and any changes that occur across the lifespan: regarding memory:

regarding memory, late adulthood explicit memory declines more than implicit memory; episodic memory declines more than semantic memory; working memory also declines.

what role do hormones play in the aging process and describe any gender differences: researchers are exploring stress-buffering strategies:

researchers are exploring stress-buffering strategies: exercise, in an effort to find ways to attenuate some of the negative effects of stress on the aging process

Explain cultural factors and how they may impact older adults: what factors are associated with whether older adults are accorded a position of high status in a culture? seven factors are likely to predict: 7

respect for older adults is greater in collectivistic cultures (such as china/india) then in individualistic cultures (such as the US). some researchers are finding that this collectivistic/individualistic difference in respect for older adults is not as strong as it used to be

describe factors that impact life expectancy: sex difference in longevity:

sex difference in longevity favored women and still does however the gap is getting closer. 2013 the difference was down 4.8 years.

discuss methods of improving memory in middle and late adulthood: older adults are slower than younger adults in:

shifting from an initial effortful stratagy to using a faster and easier memory-based strategy mindfulness training program is effective in improving episodic memory recall in older adults, helps with mild cognitive impairment

describe the stages of eriksons lifespan development that influence middle and late adulthood: intimacy vs isolation

stage 6: 18-40: during this stage people are trying to find intimate connections with others. if successful there will be positive outcome. if not successful, one will become socially isolated

describe the stages of eriksons lifespan development that influence middle and late adulthood: generativity vs stagnation

stage 7: 40-65: during this stage, people are aware that they're closer to death. if they successfully navigate this stage, they do so by finding a greater purpose I life. if unsuccessful, one becomes self-centered

describe the stages of eriksons lifespan development that influence middle and late adulthood: integrity vs despair:

stage 8: 65-death: during this stage, death is near and one reflects on life. if looking back one sees a fulfilling life, face death with integrity. if not often feel fear and despair.

define and discuss the term "successful aging": several theories, activity theory suggests:

staying active slows down the psychical and cognitive declines. often workers face ageism in the job place

Elizabeth kubler-ross

swiss-american psychiatrist, developed 5 stages of Grief. is based on how people generally deal with death, loss and grief

explain how attachment theory is relevant in middle and late adulthood: the working models of children found in bowlbys attachment theory:

the working models of children found in the Bowlby attachment theory form a pattern of interactions that is likely to continue influencing adult relationships

Explain cultural factors and how they may impact older adults: what factors are associated with whether older adults are accorded a position of high status in a culture? seven factors are likely to predict: 4

there is role continuity throughout lifespan

explain how attachment theory is relevant in middle and late adulthood: theory of attachment can be applied to:

they theory of attachment can be applied to adult relationships including friendships, emotional affairs, adult romantic, carnal relationships, platonic relationships, relationships with inanimate objects

what is a midlife crisis?

transition of identity and self-confidence that can occur in middle-aged people, typically 45-65. described as psychological crisis brought on by persons growing age, inevitable mortality. more common in men

describe factors that impact life expectancy: 2030 United States life expectancy:

83 years for females 79 years for men

In 2014, the life expectancy of women

AA women 78 latino women 83 non latino whites 81

describe factors that impact life expectancy: in life expectancy analysis: why lower rate for US and higher rate for South Korea?

-US has the highest child and maternal morbidity, homicide rate, and BMI of high income countries in the world. -South Korea delayed onset of chronic diseases is occurring and children nutrition is improving. SK has low rate of obesity and BP is lower than most countries

describe at least two different cognitive disorders that most often occur in middle to late adulthood: Parkinson's disease

-a chronic progressive disease characterized by muscle tremors, slowing of movement, partial facial paralysis. -triggered by degeneration of dopamine-producing neurons in the brain -dopamine is a neurotransmitter that is necessary for normal brain function -cause is unknown

older persons high status in culture: in general respect for older adults is greater in "...."

-in general respect for older adults is greater in collectivistic cultures (china/india) opposed to individualistic cultures (US) -research is finding collectivistic/individualistic difference in respect for older adults is not as strong as it used to be -some cases older adults in individualistic cultures receive considerable respect

describe at least two different cognitive disorders that most often occur in the middle to late adulthood: Alzheimer disease:

-progressive, irreversible brain disorder that is characterized by a gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language, eventually physical function -in 2017 it was estimated that 5.5 million adults in the US had the disease -10% of people 65 and older have Alzheimers

explain how attachment theory is relevant in middle and late adulthood: 4 main styles of attachment have been identifies in adults:

-secure -anxious -dismissive/avoidant -fearful/avoidant

Explain how attachment theory is relevant in middle and late adulthood: Four main styles of attachment have been identified in adults:

-secure -anxious-preoccupied -dismissive-avoidant -fearful-avoidant -Older adults have fewer attachment relationships than younger adults -Attachment anxiety decreases with increasing age -Attachment security is linked to psychological and physical well-being in older adults

discuss methods of improving memory in middle and late adulthood: older adults use certain strategies to reduce memory decline:

-stratagies involve elaboration, self-referential, helping more older adults opposed to younger adults -

a considerably more common childhood disorder is

ADHD, disorder marked by inattention, impulsiveness, low tolerance for frustration and generally great deal of inappropriate activity, interfere with everyday function

Define and discuss the term "successful aging".

Although disengagement theory sees successful aging as a process of gradual withdrawal from the physical, psychological, and social worlds, there is little research supporting this view. Instead, activity theory, which suggests that the maintenance of interests and activities from earlier years leads to successful aging, is a more accurate explanation. However, only a little research supports the disengagement theory of aging, and alternative theories have been suggested. The major alternative is the activity theory of aging. According to the activity theory of aging, people who age most successfully are those who maintain the interests, activities, and level of social interaction they experienced during their earlier periods of adulthood. Activity theory argues that people who are aging effectively show a continuation of the activities in which they participated during the earlier part of their lives There are several theories of aging. Activity theory suggest that staying active slows down physical and cognitive declines. Often workers face ageism in the job place

Define the different types of intelligence and any changes that occur across the lifespan.

Cognitive mechanics (the neurophysiological architecture, including the brain) are more likely to decline in older adults than are cognitive pragmatics (the culture-based software of the mind). Speed of processing declines in older adults. Older adults' attention declines more on complex than simple tasks. Regarding memory, in late adulthood explicit memory declines more than implicit memory; episodic memory declines more than semantic memory; working memory also declines. Components of executive function—such as cognitive control and working memory—decline in late adulthood. Decision making is reasonably well preserved in older adults. Recently, there has been increased interest in the role of metacognition and mindfulness in improving older adults' cognitive functioning. Wisdom is expert knowledge about the practical aspects of life that permits excellent judgment about important matters. Baltes and his colleagues have found that high levels of wisdom are rare, the time frame of late adolescence and early adulthood is the main window for wisdom to emerge, factors other than age are critical for wisdom to develop, and personality-related factors are better predictors of wisdom than cognitive factors such as intelligence.

Discuss the role of gender in the aging process.

Do our gender roles change when we become older adults? Some developmentalists conclude that femininity decreases in women and that masculinity decreases in men when they reach late adulthood. The evidence suggests that older men do become more feminine—nurturant, sensitive, and so on—but it appears that older women do not necessarily become more masculine—assertive, dominant, and so on. In a more recent cross-sectional study of individuals from 12 to 80 years and older, men in their seventies were more likely than adolescents and younger men to endorse androgynous traits. Also in this study, women in their eighties and older were less likely than younger and middle-aged women to endorse masculine and androgynous traits. And in an even more recent study, among older adult men, those who were married were more likely to endorse stereotypically masculine traits but also to have higher androgyny scores than unmarried older men. The studies of age differences just discussed here were cross-sectional in nature and may reflect cohort effects. -A possible double jeopardy also faces many women—the burden of both ageism and sexism. Not only is it important to be concerned about older women's double jeopardy of ageism and sexism, but special attention also needs to be devoted to female ethnic minority older adults.

Describe factors that impact life expectancy.

In a recent analysis, projections of life expectancy in 2030 were made for 35 developed countries. It was predicted that life expectancy in the United States would increase to 83.3 years for women and 79.5 years for men by 2030. However, the United States, although expected to increase in life expectancy, had one of the lowest growth rates in life expectancy for all the countries in the study. South Korea is projected to have the highest life expectancy in 2030, with South Korean women predicted to have an average life expectancy of 90.8, the first nation to break the 90-year life expectancy barrier. So why the lower growth in life expectancy for the United States and the very high growth for South Korea? The United States has the highest child and maternal mortality, homicide rate, and body-mass index of high-income countries in the world. In South Korea, delayed onset of chronic diseases is occurring and children's nutrition is improving. South Korea also has a low rate of obesity, and blood pressure is not as high as it is in most countries.

Explain cultural factors and how they may impact older adults.

In general, respect for older adults is greater in collectivistic cultures (such as China and Idia) than in individualistic cultures (such as the United States). However, some researchers are finding that this collectivistic/individualistic difference in respect for older adults is not as strong as it used to be, and that in some cases older adults in individualistic cultures receive considerable respect.

explain cultural factors and how they may impact older adults:What factors are associated with whether older adults are accorded a position of high status in a culture?

In one view, seven factors are most likely to predict high status for older adults in a culture.

Explain how attachment theory is relevant in middle and late adulthood.

In psychology, the theory of attachment can be applied to adult relationships including friendships, emotional affairs, adult romantic or carnal relationships or platonic relationships and, in some cases, relationships with inanimate objects ("transitional objects"). Attachment theory, initially studied in the 1960s and 1970s primarily in the context of children and parents, was extended to adult relationships in the late 1980s. The working models of children found in Bowlby's attachment theory form a pattern of interaction that is likely to continue influencing adult relationships.

Describe factors that impact life expectancy.

In virtually all species, females outlive males. Women have more resistance to infections and degenerative diseases. For example, the female's estrogen production helps to protect her from arteriosclerosis (hardening of the arteries). And the additional X chromosome that women carry in comparison with men may be associated with the production of more antibodies to fight off disease. The sex difference in mortality is still present but less pronounced than in the past. In 1979, the sex difference in longevity favored women by 7.8 years, but in 2013 the difference was down to 4.8 years.

Describe how nutrition and the aging process are connected.

Inadequate nutrient intake can lead to deficiency-related diseases, with some including anemia (Deficiency of healthy red blood cells in blood), frailty, and blindness. Chronic diseases associated with aging include osteoporosis, cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Studies show that in the elderly, there is a decrease in healthy eating habits for nutrient rich foods (i.e., vegetables, fruits) and an increase in carbohydrates due to oral health, or tooth loss. An excessive intake of carbohydrates can increase your risk for diabetes and other comorbidities.

Describe the changes that occur in each of the senses in late adulthood.

Most older adults lose some of their sense of taste or smell, or both. A recent national study of community-dwelling older adults revealed that 74 percent had impaired taste and 22 percent had impaired smell. These losses often begin around 60 years of age. A majority of individuals age 80 and older experience a significant reduction in smell. Researchers have found that older adults show a greater decline in their sense of smell than in their sense of taste. Smell and taste decline less in healthy older adults than in their less healthy counterparts. A recent study found that a poorer sense of smell in older adults was associated with increased feelings of depression and loneliness. All of the senses get worse as we age, but the biggest hit are hearing and vision

discuss the role of gender in the aging process: femininity decreases in women and masculinity decreases in men

evidence suggest that older men do become more feminine-nurtutant, sensitive, and so on-it appears hat older women do not necessarily become more masculine, assertive, dominant and so on.

define different types of intelligence and any changes that occur across the lifespan: cognitive mechanics:

cognitive mechanics (the neurophysiological architecture, including the brain) are more likely to decline in older adults that are cognitive pragmatics (the culture-based software of the mind). speed of processing decline in older adults

define different types of intelligence and any changes that occur across the lifespan: components of executive function:

components of executive function such as cognitive control and working memory decline in late adulthood

define different types of intelligence and any changes that occur across the lifespan: decision making:

decision making is reasonably well preserved in older adults. recently there has been increased interest in the role of metacognition and mindfulness in improving older adults functioning

describe at least two different cognitive disorders that most often occur in the middle to late adulthood: dementia is a global term for

dementia is a global term for any neurological disorder bin which the primary symptoms involve a deterioration of mental functioning.

Describe factors that impact life expectancy: life expectancy differs in various ethnic groups within the US for men and women: 2014 life expectancy: differences in life expectancies

different life expectancies for various ethnicities have increases in recent years, powerful influence of education, some experts argue that closing the gap may not be possible

Describe factors that impact life expectancy: females outlive males: women have more resistance to:

women have more resistance to infections and degenerative diseases. for example, females estrogen production helps protect from arteriosclerosis (hardening of the arteries)

discuss the role of gender int eh aging process: study of individuals from 12-80 years and older: women:

women in their 80s and older were less likely than younger and middle-aged women to endorse masculine and androgrogynous traits.