Lifespan Final Exam Q&A
Labor and Delivery: List the different stages (phases) of childbirth and note what occurs to start and end each stage.
1) Dilation of cervix 12-24 hours. Dilation of the cervix/ uterine contractions, which are pushing the baby out. Dilation is complete at 10 centimeters. 2) Active Delivery About 1 hour. Baby passes through cervix and enters the vagina. Uterine delivery of the fetus. 3) Post-birth delivery Lasts only minutes. Delivery of the placenta and any excess fluid/waste. Also called the afterbirth.
Identity Development: Discuss the four phases of identity formation, as presented by Marcia. Make sure that you list each phase and comment on what is likely to happen in that phase.
1. Diffusion: "I don't know and I don't care" Adolescent does not have a sense if having choices; has not yet made a commitment 2. Foreclosure: "Everyone in my family works in healthcare; so will I" Adolescent seems willing to commit some relevant roles, values, or goals for the future; conform to expectations of others regarding their future; have not explored a range of options 3. Moratorium: "The friend who changes their major every semester" Adolescent is in a crisis, exploring various commitments and is ready to make choices, but has not yet made a commitment to these choices 4. Achievement: "I have chosen my identity and I am satisfied" Adolescent has gone through an identity crisis and has made a commitment to a sense of identity that he or she has chosen
Four Stages of Piaget's Cognitive Development and Post-formal thought
1. Sensorimotor: birth to 2, infant's knowledge of the world is based on senses and motor skills, by the end of the period child uses mental representation 2. Pre-operational thought: 2-6 years, child learns how to use symbols such as words and numbers to represent aspects of the world but relates to the world only through his or her perspective 3. concrete operational thought: 7 - early adolescence, child understands and applies logical operations to experiences provided they are focused on the here and now 4. Formal operational thought: adolescence and beyond, adolescent or adult thinks abstractly, deals with hypothetical situations and speculates about what may be possible Postformal thought: thinking characterized by recognizing that the correct answer varies from one situation to another, that solutions should be realistic, that ambiguity and contradictions are typical, and that subjective factors play roles in thinking
Perspective Taking: List and describe the five stages of perspective taking, according to Robert Selman. Make sure that your answer includes the approximate ages of each of these stages.
8. Perspective taking: · Egocentric: (3-6) The inability to distinguish perspectives. The child is not able to tell the difference between his or her perspective, and the perspective of others. They child is also not able to integrate different perspectives · Subjective: (6-8) Able to recognize people have different perspectives (now loses egocentricism) Knows that his or her point of view is different than another child's based on information. Cannot recognize that their view is influenced by others · Self-reflective (8-10) Child can integrate different perspectives and can also understand why points of view are different Child can not recognize points of view at the same time, only can do it one at a time · Mutual (10-12) Can view situations from a third person basis, can view their perspective and an others perspective at the same time · Societal (12-15+) Can consider other's perspectives based on a person's backgrounds, believes, and values
A.J. (age 8), Meadow (age 20), and tony (age 32) are all children of the Soprano family. Each of them is about to experience a los as the result of their mother, Sally. Describe the similarities and differences that you would expect concerning the reactions of these individuals to their loss.
A.J.: 5 - 7: children realize that death is permanent and it happens to everyone where biological functions cease to exist. Cognitive- language ability, psychosocial development, and coping skills are involved in this understanding. Bereavement in childhood does not usually have long-lasting effects. Adults should help them with this by promoting openness and honesty about the meaning of death. Meadow: 40 - 70% of college-age students experience a death of someone close to them. Teens sometimes have trouble making sense of death. Bereavement sometimes involves chronic illness, guilt, low self-esteem, poor school/job performance, and substance abuse particularly if the loss was unexpected. Long-term, personal growth usually follows. Tony: Loss of a parent often leads to redefining relationships with other family members. At a young age, this can lead to worries about dying young. When an older parent dies, the adult child is usually more accepting of death and happy that the parent's suffering is over.
Describe how attachment in early childhood can be measure. What are the different attachment styles
Attachment is measure with the strange situation. Looks at how child reacts in different conditions - Child reunion with mother - Child on its own - Child with stranger Types of attachment styles include: Secure: child doesn't cry when the mother leave and seeks the mother when she returns Avoidant: Child doesn't cry when the mother leaves but does not seek the mother when she returns e.g. the child may turn away from her. Resistant: Child is upset when the mother leaves and continues Disorganized: child behaves inconsistently and may exhibit contradictory behaviors when conditions are repeated
Describe at least five reflexes that should be seen in a newborn. While each reflex may serve its own essential function, what is the general use/purpose of reflexes in a newborn
Babinski - Baby's toes fan out when the sole of the foot is stroked from heel to toe - 8-12 months - Perhaps a remnant of evolution Blink - Baby's eyes close in response to bright light or loud noise - Permanent - Protects the eyes Moro - Baby throws its arms out and then inward (as if embracing) in response to loud noises or when its head falls - 6 months - May help a baby cling to its mother Palmar - Baby grasps an object placed in palm of its hand - 3-4 months - Helps a baby find the nipple Rooting - When baby's cheek is stroked, it turns its head toward the stroking and opens its mouth - 2-3 weeks - Helps a baby find the nipple (for nutrition) - Significant problems with development exist if rooting is absent • Reflexes help identify normal brain and nerve activity. • Some reflexes occur only in specific periods of development. • Reflexes also make sure newborns are well prepared to interact with their world • Some reflexes help newborns get the nutrients they need to grow while others help protect them from dangers in the environment
Demonstrate knowledge of "loss" by comparing and contrasting the concept of bereavement, mourning, and grief. Be sure to provide examples for each concept and to describe normal grief reactions. How does normal grief differ from a prolonged or complicated grief reaction?
Bereavement: the state or condition caused by loss through death • No control over this Grief: the sorrow, hurt, anger guilt confusion, and other feelings that arise after experiencing a loss • Active coping process in which survivors must come to terms with the world • Highly individual experience • We need time to grieve NORMAL GRIEF: includes period of sorrow, numbness, and even guilty and anger; gradually fades and becomes easier to get over with time COMPLICATED GRIEF: feelings and when feelings of loss are debilitating and don't improve even after time passes. Painful emotions are so long lasting and severe that one has trouble accepting the loss and resuming their own life Mourning: the ways in which we express our grief • One culture may be characterized by wearing all black when attending funerals; Observing an official period of grieving • Another culture may be characterized by drinking, wearing white, and marrying the deceased spouse's sibling ***Grief = emotional reactions following the loss ***Mourning = culturally approved behavioral manifestations of those feelings Similar features of grieving: • Acknowledging the reality of the loss • Working through emotional turmoil • Adjusting to an environment in which the deceased is absent • Loosening ties to the deceased
Demographers have noted that the world's population distribution will undergo a major shift in the next 30 to 40 years. Describe this shift and identify the types of strains it will create in both the United States and in other countries.
Better health care and lower childbirth mortality rate for women is responsible for the world's population undergoing a major shift. Because these changes are occurring in the older generation in the US, they are expected to increase. This will put a strain on the social services and health care system due to overcrowding. Also more racially and ethically diverse. As baby boomers age, the population of working in young people is expected to age as baby boomers age. In coming decades, another population trend will be an increase in education estimated at 75% of the population having a college degree. This higher education leads to increased longevity (the number of years a person is expected to live) by means of healthier lifestyles and higher income to be able to afford healthcare. This education will lead to a higher average life expectancy, and thus a shift in the world's population distribution.
Lola is thinking about having a child and asks you for advice. Use research presented in your text to describe positive and negative aspects of having children and positive and negative aspects of being childless.
Children can bring both positive and negative changes to relationships. Children tend to add affection, improve family ties, and give parents a feeling of immortality and a sense of accomplishment. At the same time, parents sacrifice a great deal for their children, especially finances. A middle income family who had a child in 2009 is predicted to spend 286,000 on food, shelter, and other necessities by the time the child turns 17. Couples without children have some advantages, such as higher marital satisfaction, more freedom, and higher standards of living.
Demonstrate our legal knowledge of the legal definitions of data by differentiating between clinical death, whole-brain death, and a persistent vegetative state
Clinical Death: lack of heartbeat/respiration Whole-Brain death - No spontaneous movement in response to any stimuli - No spontaneous respirations for at least one hour -Total lack of responsiveness to painful stimuli -No eye movements, blinking, or pupil responses - A flat EEG for at least 10 minutes, no change in any of these criteria when tested 24 hours later Positive vegetative state: situation in which a person's cortical functioning ceases while brain stem activity continues - person doesn't recover - does not allow for consciousness
Twenty-five-year-old Clair and her uncle, 50-year-old Dane, are both about to lose their jobs. How will the impact on their lives and sense of self be similar? In what ways will their reactions likely differ? What should Claire and Dane each do to move on with their employment paths?
Coping with unemployment or losing a job can have a long-lasting personal impact leading to significantly lower mental health, life satisfaction, and marital satisfaction gender and age differences exist, mainly due to financial obligations and family responsibilities. Claire and Dane each should: 1. Acknowledge and react to change as soon as it is evident 2. Approach job loss with a healthy sense of urgency 3. Consider next career move and what must be done to achieve it 4. Seek advice fro managing occupational transitions 5. Create a sense of control and realistic expectations and goals For twenty-five-year-old Clair, losing her job may not have as significant of an impact on her life as millennial tend to change jobs more often than other generations always. For Dane, middle-aged men are more vulnerable to negative effects; greater financial responsibilities and "bread-winning" for his family
Jay is a recently widowed older man and Kay is a recently widowed older female. Describe similarities and differences in their likely reactions to the loss and the challenges that they will face
Death of a spouse represents a deep personal loss for both men and women. In a lot of cases, especially if the couple had a long personal relationship, part of the living spouse will die as well. In general, the living spouses will rate their marriage very positively and attempt to relive the marriage through memories. Widow's are seen to sanctify their passed husbands, describing them in idealized terms. This validates that they had a strong marriage and they are able to move forward and rebuild their lives. Women may also experience financial struggles. Widowers will find hosing adjustments more difficult as they adjust to completing cooking, cleaning, etc, but will show an increase in self-confidence as they realize that they are able to complete the tasks that their wives would take care of.
Describe how developmental psychologists determine whether infants have a sense of self. Then discuss how the "theory of mind" is related to one's sense of self. Finally, discuss how theory of mind may be involved in those who suffer from autism spectrum disorder.
Developmental psychologists use many things to tell whether or not a child has a sense of self. One test is putting a red mark on the child's nose. If the baby recognizes himself and touches the red mark they have a sense of self. Another thing that shows a sense of self is if the child uses personal pronouns like "I" or "me". They use personal characteristics to describe themselves. Theory of mind refers to an understanding of relations between mind and behavior. Allows children to attribute their own mental states to themselves. They are able to say how they feel and what they want. Children with autism are believed to have "mindblindness", they are not good at interacting with people so have trouble knowing what they are feeling in their own mind.
Early-onset vs. Late-onset Alzheimer's disease
Early-onset Alzheimer's disease: - tends to run in families and is seen to have an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern, which means genes will guarantee the disease's development. - It is linked too 3 causative genes and people with these genes show symptoms before the age of 60 - Some people show symptoms as early as 30 or 40 Late-onset Alzheimer's disease: - thought to be linked to risk genes which increase risk of disease development, but do not guarantee it. - risk genes are thought to be associated with amyloid plaque formation
List and describe Erikson's eight stages of Psychosocial development
Erik son's stage of psychosocial development 1. Trust vs. Mistrust - Infancy a) When parents consistently respond to the newborns needs b) Balance between trust and mistrust c) Results in HOPE 2. Autonomy vs. Shame and doubt - 1 to 3 years-old a) Understanding that the child can control his/her actions counteracts with doubt and shame b) Blend of autonomy, shame, and about leads to WILL 3. Initiative vs. Guild - 3 to 6 years-old a) One's initiative may clash with goals of toehr b) Results in Purpose 4. Industry vs. Inferiority - 5 to 12 years old a) Mastery comes from success and recognition b) Accepting of the course of one's life c) Competency 5. Ego Identity vs. Role confusion - adolescence a) Exploration of different paths to attain a healthy identity b) Fidelity 6. Intimacy vs. Isolation - young adults 18 to 40 a) Form positive, close relationships with others b) Love 7. Generativity vs. Stagnation - Adulthood 40 to 65 a) Caring for others b) Empathy and concern c) Care 8. Ego Integrity vs. Despair - Maturity 65 to death a) Older adults are trying to make sense of their lives b) Wisdom
Tom and Katie are a middle-aged couple, and they have decided to get a divorce. They have one daughter, Laurie, who is seven years old. Discuss how the divorce is likely to affect all three members of this family. What would you recommend as a way of easing the negative impact of the divorce?
For children after divorce, custody tends to be awarded to mother, while many fathers wish to remain active in children's lives, but custody and child support laws make it difficult to do so. There are long lasting negative effects for children experiencing divorce at any age. The parents should discuss why they are divorcing and what the lawyer should expect, reassure child they love them and stay active in life. Her parents should not compete with each other and should remain friendly with each other.
Compare and contrast gender discrimination, the glass ceiling, pay equity and sexual harassment by defining and providing an example of each concept
Gender discrimination is denying a job to someone, solely based on whether they are male or female. While 47% of women make up the US work force, they leave jobs more often than men do. Many women decide to "become moms," however, there are not great maternity leaving benefits and women often feel more disconnected from the work place than men. - The glass ceiling: the level to women can go to, yet cannot rise beyond. Hillary Clinton has experience this as she holds man top positions. - Pay equity: wages based off of job position and work ethic. e.g. McDonalds increased minimum wage to $15 in certain states. - Sexual harassment: harassment, typically of a woman, in a workplace, or other professional or social situation, involving the making of unwanted sexual advance or obscene remarks. 28% of women are sexually harassed in the work place e.g. from a boss or a colleague hugging you or kissing you, etc. This depends on the people involved, the situation, and the setting of the incident.
Aphrodite is going through menopause and is considering menopause hormone therapy. What symptoms should she expect to experience during menopause? What would you advise her to do concerning MHT? Use research presented in your text to explain why you would give her this advice.
Menopause is the point at which menstruation stops. It is complete when periods have stopped for one year. This change begins in the 40s as menstrual cycles become irregular, and by age 50 to 55 it usually is complete. The transition from regular mestruation to menopause is called perimenopause. Some common symptoms of perimenopause and menopause include hot flashes, night sweats, head aches, mood changes, difficulty concentrating, vaginal dryness, changing cholesterol levels and a variety of aches and pains and these symptoms vary from woman to woman. With menopause there is an increased risk of osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease, stress urinary incontinence, weight gain and memory loss. There are both benefits and risks with MHT so it is advised to research these risks and look into alternative options such as herbal remedies and the use of non-petroleum-based lubrication. Some risks of MHT include an increased risk for breast cancer, heart attack, stroke and blood clots. It is now recommended that women over 60 do not use MHT to relieve symptoms from menopause.
The 3 components of love and typical change throughout lifetime of a relationship
Passion: intense physiological desire for other Intimacy: sharing all thoughts/actions with other Commitment: willingness to stay with other through good times and bad Early on, passion is high and intimacy and commitment are low (infatuation). As love grows, passion and intimacy decline but commitment increases
Describe the concept of personal control beliefs, both primary and secondary.
Personal Control Beliefs the degree to which you believe your performance in a situation depends on something you do •Example: believing you didn't get hired for a job because you interviewed poorly vs. the company failed to pick the best person for the job •Successful people show a high sense of personal control to show that they are in charge •The developmental course of personal control depends on the context of the situation Primary control Behavior aimed at affecting the individual's external world Secondary control Behavior or cognition aimed at affecting the individuals internal world Example: Jill got a second job in order to increase her earnings Q: Which type of control is she exhibiting? A: It depends... is she increasing her earnings to have a better quality of life or is she increasing those earnings simply to get more money?
Moral Development
Pre-conventional level: especially common in children, reasoners at this level judge the morality of an action by its direct consequences. Stage 1 (Obedience and punishment driven) o Punishment and Obedience orientation; motivated by fear and punishment; avoidance of punishment o Individuals focus on the direct consequences of their actions on themselves o Can not consider the interests of others, or recognize that they differ from his or her own interests Stage 2 (self-interest driven) o Instrumental and Exchange Orientation: what is right is what is in one's own best interest or involves equal exchange between people (tit for tat exchange of benefits) o "What's in it for me?", behavior is defined by whatever the individual believes to be in their best interest o Limited interest in the needs of others, but only to a point where it might further the individual's own interests _____________________________________________________________________ Conventional Morality: typical of adolescents and adults, judge the morality of actions by comparing them to society's views and expectations Stage 3 (good intentions as determined by social consensus and expectations) o Mutual Interpersonal Expectations, Relationships, and Interpersonal Conformity (Good girl, nice boy) Orientation: oriented to expectations o Enter society by conforming to social standards Stage 4 (authority and social order obedience driven) o Social System and Conscience ("Law and Order") Orientation: right behavior involves fulfilling one's duties, upholding laws, and contributing to society or one's group _____________________________________________________________________ Postconventional morality: growing realization that individuals are separate entities from society, and that the individual's own perspective may take precedence over societies' view; individuals may disobey rules inconsistent with their own principles. Individuals in this stage live by their own ethical principles - principles that typically include such basic human rights as life, liberty, and justice. Stage 5 (Social Contract or Individual rights orientation) o Right behavior involves upholding rules that are in the best interest of the group, are impartial, or were agreed upon by the group. o Those who do not promote the general welfare should be changed when necessary to meet "the greatest good for the greatest number of people" o Majority decision and inevitable compromise o Democratic government Stage 6: (Universal Ethical Rights) o Universal principles of justice (e.g. equality of human rights, respect for the dignity of each human being) o When the laws violate these principles, the individual should act in accordance with these universal principles rather than the law o Moral reasoning is based on abstract reasoning using universal ethical principles o Laws are valid only insofar as they are grounded in justice, and a commitment to justice carries with it an obligation to disobey unjust laws.
Choose two different biological theories of aging and provide a brief description of each.
Programmed theories: theories that aging is biologically or genetically programmed, that cells start to self-destruct based on a biological clock Damage or error theories Wear-and-tear theory: a theory that suggests that the body, much like any machine, gradually deteriorates and finally wears out Cellular theories: explanations of aging that focus on processes that occur within individual cells, which may lead to the buildup of harmful substances or the deterioration of cells over a lifetime Examples of cellular errors and processes: Accumulation of free radicals: chemicals that are produced randomly during normal cell metabolism and that bond easily to other substances inside cells Cross-linking: the random interaction of some proteins with certain body tissues, such as muscles and arteries, like elastic tissue becomes stiffer Telomeres: tips of the chromosomes that shorten and break with increasing age, like the photocopy of a photocopy losing quality
Speed in Adulthood: What is the typical developmental progression of psychomotor speed in mid to later life? How is the use of psychomotor speed most indicative of cognitive skills, and what implications does it have to the real-life event of driving?
Psychomotor speed is the speed at which a person can make a specific response. In general, people slow down as they get older. They take longer to respond especially when they are respond to ambiguous stimuli. Exercise can be helpful in mediating the effects of cognitive aging. However, there may be some intentionality of why old people choose to do things slower, unrelated to their declining psychomotor speed. In the context of driving, more factors besides age or medical condition should be considered. Scientists look at one's Useful Field of View, which is how well someone can extract visual information in a single glance without turning their head or doing their eyes. Performance on this UFOV test predicts driving performance. There is also the AAA Roadside Review, which assesses key functional areas in the effort to get states to have more uniform standards Overall, older people might drive more cautiously not because they have bad psychomotor speed but because they are bing more intentional and careful with their movements and are in less of a rush.
Memory decline in older adults. Describe research on cognitive development in late adulthood
Psychomotor speed or reaction time - the speed with which a person can make a decision. Older adults perform worse on tests of episodic memory. Research shows decline on fluid intelligence but steady or increased crystallized intelligence
If you were on the board of education for your local school district and were asked for your pinions about what would make a good school, what might you say? If you were also asked what qualities would be sought in a teach, how would you respond?
Students who want to bet there and have an environment in which they can thrive Teachers and faculty that hold high expectations for their students Teachers and faculty that have a passion for excellence & are dedicated Discipline that is effective Teachers: - dedicated, - patience - understanding - vision - positive - enthusiastic - professional
Describe several different types of "styles" of grandparenting noted in your textbook
Styles: 1. Grandparents can step in as the primary caregiver if the parents are unable to provide in some way 2. Fictive Grandparenting: when adults fill in for missing or deceased biological grandparents, acting as a surrogate of sorts (custodial parents or primary caregivers) 3. Cultural conservator grandparenting: grandparents may request that grandchildren live with them so that they ensure that the children are being taught in the native way 4. Dimension a) Social dimensions: passing family history to grandchildren b) Personal dimensions: skills, religious, social, and vocational values through storytelling and advice
Development of Attachment
The four phases according to Bowlby: 1. Preattachement "Birth - 6 weeks" - Infants recognize mother's smell and sound - Behaviors elicit caregiving from adults e.g. crying and smiling 2. Attachment in the making "6/8 weeks - 6/8 months" - Interact more with the caregiver - Begin to identify the primary caregiver 3. True attachment "6/8 months - 18 months" - Singles out the attachment figure and shows her trust 4. Reciprocal relationships "18 months on" - Infants are able to initiate interactions and understand the parents feelings and goals
Discuss two different models of occupations choices — that of Holland and the SCCT — and discus how these two models may actually work in a complementary fashion
The two different models of occupation choices is Holland's personality type theory that focuses on skill-set vs. Albert Bandura's social cognitive career theory (SCCT) that focuses on self-efficacy with respect to occupation. Holland asserts that people choose work based on the fit between their individual traits and occupation interests, including six personality types: 1. realistic - practical, mechanical, and likes to work with machines - Occupations: engineering, technology, maintenance, technician, surveyor 2. investigative - thought, analytical approaches, explore, knowledge, ideas, not social - Occupations: biologist, chemist, dentist, veterinarian, programmer 3. Artistic - literary, musical, artistic activités, emotional, creative, open - Occupations: artist, musician, poet, interior designer, writer 4. Social - train, education, help, supportive, avoid technical skills, empathy, relationships - Occupations: social work, counseling, police office, LPN 5. Enterprising - verbally killed, persuasive, direct, leader, dominant - Occupations: Lawyer, business executive, politician, TV producer 6. Conventional - rules and routines, provide order or direct structure, great self control, respect power and status, punctual, orderly - Occupations: bank teller, clerk typist, cashier, data entry Banda support that career choice is the result of the application of social cognitive theory, especially self-efficacy. By means of the self system, individuals exercise control over their thoughts, feelings, and actions. Among the beliefs with which an individual evaluates the control over his/her actions and environment, self-efficacy beliefs are the most influential predictor of human behavior. The level and strength of self-efficacy will determine: whether coping behavior will be initiated, how much effort will result, and how long the effort will be sustained in the face ob obstacles. Self-efficacy is derived from four most influential sources: 1. Personal Performance: Accomplishments - previous successes or failures (most influential) 2. Vicarious experience: watching others, modeling, mentoring 3. Verbal persuasion: Verbal encouragement or discouragement 4. Physiological and Emotional Factors: Perceptions of stress reactions in the body These two theories could compliment each other because people do not usually choose careers they are not interested in or will not perform well with.
What are the two dimensions that are used to differentiate different parenting styles? Describe each of the parenting styles by differentiating both of these dimensions. Which style seems to promote the best development in children? Explain.
The two dimensions of parenting involve amount of warmth and control parents use. There are 4 styles that come out of these two dimensions. They are authoritarian, authoritative, permissive and uninvolved. Authoritarian parents have high levels of control and low levels of warmth; these children are strictly disciplined. Authoritative includes moderate level of control with conversation encouraged about rules, with high levels of warmth. This is considered to be the most effective parenting style. Permissive parenting involves low levels of control with high warmth. Uninvolved parents don't spend much time with children, having low levels of control but also low levels of warmth.
3 prenatal tests that might be offered to a pregnant woman, describe each test, and comment on the benefits and drawbacks of each test
Ultrasounds: use sound waves to generate a picture of the fetus, to determine sex at 16-20 weeks, and can detect twins and triplets - It's not an invasive procedure, so there is no risk to fetus. Chorionic villus sampling (CVS) can be used to detect a suspected genetic disorder, can be used at 9 -12 weeks, by obtaining tissue sample from the placenta - the procedure can be used much earlier than amniocentesis, and results are returned in 7 - 10 days - roughly 200 genetic disorders can be detected with this test, but miscarriages are very slightly more likely after this test because of its invasive nature Amniocentesis: obtains fluid from the amniotic sac by inserting a needle into the pregnant woman's abdomen. This fluid contains skin cells that can be used to determine the genotype - results are return in about 2 weeks - 200 genetic disease detectable, miscarriage more possible
If you had a child, would you encourage him/her to get involved in an organized sports team? Why or why not? Make sure to cite relevant findings noted in your textbook to support your answer.
Yes. Sports are good exercise, and can decrease health issues such as obesity, diabetes, and even psychological issues. They enhance self-esteem, and help children learn initiative. They also learn important social skills, such as how to work effectively in a group (cooperation). Sports help children use their emerging cognitive skills in practical ways. Parents should keep realistic expectations for their children. Coaches should remember to coach positively and with a lot of praise.
Prenatal Development: List the three stages of prenatal development in the correct order, and note how long each stage lasts. Indicate the major event that indicates the beginning and end of each stage. Finally, discuss the major events that take place within each stage.
zygote (weeks 1 - 2) - this period spans 14 days - begins with fertilization of the egg in the Fallopian tube and ending with implantation of the fertilized egg in the wall of the uterus - implantation of the zygote in the uterine wall triggers hormonal changes that prevent menstruation embryo (weeks 3 - 8) - zygote officially divides and implants into the uterine wall - Amniotic sac- filled with fluid that cushions the embryo and provides constant temperature - Umbilical cord- contains blood vessels that run from placenta to embryo - after 3 weeks after conception, the fertilized egg is about 2 mm long - after 8 weeks after conception, near the end of the period of the embryo the fertilized egg begins to appear as the baby-to-be fetus - the fetus is wrapped in the amniotic sac and connected to the mother through the umbilical cord - essential life systems (respiration, digestion, and vision) finish developing - the fetus experiences tastes and hears sounds - at 22-28 weeks after conception, the fetus has achieved the age of viability, meaning that it has a change to survive if born prematurely
