Like the A&P OF A&P PART I!
The portion of the sphenoid bone that houses the pituitary gland is the
sella turcica.
The afferent division of the nervous system is also known as the _____ division.
sensory
A mixed nerve is one that contains both
sensory and motor neurons.
A posterior root contains
sensory axons only
Hyaline cartilage
serves as a precursor for the formation of long bones in the body.
The thalamus
serves as an information filter.
The acromioclavicular joint is part of the
shoulder.
A red blood cell placed in a hypertonic medium will
shrink
A _____________ epithelium consists of a single layer of flattened cells attached directly to a basement membrane.
simple squamous
The fluid-filled area between the pleural layers is the
pleural cavity.
If someone steps on a sharp object with their right foot, it will lead to
polysynaptic reflexes involving contraction of the right hamstring and left quadriceps.
An end plate potential is an event that involves a gain of
positive charge along the inside of the cell membrane, as sodium rapidly enters.
When sodium enters the neuron via chemically gated sodium channels, the membrane will depolarize. Therefore, the membrane potential will become more
positive.
The directional term that means "in back of" or "toward the back surface" is
posterior
The esophagus is ______ to the trachea.
posterior
The popliteal region is best seen from a(n) ________ view.
posterior
The cell bodies of sensory neurons are located in the
posterior root ganglion.
In neurophysiology, the term "summation" refers to the addition of
postsynaptic potentials at the initial segment.
When voltage-gated K+ channels open on the conductive segment of a neuron,
potassium exits, repolarizing the cell to a negative value.
The pleural cavity is the
potential space between the two serous membranes surrounding a lung.
The primary motor cortex for control of voluntary muscles is found in the
precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe.
The Golgi tendon reflex
prevents skeletal muscles from tensing excessively.
Sensory information from a painful stimulus on the skin will be received by the
primary somatosensory cortex.
The function of myelin is to
produce faster nerve impulse propagation.
Some bone interiors contain hemopoietic tissue, which functions in
producing blood cells.
If you were studying the functions of skeletal muscle, you would be studying all of the following except
production of blood cells.
When dribbling a basketball, the radius is crossed over the ulna in the forearm. In other words, the forearm is
pronated
Neuroglia ___ and assist neurons.
protect
The function of melanin in the skin is to
protect against UV light.
In connective tissue, the extracellular matrix consists of
protein fibers and ground substance.
The type of epithelium that would best allow rapid diffusion, osmosis, or filtration is ____________ epithelium.
simple squamous
Bones are more brittle as we age because
protein synthesis by osteoblasts is reduced.
Translation is the synthesis of
proteins from mRNA.
The type of epithelial tissue that is only one cell-layer thick is called __________; the type of epithelial tissue that is two or more cell-layers thick is called _________.
simple; stratified
Calcium storage and hemopoiesis
skeletal
The directional term that means "closest to the point of attachment to the trunk" is
proximal
The elbow is ____ to the wrist.
proximal
The body system that provides support and protection as well as being a site of blood cell production (hemopoiesis) is the ____________ system.
skeletal
The type of muscle that has elongated, multinucleated cells and is under voluntary control is __________ muscle.
skeletal
2. When we have an infection, we often develop a fever. What is the body trying to accomplish by temporarily raising the body temperature?
slow the replication of the germ
The biceps brachii muscle attaches to the _________ of the radius.
radial tuberosity
In an adult, red bone marrow is found in all of the following bones except the
radius of forearm.
Reflexes are described as
rapid and involuntary.
Chemically gated ion channels are mainly found in the ________ segment of a neuron.
receptive
Consider the difference between lifting a light pad of paper versus a heavy textbook. The primary way the level of force of muscle contraction is controlled is by
recruiting a different number of motor units.
Oxidative fibers are
red and fatigue-resistant.
Active transport
requires energy in the form of ATP.
The system responsible for the exchange of gases between the blood and atmospheric air is the _____________ system.
respiratory
The deeper sublayer of the dermis is the ________ layer, and it is the _______ of the two.
reticular, thicker
The organelles responsible for protein synthesis are known as __________ and the organelles that assist with the breakdown of proteins are called __________.
ribosomes; proteasomes
If you contract your left sternocleidomastoid muscle only, it rotates your head to the __________ side of the body.
right
The appendix is in the right iliac region, and is therefore located in the _____ ______ quadrant.
right lower
Which bone does not belong to the appendicular skeleton?
sacrum
The plasma membrane of a skeletal muscle fiber is called the ______________.
sarcolemma
The muscle cell membrane is called the
sarcolemma.
The contractile unit of a myofibril is called the
sarcomere.
The type of passive transport that involves the movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from a region of high water concentration to a region of low water concentration is called what?
osmosis
Which is a passive transport process?
osmosis
Common, wear-and-tear arthritis, in which repeated use of a joint gradually wears down the articular cartilage, is known as
osteoarthritis.
As the bone matrix calcifies and the secreting cells become walled in,
osteoblasts become osteocytes.
Bone-forming cells that produce collagen and proteoglycans and release matrix vesicles are
osteoblasts.
Bone-producing cells are
osteoblasts.
During the healing of a bone fracture, a hard callus is formed by
osteoblasts.
Bone cells called __________ break down bone by secreting hydrochloric acid and enzymes that dissolve the matrix
osteoclasts
This figure illustrates the microscopic anatomy of spongy bone. What type of cell does number 3 indicate?
osteoclasts
Activity of ____________ results in the formation of hydrochloric acid used to dissolve bone minerals in a process called ____________.
osteoclasts; mineral resorption
This figure illustrates the microscopic anatomy of spongy bone. What bone feature does number 4 indicate?
osteocytes in lacuna
Mechanical stress of bones, such as that caused by weight lifting, is detected by
osteocytes, which then communicate to osteoblasts to increase synthesis of osteoid.
The combination of all of the concentric rings of bone built around a single blood vessel is called a(n)
osteon.
The membranous network that wraps around myofibrils and holds relatively high concentrations of calcium is known as the
sarcoplasmic reticulum.
The glial cell that protects neuron cell bodies located within ganglia is the
satellite cell.
In the appendicular skeleton, the pectoral girdle is made up of the __________ and the __________.
scapula; clavicle
The type of fibers specialized to continue contracting for extended periods of time, as would be required in running a marathon, for example, are _____ fibers.
slow-twitch
The image in the top box, in which the incision runs perpendicular to the lines of cleavage, would result in a_____healing time.
slower
The lobe that is immediately posterior to the central sulcus and that is involved in general sensory functions is the
parietal lobe.
The outer serous membrane lining the abdominal cavity is called the
parietal peritoneum.
The outermost layer of the pleural membrane is the
parietal pleura.
In _____________ transport, substances move across a plasma membrane without the expenditure of energy by the cell.
passive
In addition to the joint between the tibia and the femur, the knee contains a joint between the
patella and the femur.
Investigating the function of organ systems in a disease state best describes
pathophysiology.
This figure shows a frontal view of a human. What does number 5 indicate?
pelvic cavity
The connective tissue wrapping that surrounds bundles (fascicles) of axons is the
perineurium.
Nerves and ganglia are structures found in the
peripheral nervous system
The scientific discipline that studies the functions of body structures is
physiology.
The _______ is responsible for forming the outer, limiting barrier of a cell.
plasma membrane
The cranial nerve that innervates smooth muscle and glands of the heart, lungs, larynx, trachea, and most abdominal organs is the ___________ nerve.
vagus
Carotene is acquired from yellow-orange___
vegetables.
This figure shows a superior view of a vertebra. What feature is indicated by number 4?
vertebral foramen
The heart is confined within a double-walled serous membrane sac. The part of the membrane that is in contact with the heart is the _____ layer.
visceral
The layer of the pleural membrane that is attached to the surface of the lung is the
visceral pleura.
A neuron conducting an impulse from the stomach wall to the CNS would be classified as a(n) __________ neuron.
visceral sensory
Action potentials are generated by the opening of ________ gated channels and they occur on the ________.
voltage-, axon
Why does membrane potential dip below -70mV in region 5?
voltage-gated K+ channels are slow to close
What channel is responsible for the downward slope in region 4 of the graph (indicated by the numbers at the top)?
voltage-gated K+ channels open
The repolarization of the action potential involves the opening of
voltage-gated K+ channels.
What happens, at the level of the neuron's cell membrane, when the voltage reaches "threshold?"
voltage-gated Na+ channels open in the axon hillock
The separation of oppositely charged ionic particles across a resting neuron's membrane results in a potential that is measured as a
voltage.
elastic
walls of large arteries
Osmosis is the diffusion of
water across a membrane.
Leukocytes are commonly called _____ blood cells.
white
An inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)
will make it more difficult for the postsynpatic neuron to reach threshold.
Synovial fluid is found
within the synovial cavity.
The zygomatic arch is composed of processes of the
zygomatic and temporal bones.
When a sperm fertilizes an egg, the diploid cell is called a __________.
zygote
The integument consists of the epidermis, which is composed of _____________, and the dermis, which is composed primarily of ____________ connective tissue.
stratified squamous epithelium; dense irregular
omposed of cuboidal and colulmnar cells, the ____contains keratinocytes, melanocytes, and tactile cells.
stratum basale
The layer of the epidermis that includes melanocytes and a single row of columnar cells that undergo mitosis is the
stratum basale.
The ___ is made up of multiple layers of dead keratinocytes that regularly exfoliate.
stratum corneum
The ______- is named for the presence of dark-staining granules; keratinization begins in this layer.
stratum granulosum
The next layer is the _____, which is present only on the soles of the feet, hands, fingers, and toes.
stratum lucidum
Toward the apical surface, in the ______-, the keratinocytes cease cell division. Epidermal dendritic cells are in this layer
stratum spinosum
Tapping the triceps brachii muscle tendon will result in reflexive elbow extension. This is an example of a ____________ reflex.
stretch
cardiac muscle tissue
striated, involuntary
skeletal muscle tissues
striated, voluntary,
reticular
stroma of spleen and liver
Anatomy is the study of
structure and form.
Gross anatomy refers to the study of
structures visible to the unaided eye.
The bony projections that can be palpated medially and laterally at the wrist are the
styloid processes.
The space containing cerebrospinal fluid is the _________ space.
subarachnoid
In a lumbar puncture (spinal tap), fluid is extracted from the
subarachnoid space.
adipose
subcutaneous layer
Facilitated diffusion is used to transport
sugars and amino acids.
The shallow depressions between folds on the surface of the brain are called
sulci.
The skin is _____to all other body structures.
superficial
From left to right, the images show:
supination then pronation
Rotation of the forearm so as to direct the palm anteriorly (as in anatomic position) is called
supination.
This figure shows the humerus. What is the feature indicated by number 3?
surgical neck
The joints between cranial bones of the skull are called
sutures
Mammary glands are modified ________ and can be found in the____
sweat glands; breasts
A typical synapse in the CNS consists of a presynaptic neuron and a postsynaptic neuron, separated by a narrow space called the
synaptic cleft.
The narrow space that separates the motor neuron and the skeletal muscle fiber in a neuromuscular junction is called the
synaptic cleft.
Bones joined together with hyaline cartilage between the ends of the bones are ______and those with fibrocartilage between them are ______.
synchondroses symphyses
Bones that join together and are held in place with sheets of collagen between the bones are called ______, teeth held in sockets by a fibrous ligament are ______, and ______are found between most of the bones of the skull.
syndesmoses, gomphoses. sutures
The most complex joints are ______, which display varying amounts of mobility.
synovial
The type of membrane that lines many of the body's joints is a _________ membrane.
synovial Correct
An articular capsule is present in
synovial joints.
The primary gustatory cortex processes information about ________ and is located in the ______.
taste, insula
The zygomatic process of the temporal bone and the _________ process of the zygomatic bone form the zygomatic arch.
temporal
The broad, fan-shaped muscle of mastication that you can feel alongside your temple as you open and close your jaw is the __________.
temporalis
This figure shows a lateral view of the muscles of facial expression. What muscle does number 2 indicate?
temporalis
At the ends of muscles, the connective tissues merge to form a __________, which attaches the muscle to other structures.
tendon
The structure responsible for attaching muscle to bone is a
tendon.
dense regular
tendons and ligaments
Neurons of the thalamus that are part of sensory conduction pathways are considered
tertiary neurons.
When threshold is reached, depolarization occurs with the same amplitude of potential change. This is known as
the all-or-none principle.
1. The degree of skin pigmentation of a person is related to
the amount of melanin production by a person's melanocytes.
4. We typically see ascending paralysis in the case of Guillain-Barré syndrome because:
the axons of the motor neurons innervating the leg muscles are the longest and therefore are most susceptible to damage to their myelin sheath.
The most direct effect of severing the corpus callosum would be that
the cerebral hemispheres could not directly communicate.
1. Light-skinned people are at greatest risk for malignant melanoma because
the decreased amount of melanin allows more UV light penetration into the skin, therefore increasing the risk of cancer development.
When sugar is mixed with water, equilibrium is reached when
the dissolved sugar molecules are evenly distributed throughout the solution.
The glossy-white appearance of most axons is due to
the high lipid content of the myelin sheath.
Homeostasis is best described as
the maintenance of a stable internal environment despite a changing external environment.
1. The symptoms of MS can come and go. This is because
the oligodendrocytes are constantly renewing the myelin sheathes, so they are able to temporarily repair some of the damage.
Lines of cleavage are a result of
the orientation of collagen fibers in the dermis.
An excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) causes
the postsynaptic neuron's membrane potential to become more positive.
When transmission occurs at a synapse, neurotransmitter is released by
the presynaptic neuron's synaptic knob into the synaptic cleft.
Damage to the pineal gland would likely have the most impact on
the sleep-wake cycle.
mesenchyme
the source of all other connective tissues
The vertebral column protects
the spinal cord.
During tetany,
the stimuli arrive at the muscle fiber so rapidly that there is no muscle relaxation between stimuli, but rather, a continuous contraction of the muscle fiber.
In adults, the spinal cord is not the same length as the vertebral canal, and most of the lumbar part of the spinal cord is within
the thoracic vertebrae.
Which of the following is a leg bone that bears the most weight?
tibia
Groups of similar cells and extracellular products that carry out a common function are called
tissues
The primary function of serous fluid appears to be
to serve as a lubricant
The type of epithelium that lines the urinary bladder and may include some binucleated cells is called ____________ epithelium.
transitional
The process of reading an mRNA molecule and synthesizing a protein is known as __________.
translation
Proteins that assist the movement of a substance across the membrane are called _________ proteins.
transport
A(n) _______ plane separates the body into superior and inferior parts.
transverse
The component of a muscle fiber that quickly transports a muscle impulse from the sarcolemma throughout the entire muscle fiber is called the
transverse tubule (T-tubule).
The deepest of the abdominal muscles are the _________ muscles.
transversus abdominis
This figure shows the muscles of the anterior neck. What muscle does number 1 indicate?
trapezius
This figure shows the humerus. What is the feature indicated by number 6?
trochlea
The calcium ions involved in skeletal muscle contraction bind to a(n)______ subunit.
troponin
During contraction of a muscle, calcium ions bind to the
troponin molecule.
DNA directs the synthesis of proteins, including enzymes that catalyze the synthesis of several important molecules.
tru
3. An alternate name for subcutaneous tissue is the hypodermis.
true
3. Most researchers believe MS results from a combination of genetic and environmental factors. One peculiar observation regarding environment is the fact that the incidence increases as one gets further from the equator.
true
A 5% urea solution is hypotonic to a 10% urea solution.
true
A coronal plane is a vertical plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior parts.
true
All reflexes share the property of being an involuntary response.
true
Although sweat and sebaceous glands develop from the stratum basale of the epidermis, they eventually burrow and remain in the underlying dermis.
true
Chemical synapses are more common than electrical synapses.
true
DNA is the control center of the cell because it directs the synthesis of proteins, which are responsible for most cellular functions.
true
Damage to the RAS may result in unconsciousness.
true
Deep fascia is also known as muscular fascia; it is composed of dense irregular connective tissue.
true
Diffusion is one of the processes whereby materials are exchanged between a cell and its environment.
true
Epithelial tissue tends to be richly innervated and highly regenerative.
true
Facilitated diffusion requires a specific transporter for a specific molecule.
true
Functions of the hypothalamus include regulation of body temperature and water intake.
true
Further lengthwise bone growth cannot occur once the epiphyseal lines have formed.
true
Homeostasis refers to an organism's ability to regulate its internal environment despite changes in the external environment.
true
If a cell is placed in an isotonic medium, there will be no net movement of water.
true
In anatomic position, the fibula is lateral to the tibia.
true
In the brain, the outer cerebral cortex consists of gray matter, but in the spinal cord, gray matter is confined to the innermost regions.
true
Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) may be caused by the opening of either chemically gated potassium channels or chemically gated chloride channels.
true
Lower motor neurons are always excitatory.
true
Muscles that assist an agonist in performing a movement are known as synergists.
true
Myofibrils are composed of protein filaments called actin and myosin.
true
Neither short nor flat bones contain a medullary cavity.
true
One of the functions of synovial fluid is to act as a shock absorber that distributes force evenly across the joint surface.
true
Osteoblasts are bone-forming cells; osteoclasts are bone-dissolving cells.
true
Over time diffusion results in the even distribution of a substance throughout an area.
true
The anatomic position allows all observers to have a common point of reference.
true
The area between the presynaptic nerve cell and the postsynaptic muscle cell is termed the synaptic cleft.
true
The fibula does not bear any weight during walking or standing.
true
The gray matter of the brain houses motor neuron and interneuron cell bodies, dendrites, telodendria, and unmyelinated axons.
true
The inferior colliculi are auditory reflex centers of the midbrain.
true
The mediastinum is within the ventral cavity.
true
The orbital complex includes part of the sphenoid bone.
true
The posterior "bump" of the elbow is the olecranon of the ulna.
true
The process of keratinization begins in the stratum granulosum.
true
The skin contains numerous sensory receptors located in both the epidermis and the dermis.
true
The sodium-potassium pump moves ions against their concentration gradients and helps maintain an electrochemical gradient across the plasma membrane.
true
The spinal cord is part of the central nervous system.
true
The subdural space is the region between the arachnoid mater and the dura mater.
true
The thin epidermis, lacking the stratum lucidum, contains only four strata and covers most of the body.
true
The upper limbs are more mobile but less stable as compared to the lower limbs.
true
The urinary system filters the blood, concentrates waste products, and removes waste products from the body.
true
The white matter of the brain derives its color from myelin.
true
There are 31 pairs of mixed nerves that emerge from the spinal cord.
true
Thick skin is found in areas of high friction, such as the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet.
true
Thin skin generally does not contain the stratum lucidum.
true
Though it does not articulate with any other bone, the hyoid bone is considered to be part of the axial skeleton.
true
Under normal conditions and when a cell is at "rest," there is more potassium in the cytosol than in the extracellular fluid.
true
When crossbridges form and the muscle fibers contract, the actin myofilament slides past the myosin myofilament.
true
Ribs that join the sternum directly by costal cartilages are called
true ribs
The amount of rough ER is greater in cells producing large amounts of protein for secretion.
true`
The RNA transcript being produced by the RNA polymerase is complementary to the template strand of the DNA.
truw
The nuclear envelope consists primarily of
two phospholipid bilayers.
Continuous conduction of a nerve impulse occurs only along
unmyelinated axons.
Active transport moves a solute
up its concentration gradient, that is, from a low concentration to a high one.
The term "diarthrosis" refers to a joint that is
freely mobile.
The black or brown pigment that is produced in response to light exposure is ____.
melanin
Exposure to ultraviolet light darkens skin by stimulating synthesis of
melanin.
Freckles are the result of
melanocyte activity, genetic inheritance, and sun exposure.
Melanin is produced and stored in
melanocytes.
Damage to the ____________ will likely result in a personality change or disorder.
frontal association area
Electrical synapses involve coupling of neurons by
gap junctions.
An information-containing segment of DNA that codes for the production of a molecule of RNA, which in most cases goes on to play a role in the synthesis of one or more proteins, is known as a(n)
gene
DNA is organized into discrete units called ____________ that provide information for the production of specific proteins.
gene
Epithelial tissue covers body surfaces and forms ___ that are derived developmentally from body surfaces.
glands
The head of the humerus articulates with the
glenoid cavity.
One feature that helps provide fast energy to a muscle cell is the presence of granules containing the complex carbohydrate
glycogen.
The cerebral cortex is a region of the brain containing ____________ matter.
gray
The spinal cord is partitioned into an inner __________ matter region and an outer ___________ matter region.
gray; white
During osmosis, water moves toward the solution with the _________ solute concentration.
greater
In the gluteus maximus, each motor unit controls a _____________ amount of muscle fibers than a motor unit in the eye muscles.
greater
The various chemical reactions that organisms carry out are collectively called
metabolism.
The glial cell that defends the body against pathogens is the
microglial cell.
Which of the following serves to increase the surface area of a cell?
microvilli
Microscopic folds that extend from the apical surface of certain epithelia to increase the surface area for absorption and secretion are called
microvilli.
Mammary glands produce ____so a mother can nourish a newly born infant.
milk; nourish
The _________ are responsible for synthesizing most of a human body cell's ATP.
mitochondria
Epithelial cells retain the ability to undergo _______and therefore are able to replace damaged cells with new epithelial cells.
mitosis
The vagus nerve contains afferent and efferent neurons; therefore it is an example of a(n) __________ nerve.
mixed
Simple diffusion is defined as the movement of
molecules from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration.
The simple knee-jerk reflex is an example of a(n) _____ reflex.
monosynaptic
If a cell has a relatively high energy need, you would expect it to have _________ mitochondria than a cell with a lower energy need.
more
The vascular supply to slow-twitch muscle fibers is ______ the network of capillaries around fast-twitch muscle fibers.
more extensive than
Skin cancer is the _______ type of cancer, and due to sun exposure it occurs most frequently on the __________.
most common; head and neck
Malignant melanoma
most deadly type
The neurons that stimulate muscle contraction are called _____ neurons.
motor
3. The central nervous system counterpart to Guillain-Barré syndrome is:
multiple sclerosis.
Moves the body and generates heat
muscular
Saltatory conduction occurs in
myelinated axons, where action potentials occur only at neurofibril nodes.
A nerve impulse travels fastest along ________ axons of ______ diameter.
myelinated, large
Dilating blood vessels in the skin in an effort to radiate heat away from the body, is a form of
negative feedback
When blood sugar levels increase after a meal, insulin is released. This lowers sugar levels back toward normal. This is an example of
negative feedback.
The ______ are the most numerous cells of nervous tissue.
neuroglia
The glial cell that myelinates and insulates axons in the peripheral nervous system is the
neurolemmocyte.
1. Oligodendrocytes produce myelin within the central nervous system (CNS). The cells that do this in the peripheral nervous system are
neurolemmocytes.
The junction between an axon and the muscle fiber itself is called a _____________ junction.
neuromuscular
The excitable cells of the nervous system are called
neurons
The two types of cells that make up the nervous system are
neurons and glial cells.
The body of a neuron is called the .
neurosoma
smooth muscle tissue
no striations, involuntary
The largest internal cellular structure is known as the ______ and is the cell's control center.
nucleus
A plane that passes through the structure at an angle is called
oblique
The portion of the brain involved primarily with vision is the
occipital lobe.
The jugular foramen is located between the _____ and _____ bones.
occipital, temporal
The cranial nerve responsible for movement of the medial rectus, superior rectus, inferior rectus, and inferior oblique muscles is the __________ nerve.
oculomotor
This figure shows the humerus. The _________ articulates with the depression indicated by number 8.
olecranon of the ulna
The cranial nerve that passes through the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone is the __________ nerve.
olfactory
The glial cell that myelinates and insulates axons within the CNS is the
oligodendrocyte
2. The cells of the nervous system that produce myelin are the
oligodendrocytes.
Which best defines "superficial"?
on the outside
To measure the resting potential of a neuron, a physiologist would place
one microelecrode inside the neuron and another in the interstitial fluid.
The hyperpolarization that occurs at the end of an action potential is due to the prolonged
open state of voltage-gated potassium channels.
The prefrontal cortex
has axons that continue to myelinate well into our 20s.
Arrival of an action potential at the synaptic knob results in
opening of voltage-gated calcium channels and diffusion of calcium into the synaptic knob.
The oxygen-binding protein that gives skin its reddish tint is .
hemoglobin
The joint just proximal to the knee is which one of these?
hip
A lesion in the _____ may result in difficulty forming long-term memories because this limbic system structure is critical to memory consolidation.
hippocampus
A patient with damage to the _____________ will very likely have difficulty in forming new memories.
hippocampus
The part of the limbic system involved in storing memories and forming long-term memory is the
hippocampus.
Formation of new memories involves the ________, and storage of long-term memories primarily involves the ________.
hippocampus; association areas of the cerebrum
Which branch of microscopic anatomy is the study of tissues?
histology
The type of exocrine gland in which the entire cell disintegrates, liberating any accumulated products, is the __________ gland.
holocrine
The state of equilibrium, or fairly constant interval environment, in the body is called ________.
homeostasis
Endocrine glands secrete products called _____________.
hormones
Articular cartilage, found on the ends of long bones, consists of
hyaline cartilage
The most common type of cartilage, named for its glassy appearance, is
hyaline cartilage.
When a person blinks, she is using her
orbicularis oculi.
If you move your head in such a way to look up at the ceiling, you are _________ your neck.
hyperextending
What type of movement is occurring at the neck?
hyperextension
When the angle between articulating bones increases beyond the anatomic position, the movement is referred to as
hyperextension
The brain region that exerts significant control over the endocrine system is the
hypothalamus.
When a cell is placed in a solution with a very low solute concentration, water diffuses into the cell. Such a solution is called a(n) _________ solution.
hypotonic
The hip bones include the
ilium, ischium, and pubis.
2. The mechanism of injury in the case of Guillain-Barré syndrome is:
immunological.
Facilitated diffusion occurs
in either direction depending on the concentration gradient of the molecule.
parathyroid hormone
increases
The hypodermis is rich in adipose, and thus its functions include
organ protection, energy storage, and thermal insulation.
The mouth is ____to the nose.
inferior
The term arthritis does not imply a specific disease. It actually describes
inflammation of one or more joints.
If neurotransmitter from Neuron A causes Neuron B to hyperpolarize, this is an example of an
inhibitory postsynaptic potential.
Potassium has a higher concentration
inside the cell versus outside the cell, whereas sodium has a higher concentration outside versus inside the cell.
Contraction of the diaphragm assists in
inspiration
This figure shows a superior view of a vertebra. Which number indicates the spinous process?
1
Which system is responsible for providing protection, regulating body temperature, and being the site of cutaneous receptors?
integumentary
Neighboring cardiac muscle cells in the walls of heart chambers have specialized cell-to-cell contacts that electrically and mechanically link the cells together, permitting the immediate passage of muscle impulses. These cell-to-cell contacts are called ________ _______.
intercalated disc
Which portion of a reflex arc is most likely to be located entirely within the central nervous system?
interneuron
Based on function, the vast majority of neurons are
interneurons.
The neurons that are responsible for integrating information by retrieving, processing, storing, and "deciding" how the body responds to stimuli are
interneurons.
This figure shows a superior view of the cranial cavity. Which number indicates the crista galli?
10
How many pairs of ribs are "floating ribs" that do not articulate with the sternum?
2
These figures show the coxal joint. Which number indicates the pubofemoral ligament?
2
This figure shows the anatomy of compact bone. Which number indicates an osteon?
2
Which number indicates the reticular layer of the dermis?
2
Correctly identify regions 2-5 on the graph
2.EPSPs 3.Depolarization 4. Repolarization 5. Hyperpolarization
This figure shows the knee joint. Which number indicates the tibial collateral ligament?
3
Which number indicates the arrector pili muscle?
3
Which number indicates the lunula?
3
Arrange the following in the proper order in which they occur at the postsynaptic side of a neuromuscular junction.1. Action potential is propagated over the muscle cell membrane.2. Depolarization of the postsynaptic membrane occurs.3. Sodium ions move into muscle cell.
3, 2, 1
During bone repair, how long does the stage of the bony callus last?
3-4 months
In sum, there are ____ pairs of spinal nerves.
31
There are ___ pairs of spinal nerves that exit the vertebral column.
31
This figure illustrates the microscopic anatomy of spongy bone. Which is a mature bone cell?
4
This figure shows the scapula. Which number indicates the acromion?
4
Which number indicates a dermal papilla?
4
This figure shows a lateral view of the skull. Which number indicates the styloid process?
5
This figure shows the anatomy of compact bone. Which number is referring to a perforating (or Volkmann's) canal?
5
Which number indicates the hair papilla?
5
This figure shows the humerus. Which number indicates the medial epicondyle?
7
This figure shows the os coxa. Which number indicates a feature of the pubis?
8
When during human development does the process of endochondral ossification begin?
8th week of embryonic development
This figure shows a superior view of the cranial cavity. Which number indicates the sella turcica?
9
This figure shows the os coxa. Which number indicates the anterior inferior iliac spine?
9
During crossbridge cycling (muscle contraction) to what would myosin heads attach?
A
If the sequence of DNA nucleotides being read is TTACTG, then transcription results in the formation of the sequence
AAUGAC.
At what location do the three bones of the os coxae fuse?
Acetabulum
Which of the following structures has the active sites to which the heads of the thick filaments will bind?
Actin Correct
Check all that are proteins of thin filaments.
Actin Troponin Tropomyosin
a carrier protein on the surface of the cell.
Active transport requires
Cells that store lipids
Adipocytes
Hold your arm out so that it is completely extended. The triceps brachii is causing the extension, so it is acting as what?
Agonist
Which is not correct regarding articulations?
All articulations contain some type of cartilage.
The nucleus contains DNA.
All of the cellular components between the nucleus and the plasma membrane constitute the cytoplasm.
Keratinocytes are
All of the choices are correct.
Which affects osteoblast and osteoclast activity?
All of the choices are correct.
Causes of arthritis include
All of these are correct.
The femur
All of these are correct.
2. The aspect of Julie's skin lesion that concerned her doctor was
All of these choices are correct
During a mugging, a person experiences an extreme level of fear. What portion of the limbic system is responsible for this and other emotional states?
Amygdaloid body
This figure shows the knee joint. What structure does number 4 indicate?
Anterior cruciate ligament
This figure shows spinal nerve branches. What structure does number 1 indicate?
Anterior ramus
This figure shows an anterior view of the spinal cord and meninges. What structure does number 3 indicate?
Arachnoid
Which type of connective tissue is found in the papillary layer of the dermis and contains all of the cell types of connective tissue proper?
Areolar
Squamous cell carcinoma
Arises from keratinocytes of stratum spinosum
Which part of a synovial joint may be reinforced by ligaments and tendons?
Articular capsule
What type of neuroglial cell serves as the gatekeeper of the blood-brain barrier by controlling what will get in and what will not get into neurons?
Astrocytes
Where are synaptic knobs located?
At the distal ends of an axons
These nuclei are located in the lateral horns and innervate smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands.
Autonomic motor nuclei
When ACh binds to the ACh receptors, Na+ ions enter the muscle cell. Where could you find ACh receptors in this image?
B
From deep to superficial, the order of the strata of the epidermis is
Basale - spinosum - granulosum - lucidum - corneum
In order to retain heat, what occurs in the skin on a cold day?
Blood vessels of the dermis constrict.
phalanges
Bones of the digits
Metacarpals
Bones of the palm of the hand
Carpals
Bones of the wrist
Osteoid is the
organic part of the bone matrix that gives it tensile strength.
This figure shows the spinal cord and spinal nerves. What structure does number 3 indicate?
Brachial plexus
This figure shows superficial and deep arm muscles. What muscle does number 1 indicate?
Brachialis
This figure shows an anterior view of the upper limb muscles. What muscle does number 1 indicate?
Brachioradialis
After being released from the terminal cisternae, calcium binds to:
C
ID the cranial nerve
CN V Trigeminal
What triggers the release of ACh from the synaptic terminal in #A?
Ca2+ entry causes vesicles to fuse with the membrane
Which of the following structures is a part of the humerus that articulates with the head of the radius?
Capitulum
Head of radius
Capitulum of humerus
This figure shows the spinal cord and spinal nerves. What structure does number 1 indicate?
Cauda equina
Check all that are characteristics of cardiac muscle.
Cells are short and branching. Cells have one or two nuclei in the center of the cell. They are composed of thick and thin filaments. The functional contractile unit is the sarcomere.
This portion of the brain ensures that skeletal muscle contraction follows the correct pattern leading to smooth, coordinated movements.
Cerebellum
Which part of the brain contains the arbor vitae?
Cerebellum
As you are reading these words on the screen, what part of your brain is allowing you to perform the complex, conscious intellectual task of reading and comprehension?
Cerebrum
What is the correct order for the parts of the spinal cord, from superior to inferior?
Cervical - thoracic - lumbar - sacral - coccygeal
What is the correct order for the vertebral regions, from superior to inferior?
Cervical - thoracic - lumbar - sacral - coccygeal
Ligaments are very strong but resistant to stretch. Which protein fiber probably predominates?
Collagen
What is the most abundant protein in the body, forming about 25% of all body protein?
Collagen
What gives bone its flexibility?
Collagen fibers
A large, smooth, rounded articulating oval structure is called what?
Condyle
Cytoplasm
Contains the cytosol, inclusions, and organelles
Check all that are a function of the hypothalamus.
Control of autonomic nervous system Control of the endocrine system Control of emotional behavior Control of food and water intake Regulation of sleep-wake rhythms
This figure shows the spinal cord and spinal nerves. What structure does number 2 indicate?
Conus medullaris
What suture is the articulation between the frontal and parietal bones?
Coronal
This figure shows a frontal section of the cerebrum. What structure does number 1 indicate?
Corpus callosum
Which features are found only on thoracic vertebrae?
Costal facets and demifacets
Chronic exposure to UV rays can damage the _____ in epidermal cells and accelerate aging.
DNA
Which of the following is not secreted by glands?
DNA
DNA is responsible for directing the synthesis of proteins
DNA is responsible for controlling the synthesis of enzymes in the cell.
Which type of connective tissue predominates in the deep portion of the dermis, where it lends strength to the skin?
Dense irregular
Which of the following is a normal response to excessive loss of body heat in a cold environment?
Dermal blood vessels constrict.
This figure shows the muscles of respiration. What muscle does number 4 indicate?
Diaphragm
Lateral malleolus
Distal end of fibula at ankle
Medial malleolus
Distal process of tibia at ankle
In #2, the graph has started to move upwards, but has not yet reached threshold. What is the name of this event?
EPP (end-plate potential)
When a neurotransmitter opens a chemically gated ion channel that allows sodium to enter the postsynaptic cell, the result is an
EPSP.
Which statement accurately describes spinal nerves?
Each spinal nerve is mixed in that it contains some sensory axons and some motor axons.
Which connective tissue wrapping separates individual muscle fibers?
Endomysium
What is the incomplete layer of cells that covers all internal surfaces of the bone within the medullary cavity?
Endosteum Correct
Check all that are affected by third-degree burns.
Epidermis DermisDermis Subcutaneous layer
This figure shows a cross section of a vertebra and the spinal cord. What structure does number 1 indicate?
Epidural space
Before beginning orthodontic treatment, a patient may have her wrist and hand x-rayed to determine her stage of growth. What feature of the long bones will the orthodontist use to assess this?
Epiphyseal plate
Select all that occur as a result of tissue aging.
Epithelia become thinner Nervous tissue atropy Bones become brittle
Which tissue type covers body surfaces and lines the inside of organs and body cavities?
Epithelial
Which of these skull bones cannot be easily palpated?
Ethmoid
Which of the following is an example of a best practice for effectively studying anatomy and physiology material?
Explaining a concept to a study partner
What is the greatest risk factor for skin cancer?
Exposure to UV light rays
This figure shows the muscles of respiration. What muscle does number 2 indicate?
External intercostal
A patient visits her doctor and explains that since being hit on the cheek with a hockey puck she has been suffering from dry eyes and a dry mouth. It's apparent to the doctor that, because both lacrimal secretion and salivary secretion are affected, there may be damage to the ____________ nerve.
Facial
In general, fast-twitch fibers generate less power than slow-twitch fibers.
False
Cells that form fibers and ground substance in the extracellular matrix
Fibroblasts
Suppose that you were involved in an automobile accident and suffered a back injury. When examined by your physician you are told that you have a slipped disc in the lower back. What type of tissue is involved?
Fibrocartilage
What type of cartilage is located between the bones in a symphysis?
Fibrocartilage
Which type of cartilage is found in the intervertebral discs?
Fibrocartilage
Which of the following describes a meniscus?
Fibrous cartilage pads
What is the thin strand of pia mater that helps to anchor the spinal cord to the coccyx?
Filum terminale
Sacrum
Five fused vertebrae
Lumbar vertebrae
Five vertebrae in the low back
The "soft spots" on an infant's head are caused by which of the following?
Fontanelles
Coccyx
Four vertebrae comprising the "tailbone"
Damage to which lobe of the brain (that normally plans appropriate behavior) has been most frequently associated with personality abnormalities?
Frontal
Which bones articulate with the zygomatic bone?
Frontal, temporal, and maxilla
The primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain is
GABA
These two muscles are known as the triceps surae and together are the most powerful plantar flexors of all of the leg muscles.
Gastrocnemius and soleus
Which of the following joints is the least stable?
Glenohumeral (shoulder) joint
Which is one of the largest muscles in the body and the one most responsible for extending and laterally rotating the thigh?
Gluteus maximus
The membrane-bound organelle that is composed primarily of stacked cisternae and functions to transport and package materials that arrive from the rough endoplasmic reticulum in transport veiscles is the
Golgi apparatus.
This figure shows a cross section of the spinal cord. What structure does number 2 indicate?
Gray commissure
Which of the following is not part of the ethmoid bone?
Greater wing
Which of the following is not found in thick skin?
Hair follicles
Olecranon fossa of humerus
Head of femur
Glenoid fossa of scapula
Head of humerus
What structure is essential in storing memories and forming long-term memory?
Hippocampus
A reflex arc in which both the receptor and the effector organs of the reflex are on the same side of the spinal cord is
ipsilateral.
When a neurotransmitter causes the opening of chemically gated potassium channels on the postsynaptic cell, the postsynaptic potential that results is an
IPSP, which is a hyperpolarization.
Which type of protein is used by cells of the immune system to distinguish normal cells from foreign or infected cells?
Identity markers
What are you resting your hands on when you rest them on your hips, just below the waist?
Iliac crests
vertebrae
irregular bone
What explains the dramatic acceleration in lengthwise bone growth at puberty?
Increased secretion of sex hormones promotes epiphyseal plate growth.
The amount of melanin in the skin __-partially determined by heredity.
is
This figure shows the muscles of the posterior trunk. What muscle does number 2 indicate?
Infraspinatus Correct
This figure shows the scapula. What is the feature indicated by number 9?
Infraspinous fossa
Which of the five cerebral lobes is the one not visible on the surface of the brain?
Insula
A nerve
is a cablelike bundle of parallel axons.
This figure shows the muscles of respiration. What muscles are indicated by number 1?
Internal intercostals
Which is an active transport process?
Ion pump
Your school wins the homecoming football game against its biggest rival. You watch as the smallest cheerleader tries to lift up the heaviest linebacker in her excitement. As she strains against his 300-pound load and does not move him, what type of muscle contraction are her muscles experiencing?
Isometric Correct
Select all that are true of the resting membrane potential.
It involves sodium and potassium. The sodium-potassium pump is required.
In #1, while the cell is at rest what is the balance of K+ and Na+ ions?
K+ high inside and Na+ high outside
What type of epithelium is found in the epidermis?
Keratinized stratified squamous
Check all of the statements that are true regarding keratinized stratified squamous epithelium.
Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium forms the epidermis of the skin. In keratinized stratified squamous epithelial tissue, the cells on the apical (outer) surface are dead.
The adult spinal cord extends inferiorly from the brain through the vertebral canal and ends at the level of the _____ vertebra.
L1
Which is not a part of all synovial joints?
Labrum
Which feature is found in both cartilage and bone?
Lacuna
Tibia and fibula
Lateral epicondyle
This figure shows a left lateral view of the brain. What structure does number 1 indicate?
Lateral sulcus
This figure shows a frontal section of the cerebrum. What structure does number 2 indicate?
Lateral ventricle
These figures show the coxal joint. What structure does number 6 indicate?
Ligament of head of femur
A resting membrane potential
is due to a charge difference across the cell membrane.
Which cell type, found in connective tissue proper, is formed from monocytes and serves to phagocytize damaged cells or pathogens?
Macrophage
Cells that can move and ingest foreign substances
Macrophages
Which bone is not paired?
Mandible
Which is not a cranial bone of the skull?
Mandible
Which muscle is the most powerful muscle of mastication and functions to elevate and protract the mandible?
Masseter
Cells that are mobile and release inflammatory chemicals
Mast cells
Tibia
Medial epicondyle
If you palpate the medial side of your ankle, what prominent process of the tibia are you feeling?
Medial malleolus
What is the name of the prominence on the medial surface of the ankle?
Medial malleolus
This figure shows a frontal view of a human. What does number 1 indicate?
Mediastinum Correct
Which contraction occurs when you try (unsuccessfully) to move a wall?
isometric
Which region of a growing bone contains the epiphyseal plate
Metaphysis
Physiological saline contains the same concentration of solutes as the inside of a cell, and it is therefore a(n) __________ solution.
isotonic
Basal cell carcinoma
Most common; originates in stratum basale
Which statement is consistent with the current understanding of neural tissue?
Most neurons formed in fetal development last a lifetime, but some brain regions in adults can generate new neurons.
The movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration describes simple diffusion.
Movement away from high solvent concentration or towards high solute concentration describes osmosis.
Which is a characteristic of skeletal muscle from the selections below?
Multinucleated Correct
Which protein makes up the thick filaments?
Myosin
The electron transport system refers to oxidative phophorylation using the coenzymes FADH2 and _______.
NADH
In #2 what ion is moving to cause the upward slope in the graph, and why?
Na+ into the cell through open ACh receptors
Suppose you cut your finger only slightly in what is known as a "paper cut." You observe that the cut hurts but it doesn't bleed. How would you interpret your observation?
Nerve endings occur in epithelium but blood vessels do not.
1. Myelin is critical to nervous system function since it provides insulation for the neuronal axons and facilitates rapid propagation of neural impulses.
it provides insulation for the neuronal axons and facilitates rapid propagation of neural impulses.
Which is not a function of the integument?
No exceptions; all are functions of the integument
Which of the following is not a function of epithelial tissue?
No exceptions; these are all functions of epithelial tissue
If you gently rub your thumb and forefinger together, each finger is contacting
keratinized stratified squamous epithelium.
Which of the following features is the most proximal feature of the ulna?
Olecranon
Olecranon of ulna
Olecranon fossa of humerus
What type of cells produce the myelin sheath in the central nervous system (CNS)?
Oligodendrocytes
Which of the following choices accurately describes the crural bones?
Only the tibia is weight-bearing.
A meniscus could be found in which joint?
knee
This figure shows the muscles of facial expression. What muscle does number 3 indicate?
Orbicularis oculi
This figure shows the muscles of facial expression. What muscle does number 6 indicate?
Orbicularis oris
Which is the "kiss muscle" used for puckering the lips?
Orbicularis oris
Which of the following statements accurately describes the organization of structures?
Organs are made up of tissues, which are made up of cells, which are made up of organelles and molecules.
If a clinician were looking to harvest bone marrow that made blood cells, which bone of a donor would be sampled?
Os coxa
Which bones articulate with the femur?
Os coxae, tibia, patella
Cells that form bone
Osteoblasts
Which type of cell produces new bone tissue by secreting matrix?
Osteoblasts
Which is an accurate description of appositional bone growth?
Osteoblasts build bone at the circumferential lamellae while osteoclasts widen the medullary cavity.
. Cells that break down bone
Osteoclasts
Cells that maintain bone
Osteocytes
Which division of the nervous system shows a greater capacity for regeneration?
PNS
Which hormone inhibits bone growth?
Parathyroid hormone
filled with osteocytes, which are osteoblasts encased in matrix, _______are found between layers of concentric lamellae
lacunae
Patella
Patellar intercondylar surface of femur
Tibial tuberosity
Patellar ligament attachment site
Compact bone contains concentric, interstitial, and circumferential
lamellae.
This figure shows the muscles of the anterior trunk. What muscle does number 1 indicate?
Pectoralis major
This figure shows the muscles of the anterior trunk. What muscle does number 3 indicate?
Pectoralis minor
In anatomic position, the radius lies _____ to the ulna.
lateral
The axillary region is ______ to the pectoral region.
lateral
The directional term that means "away from the midline of the body" is
lateral
2. If melanin is so important for protection against mutagenic UV exposure, why is it that some people are light skinned and obviously deficient in melanin?
People of northern climates historically have had less sun exposure and the decreased skin melanin content is necessary for vitamin D production.
This figure shows the scapula. The feature indicated by number 6 is the _____ border.
lateral
The expanded distal end of the fibula is called the
lateral malleolus.
The sagittal suture joins the
left and right parietal bones.
Check all that are a component of the thoracic cavity.
Pericardial cavity Mediastinum Pleural cavity
A depolarization is when the inside of a neuron becomes _______________ the resting membrane potential.
less negative than
An image produced by passing visible light through a specimen is obtained using the
light microscope.
simple squamous
lining alveoli
nonciliated simple columnar
lining of most of the digestive tract
What is the function of the cribriform plate?
Permits passage of the olfactory nerves
Which meninx is the deepest in its location?
Pia mater
This portion of the brain secretes the hormone melatonin, which helps to regulate the body's circadian rhythm.
Pineal gland
This figure shows a frontal view of a human. What does number 2 indicate?
Pleural cavity
ciliated simple columnar
lining of uterine tubes
This figure shows a cross section of the spinal cord. What structure does number 1 indicate?
Posterior horn
This figure shows an anterior view of the spinal cord and meninges. What structure does number 1 indicate?
Posterior root ganglion
Which neuron in a sensory pathway is part of the sensory receptor?
Primary
This figure shows the lobes of the cerebrum. What structure does number 2 indicate?
Primary auditory cortex
This figure shows the lobes of the cerebrum. What structure does number 1 indicate?
Primary visual cortex
Check all that are a function of the integument.
Protection Prevention of water loss Temperature regulation
Which of the following is not a function of the vertebral column?
Provide support for the muscles of the arm
Check all items that are a function of cerebrospinal fluid.
Provides bouyancy to the brain Protects the brain from sudden movements Controls the chemical environment surrounding the brain
With three seconds left on the clock, Mia breaks free and scores the winning goal in her soccer game. Of the muscles listed, select the one with the primary action in extending the leg for kicking.
Quadriceps femoris
This figure shows spinal nerve branches. What structures are indicated by number 4?
Rami communicantes
In order to process digested nutrients and detoxify chemical agents such as drugs and alcohol, the ______ contains abundant amounts of smooth ER.
liver
This figure shows the muscles of the abdominal wall. What muscle or feature does number 2 indicate?
Rectus abdominis
Which muscle forms the traditional "six-pack" of a well-toned abdominal wall?
Rectus abdominis
Which is not one of the hamstring muscles?
Rectus femoris
Where does hemopoiesis occur?
Red bone marrow
Exchange of gases
Respiratory
If you were to rub your finger over the surface of your face, you would notice that the skin is oily. What makes up the oil?
Ruptured cells from sebaceous glands
femur
long bone
Which bones comprise each pectoral girdle?
Scapula and clavicle
Which bones articulate with the humerus?
Scapula, radius, and ulna
Which nerve of the sacral plexus is the largest and longest nerve in the body?
Sciatic nerve
This figure shows a posterior view of the right thigh. What muscle does number 1 indicate?
Semimembranosus
This figure shows a posterior view of the right thigh. What muscle does number 2 indicate?
Semitendinosus
Which accurately describes sensory and motor pathways?
Sensory pathways terminate in the brain, and motor pathways terminate at effectors.
Check all that are components of a monosynaptic reflex arc.
Sensory receptors Motor neurons
What is found in the space between the pleural layers?
Serous fluid
Cervical vertebrae
Seven vertebrae in the neck
Carpal bone
Short bone
Which type of epithelium is shown in this figure?
Simple epithelium
What type of epithelium would be most suited for high levels of diffusion and filtration?
Simple squamous
What is the function of cartilage located in the epiphyseal plates?
Site of bone elongation and growth
Attached to bone or other connective tissue
Skeletal muscle
Cells are cylindrical and striated
Skeletal muscle
Thermoreceptors detect body temperature and send impulses to the brain for analysis. If body temperature is low, the brain will signal skeletal muscles to perform brief, repeated contractions to help generate heat. In this example, what is the effector?
Skeletal muscles
Which fibers dominate many of the back and calf muscles that contract almost continually to maintain posture?
Slow-twitch
6. Forces fluid through tubes
Smooth muscle
Cells are not striated
Smooth muscle
Cells are tapered at each end
Smooth muscle
Is located in hollow organs, such as the stomach and small and large intestines
Smooth muscle
Raises the hairs in the skin
Smooth muscle
Regulates the size of organs
Smooth muscle
This figure shows a lateral view of the right leg. What muscle does number 2 indicate?
Soleus
This figure shows neuron pathways and nuclei locations. What type of nuclei does number 2 indicate?
Somatic motor nuclei
This figure shows neuron pathways and nuclei locations. What type of nuclei does number 1 indicate?
Somatic sensory nuclei
After reaching into her purse, a woman identifies an object based solely on its shape and texture. Which cortical region is highly involved with this action?
Somatosensory association area
The sella turcica is part of which bone?
Sphenoid
This figure shows a lateral view of the muscles of facial expression. What muscle does number 5 indicate?
Sternocleidomastoid
This figure shows the muscles of the anterior neck. What muscle does number 3 indicate?
Sternocleidomastoid
This muscle has its inferior attachment on the manubrium and sternal end of the clavicle and its superior attachment on the mastoid process.
Sternocleidomastoid
This figure shows the muscles of the anterior neck. What muscle does number 2 indicate?
Sternohyoid
Which type of epithelium is composed of multiple layers, including an apical layer containing tall, slender cells?
Stratified columnar
In what ways are cleavage lines in the skin clinically significant? Check all that apply.
Stretching of the skin during pregnancy or extreme weight gain will cause stretch marks along these lines. They are surgically important because any procedure resulting in a cut perpendicular to a cleavage line may gape and delay healing.
A student is struggling in their anatomy and physiology class. Select all that would help them improve retention of the material.
Study in frequent sessions that are short in length. Make tables, draw structures, and quiz oneself repeatedly over the material.
What midbrain structure is a visual reflex center?
Superior colliculi of the tectal plate
This figure shows the bones of the ankle and foot. What view is shown?
Superior view of right ankle and foot
Which part of a neuron contains calcium pumps and channels?
Synaptic bulbs
Invaginations of the muscle cell membrane that extend deep into the cell are known as the
T-tubules.
Intercostal nerves are the anterior rami of which spinal nerves?
T1-T11
This figure shows the thoracic cage. What vertebra is indicated by number 8?
T12
Which is not a correct pairing of a bone and its common name?
Talus - heel
The rate of diffusion is affected by which of the following?
Temperature, size of the molecules, and steepness of the concentration gradient
This figure shows a left lateral view of the brain. What lobe does number 2 indicate?
Temporal
Which of the following connects muscle to bone?
Tendons
Which are the reservoirs that store the calcium required for muscle contraction?
Terminal cisternae
Which division of the diencephalon acts as an information filter for sensory information that is forwarded to the cerebrum?
Thalamus
Which structure plays a crucial role in filtering out the irrelevant noise at a crowded party so that you can listen to someone speaking to you?
Thalamus
Which structure serves as the main relay point for sensory information that is headed to a primary sensory region of the cerebral cortex?
Thalamus
If a bone is immersed in a weak acid such as vinegar for several days, its inorganic components will dissolve. What will be the result of such an experiment?
The bone will become soft and bendable.
Which of the following is true of positive feedback?
The change is amplified.
This figure shows the os coxa. Which of these statements about the figure is correct?
The figure shows a right bone, and number 3 indicates the greater sciatic notch.
connective tissue proper
loose and dense connective tissue
Parathyroid hormone release is triggered by _______ levels of calcium in the blood.
low
Which of the following statements is false regarding the sodium-potassium pump? The ions in the extracellular fluid bind to the carrier protein, and the potassium attached to the carrier protein is release
The ions in the extracellular fluid bind to the carrier protein, and the potassium attached to the carrier protein is released.
Which is a physiological description rather than an anatomical one?
The muscles of the intestinal wall contract slowly and involuntarily.
Scorpion agitoxin is a neurotoxin that blocks the activity of voltage-gated potassium channels. In the presence of agitoxin, which will occur during an action potential?
The neuron will remain depolarized and unable to repolarize.
The outer, limiting barrier that separates the internal contents of the cell from the external environment is the plasma membrane.
The nucleus is the largest structure in the cell.
Which of the following statements is correct about spinal nerves?
The posterior root is sensory.
Movement of fluids through a selectively permeable membrane caused by hydrostatic pressure is referred to as filtration.
The pressure exerted by a fluid on the inside wall of its container (or vessel, in the case of the human body), is called hydrostatic pressure.
Check all the statements that are true regarding the subcutaneous layer (hypodermis).
The subcutaneous layer is not part of the integument. The subcutaneous layer consists of areolar and adipose connective tissue. One of the functions of the subcutaneous layer is thermal insulation.
Which of the following occurs as the ribosome shifts down the mRNA by a distance of three nucleotides?The tRNA that was in the P site moves into the E site.
The tRNA that was in the P site moves into the E site.
Which serous membrane covers the surface of an organ?
The visceral layer
A, B and C together make up:
Thin filament
Condyle
Tibial surface articulating with femur
This figure shows a lateral view of the right leg. What muscle is indicated by the number 1?
Tibialis anterior
Which muscle is the primary dorsiflexor of the foot at the ankle?
Tibialis anterior
What is the purpose of the t-tubule (D)?
To carry the action potential to the terminal cisternae
Which of the following is a function of the ribosome?
Translation of proteins
Which statement accurately compares the transmission speed of the different types of synapses?
Transmission at chemical synapses involves a brief synaptic delay, but electrical synapses are faster.
This figure shows the muscles of the posterior trunk. What muscle does number 1 indicate?
Trapezius Correct
Which muscle is the prime extensor of the elbow joint?
Triceps brachii
Trochlear notch of ulna
Trochlea of humerus
Subcutaneous tissue binds the skin to underlying structures .
True
Which statement accurately describes the articulations between ribs and vertebrae?
Twelve thoracic vertebrae articulate with the ribs.
Thoracic vertebrae
Twelve vertebrae that articulate with ribs
The neurons that directly innervate skeletal muscles are called
lower motor neurons.
Why might someone pale when they are exposed to a cold temperature?
Vasoconstriction has occurred
This figure shows a lateral view of the right thigh. What muscle does number 1 indicate?
Vastus lateralis
Where will the memory of a favorite painting likely be stored?
Visual association area
Lack of sunlight will directly affect the formation of
Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol).
In the body, carotene is converted into _____-
Vitamin a
Which vitamin is required for the normal synthesis of collagen
Vitamin c
In #4, the cell is once again becoming more negative during repolarization. What channel has opened and what ion moves?
Voltage gated K+ channel; K out of the cell
What sits in E that is responsible for initiating the events of cross-bridge cycling?
Voltage-gated Ca2+ channels
In #4 why does the cell, between 2 and 3 msec on the x-axis, temporarily become more negative than at rest?
Voltage-gated K+ channels are slow to close
In #3, an action potential is occurring. What channel has opened and what ion moves?
Voltage-gated Na+ channel; Na+ into the cell
Check all of the following that are a function of the paranasal sinuses.
Warm and humidify inhaled air Make some skull bones lighter Provide resonance to the voice
Which of the following are prevented from entering the interstitial fluid of the brain, due to the blood-brain barrier?
Waste products in the blood Some hormones
Difficulty comprehending speech may indicate a problem with the
Wernicke area.
coxal
What is the anatomic term for the hip region?
Which sex tends to lose more bone mass with aging?
Women
Which letter is associated with the line that is a thin protein structure that serves as an attachment site for thin filament ends?
Z
A sarcomere is defined as the distance from one _____ to the next adjacent ____ . (The same answer fills in both spaces.)
Z disc
Translation is terminated when a stop codon is presented at the ________ site.
a
The smallest structural unit that exhibits the characteristics of living things is
a cell
The acetabulum is
a depression in the hip bone that receives the head of the femur.
The top long-distance runners probably have _______ proportion of slow muscle fibers in their leg muscles.
a higher
Signs and symptoms of arthritis do not include
a joint that is cold to the touch relative to other parts of the body.
All the muscle fibers under the control of a single motor axon are referred to as
a motor unit.
A power stroke involves
a myosin head pulling a thin filament toward the center of the sarcomere.
The most abundant lipid of the membrane consists of a head and two tails. This type of lipid is
a phospholipid.
Apoptosis is best described as
a process where cells destroy themselves.
A motor unit consists of
a single motor neuron and the multiple muscle fibers it controls.
A skeletal muscle fiber is
a skeletal muscle cell.
If a patient experiences numbness in the boundaries of a dermatome, it is suggestive of damage to
a spinal nerve.
The term "codon" refers to
a three-base sequence of mRNA.
The principal elbow flexors located on the anterior side of the humerus are thea: biceps brachiib: brachialisc: brachioradialisd: deltoide: trapezius
a, b, c
What is the correct order for the cranial meninges, from superficial to deep?a: Dura materb: Pia materc: Arachnoid mater
a, c, b
What type of movement is occurring at the hip?
abduction
From a relaxed, standing position, as you bring your arms up laterally so that they are straight out from your sides to stretch in the morning, the motion of the arms is called ____________. When you put your arms straight back down to your sides and then reach both hands up to rub your eyes, the motion that results at the elbow joint is called __________.
abduction; flexion
The _______ is a period when a membrane cannot respond to another stimulus (no matter how strong).
absolute refractory period
The head of each femur fits into the _____________ of each os coxae.
acetabulum
The head of the femur articulates with the
acetabulum
If you were studying the neurotransmitter released from axon terminals at a neuromuscular junction, you would be studying
acetylcholine
The primary neurotransmitter at the neuromuscular junction is
acetylcholine
Which protein is indicated by A?
actin
The sodium-potassium exchange pump is an example of
active transport
Movement of a body part toward the main axis of the body is called
adduction.
The presence of mitochondria and myoglobin facilitate _________ respiration in muscle cells.
aerobic
Pain receptors in the skin send signals to the CNS for processing. These pain receptors are an example of ____________ neurons.
afferent
Which describes the anatomic position?
all
2. Triggers of acute episodes of MS include
all listed choices.
The action potential of a muscle fiber occurs
along the sarcolemma and down the T-tubules.
The bond between the actin and myosin head is broken when
an ATP molecule binds to the myosin head.
During transcription
an RNA molecule is formed as a DNA sequence is read.
Lifting weights will cause muscles to enlarge. This is primarily due to
an increase in the size of muscle cells.
The group of metabolic reactions in which smaller molecules are combined to form larger ones is ___________.
anabolic
A muscle whose action opposes that of the prime mover is known as a(n)
antagonist
The esophagus is _____ to the vertebral column.
anterior
Muscles that protract the scapula would be ________ thoracic muscles.
anterior Correct
Motor neurons contain their cell bodies in the ______ and axons in the ______.
anterior horn; anterior root
Releasing and inhibiting hormones produced by the hypothalamus are needed to control the
anterior pituitary gland.
Information about pain and temperature is conveyed to the brain by way of the
anterolateral pathway.
Most epithelial tissues have one free, or ______, surface not attached to other cells.
apical
The type of gland that secretes sweat into a hair follicle that is found in the axillary, anal, and genital regions is the ________ sweat gland
apocrine
A flat, thin structure made of dense connective tissue that serves to attach a muscle to a bone (or to another muscle) is a(n)
aponeurosis.
The limbs of the body are attached to the axis and make up the
appendicular region.
Bone growth in which the bone increases in diameter is called
appositional growth.
Fibers from one motor unit
are dispersed throughout most of the muscle.
The subcutaneous layer of skin consists of
areolar and adipose tissue.
The structure responsible for pulling on the follicle and causing "goose bumps" is the
arrector pili muscle.
An arthritic joint contains damage to the hyaline cartilage covering the articulating bones. In other words, the ________ has been damaged.
articular cartilage
The glial cell with the responsibility of occupying the space left by dead or dying neurons is the
astrocyte
The name of the glial cell that covers the capillaries in the brain with its perivascular feet, helping to form the blood-brain barrier, is a(n) ______________.
astrocyte
The blood-brain barrier is made up of
astrocyte perivascular feet and capillary endothelial cells.
The glial cell that helps to form the blood-brain barrier is the
astrocyte.
The glial cell with perivascular feet that wrap around capillaries in the CNS is the
astrocyte.
The occipital condyles articulate with the
atlas
The red line in the figure is pointing to the
atlas
A term that describes the change in muscle following a lack of exercise is
atrophy
Shrinkage of tissue by a decrease in either cell number or cell size is termed
atrophy.
A neuron conducting an impulse from the CNS to the detrusor muscle of the urinary bladder would be classified as a(n) __________ neuron.
autonomic motor
Protection of vital organs and hematopoiesis are two functions commonly named for the __________ skeleton.
axial
The head, neck, and trunk make up the ______ region of the body.
axial
Select all that are common features of most neurons.
axon dendrite soma
The posterior horns of the spinal cord contain
axons of sensory neurons and cell bodies of interneurons.
What is the correct order for the events that occur during a reflex?a: Impulse travels through sensory neuron to the CNSb: A stimulus activates a receptorc: Information is processed by interneuronsd: Motor neuron transmits impulse to effectore: Effector responds
b, a, c, d, e
The basal surface of most epithelial tissues is attached to a _______ membrane, a specialized type of extracellular material secreted by epithelial and connective tissue cells.
basement
A thin extracellular layer upon which an epithelium rests is called a(n)
basement membrane.
With age, bones
become brittle.
Contraction of the arrector pili muscles causes the hair follicle to
become perpendicular to the skin, resulting in the hair "standing on end."
Sutures are joints that are found
between certain bones of the skull.
For elbow flexion,
biceps brachii is the agonist and triceps brachii is the antagonist.
Acetylcholine exerts its effect by
binding to receptors at the motor end plate.
fluid connective tissue
blood
The vasomotor center is an important regulator of ________ and is located in the ________.
blood pressure, medulla oblongata.
supporting connective tissue
bone and cartilage
The plexus that supplies the upper limbs is the _________ plexus.
brachial
Sebum is a secretion that
lubricates skin and helps defend against bacteria.
Cerumen is a secretion that
lubricates the ear canal and traps debris before it reaches the eardrum.
Fluid-filled sacs that cushion synovial joints are called
bursae
When a nerve impulse reaches the transmissive segment of a neuron,
calcium diffuses into the neuron and neurotransmitter is released by exocytosis.
Bone is considered an important storage reservoir for
calcium, phosphate, and lipids.
Osteocytes maintain contact with neighboring osteocytes in adjacent lamellae via dendrite-like extensions called _______
canaliculi.
The type of muscle fibers that are striated, form Y-shaped branches, and are joined by intercalated discs are
cardiac
What type of muscle contains intercalated discs?
cardiac
Transport of nutrients and waste
cardiovascular
Normal skin color is a result of the combination of hemoglobin, melanin, and .
carotene
Facilitated diffusion requires
carrier proteins.
The category of reactions in which larger molecules are broken down into smaller ones is known as
catabolism.
The nerves projecting inferiorly from the spinal cord are collectively called the
cauda equina.
The lateral horns of the spinal cord contain
cell bodies of autonomic motor neurons.
The nucleus of a neuron is found in its
cell body
All connective tissues have three features in common. They are
cells, protein fibers, and ground substance.
Located in the middle of osteons, the _________ contain the arterial, venous, and nervous supply of the compact bones.
central canals
Clusters of gray matter that contain neuron cell bodies and lie within masses of white matter are the
cerebral nuclei.
The location of conscious thought processes and the origin of all complex intellectual functions is the
cerebrum.
The plexuses that lie on either side of the neck are the _____ plexuses.
cervical
Transverse foramina are found in _____ vertebrae.
cervical
The __________ enlargement of the spinal cord is the location where nerves that supply the upper limbs enter and leave the spinal cord, and the __________ enlargement is the location where nerves that supply the lower limbs enter and leave the spinal cord.
cervical; lumbosacral
The type of transport protein that moves a substance down its concentration gradient is a
channel.
When a neurotransmitter binds a protein channel, it opens and lets sodium diffuse down its concentration gradient. This is an example of a
chemically gated sodium channel.
What type of channels are opening to cause the small bumps in region 2 of the graph (indicated by the numbers at the top)?
chemically-gated Na+ channels
The lipid that stabilizes the membrane at extreme temperatures and is found in the hydrophobic regions of the bilayer is
cholesterol
Cerebrospinal fluid is formed by the
choroid plexus.
Mucus is moved along the lining of the trachea by extensions from cell membranes known as
cilia
The only direct connection between the pectoral girdle and the axial skeleton is where the _____ articulates with the _____.
clavicle; sternum
Lines of cleavage indicate the predominant orientation of _____fibers in the skin.
collagen
Receptors are parts of the nervous system that allow it to
collect information.
The property of muscle tissue that allows an impulse to travel down the entire length of the cell membrane is
conductivity.
The _________ process of the mandible articulates with the temporal bone.
condylar
Because most pathways decussate, each side of the brain processes information from the _________ side of the body.
contralateral
Late one night you are leaving the science building during a snowstorm. As you approach your car, your right foot suddenly slips on a patch of ice. Your left leg immediately stiffens as you try to regain your balance. The reflex action you relied upon is a(n)
contralateral reflex.
.Nails are hard derivatives formed from the stratum ______ of the epidermis.
corneum
The major pathway of communication between the right and left hemispheres is the
corpus callosum.
This figure shows an anterior view of a human in the anatomic position. What region does number 2 indicate?
coxal
_______________ transport is required to move a substance across a membrane against a concentration gradient.
ctive
Another name for the skin is the _________ membrane.
cutaneous Correct
Another name for the intracellular fluid is
cytosol.
calcitonin
decreases
Flexion is movement in an anterior-posterior plane of the body that ______the angle between the bones. Extension _______the angle between the articulating bones. Abduction is a ______ movement of a body part _____ from the body midline. The opposite of abduction is adduction. This is the ______ movement of a body part _____the body midline. Circumduction is a sequence of movements in which the ____end of an appendage remains relatively stationary while the _____end makes a circular motion. The resulting movement is cone shaped. Circumduction is a complex movement that occurs as a result of a continuous sequence of flexion, abduction, extension, and adduction.
decreases , increases, lateral, away, medial, toward, proximal, distal
The posterior ramus of a typical spinal nerve innervates the
deep muscles of the back and the skin of the back.
One of the main dangers of burns is
dehydration, as water can escape from the body.
A _____receives signals from other cells.
dendrite
Which feature is unique to the axis?
dens
The dermis is composed largely of
dense irregular connective tissue.
The reticular layer of the dermis consists primarily of
dense irregular connective tissue.
In fibrous joints, the articulating surfaces are held together by
dense regular connective tissue.
Blood capillaries that supply nourishment for the epidermis are located in the
dermal papillae.
The area of the skin that is supplied with sensory innervation by a pair of spinal nerves is called a ___________.
dermatome
dense irregular
dermis and periosteum
A command from the brain to signal muscle contraction would pass through a(n)
descending pathway.
The muscle that forms a partition between the thoracic and abdominal cavities is the
diaphragm
The muscular partition that separates the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities is the thoracic ______.
diaphragm
When contracted, this muscle causes expansion of the thoracic cavity and increases pressure in the abdominopelvic cavity. Its insertion is on a central tendon.
diaphragm
The shaft of a long bone is called the _________.
diaphysis
The shaft of a long bone is called the __________, while the expanded, knobby region at each end is called the __________.
diaphysis; epiphysis.
Functionally, all synovial joints are classified as ____, since all are freely mobile. Each synovial joint is composed of a double-layered capsule called the ______ Its outer layer is the _____, and the inner layer is a synovial membrane. All articulating bone surfaces in a synovial joint are covered by a thin layer of _____cartilage called articular cartilage. Only synovial joints house a ______, a space that permits separation of the articulating bones. Lining the joint cavity is the______, which secretes _______.
diarthroses, articular capsule, fibrous layer, hyaline joint cavity, synovial membrane, synovial fluid.
Movement of a substance from an area of higher concentration to one where it is less concentrated is known as
diffusion.
Reddened skin reflects
dilated blood vessels, sending more blood to the dermis.
The toes are ____ to the ankle.
distal
The knobby region of a long bone at the end that is farthest from the trunk is the
distal epiphysis.
The muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg function to
dorsiflex the foot and extend the toes.
simple cuboidal
ducts of exocrine glands
The sweat glands that produce a watery substance and are associated with exercise and stress are the _________ sweat glands, while glands that produce an organic substance that causes body odor are the __________ sweat glands.
eccrine, apocrine
Neural tissue develops in the embryo from a portion of the
ectoderm.
The part of the homeostatic control mechanism that brings about change is the
effector
The nervous system controls the activity of muscles and glands. Muscles and glands can generate changes and are therefore called
effectors.
Neurons that carry signals from the CNS to skeletal muscle for contraction would be classified as _____________ neurons.
efferent
Hyperpolarization of a neuron results from
either the entry of an anion or the exit of a cation.
The pericardium is a two-layered serous membrane that
encloses the heart.
The formation of bone from a cartilaginous model is termed
endochondral ossification.
The pituitary, thyroid, and adrenal glands are typically grouped within the __________ system.
endocrine =
The _____________ is the innermost connective tissue layer that surrounds each muscle fiber.
endomysium
When an impulse arrives at the knob of the motor neuron, calcium
enters through voltage-gated channels and triggers the release of transmitter.
The type of glial cell that plays a critical role in the formation of CSF is the _________ cell.
ependymal
The glial cell that helps to circulate cerebrospinal fluid is the
ependymal cell.
Cancer cells in the epidermis are attacked by
epidermal dendritic cells.
Immune cells found in the epidermis are called
epidermal dendritic cells.
On a graph of an action potential, the small depolarizations that lead to threshold are from
excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs).
The function of upper motor neurons is to
excite or inhibit lower motor neurons.
if a gland secretes its products through a duct to the surface of the small intestine epithelium, it must be an
exocrine gland.
The release of neurotransmitter from a neuron is an example of
exocytosis and it requires expenditure of ATP.
Commissural tracts
extend between the right and left cerebral hemispheres.
The function of the biceps femoris is to
extend the thigh and flex the leg.
When kicking a ball forward, the knee is
extended.
From the image on the left to the image on the right, what movement has occurred at the left knee?
extension
The muscle whose name indicates that it extends at an angle to the longitudinal axis of the body is the
external oblique.
Epithelial tissue consists almost entirely of cells, with very little ___________ between them
extracellular matrix
Channel-mediated diffusion is a subtype of
facilitated diffusion.
4. The amount of fat in the subcutaneous tissue varies with age and diet, and is not influenced by gender.
false
A skeletal muscle fiber (cell) contains a single nucleus.
false
Abdominal pain from digestive organs (e.g., from a stomach ulcer) would be conveyed to the brain by way of somatosensory pathways.
false
Active transport is able to move substances without the expenditure of energy.
false
Active transport moves substances from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration of that substance.
false
An organ is made up of only one tissue type; for example, the heart is made of cardiac muscle.
false
Bone building cells beneath the endosteum lay down bone to form ridges around a blood vessel.
false
Cardiac muscle is also known as visceral muscle.
false
Graded potenials generally occur only on the axon of a neuron.
false
Hair is found in both thin skin and thick skin.
false
In nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelial tissue, the cells in the superficial layers are dead.
false
Longer studying sessions (e.g., 4 hours) tend to result in better retention of material as compared to shorter study sessions (e.g., 30 minutes).
false
Motor pathways are also called ascending pathways.
false
Once a tunnel of bone is formed around a blood vessel, the bone building cells of the periosteum lay down bone in concentric circles that fill in the tunnel.
false
Once the epiphyseal plate fuses and forms an epiphyseal line, the long bone continues to grow in length, but at a slower rate.
false
Placing a red blood cell in an extremely hypertonic solution leads to hemolysis.
false
Receptors that bind the neurotransmitter at the postsynaptic cell membrane are voltage-gated.
false
Subcutaneous tissue is part of the integumentary system.
false
The codon of tRNA is complementary to the anticodon of mRNA.
false
The first amino acid enters through the A site.
false
The glenohumeral joint is more stable than the hip joint.
false
The nervous system contains more neurons than glial cells.
false
The pituitary gland secretes melatonin, which is involved in regulating the sleep-wake cycle.
false
The sodium-potassium exchange pump moves three potassium ions out of the cell and two sodium ions into the cell with each cycle.
false
Thick skin is generally more flexible than thin skin.
false
Unlike simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion requires energy expenditure by the cell.
false
Unwinding of the DNA during transcription is the result of the activity of a helicase enzyme downstream of the RNA polymerase.
false
When the bones of the forearm are supinated (palm of the hand faces anteriorly), the radius is crossing over the ulna.
false
A bundle of muscle fibers is known as a
fascicle.
The image in the bottom box, in which the incision runs parallel to the lines of cleavage, would result in a _____healing time.
faster
The skin's response to severe injuries or burns, when functional activities are not restored, is called
fibrosis.
The sagittal suture is a(n)
fibrous joint.
Scapula
flat bone
When making a fist, the fingers are
flexed.
What type of movement has occurred at the shoulder
flexion
When the arm is raised anteriorly, the movement at the shoulder is
flexion.
Clenching the fingers to make a fist, then relaxing and straightening them, is an example of __________ followed by __________.
flexion; extension
The membranous sheets that connect developing cranial bones are called
fontanelles.
The talus, calcaneus, navicular, cuboid, lateral, intermediate, and cuneiform bones are all part of the
foot
The spinal cord extends from the level of the _______________ to the level of the ____________.
foramen magnum; first lumbar vertebra
A rounded passageway through a bone is called a ______________.
foremen
mucous connective tissue
found in the umbilical cord
Males have _______, but they are only functional in ______and pregnant women.
mammary glands ;lactating
This figure shows a lateral view of the muscles of facial expression. What muscle does number 1 indicate?
masseter
This figure shows the muscles of facial expression. What muscle does number 4 indicate?
masseter
The hard palate is composed of the
maxillary and palatine bones.
The eyes are ___ to the ears.
medial
The medial and lateral condyles of the tibia articulate with the
medial and lateral condyles of the femur.
The _______ are found deep in the diaphyses of long bones and are filled with yellow marrow in the adult.
medullary cavities
Which of the following will pass through a cell membrane most easily?
small nonpolar molecules
The type of muscle that is found in blood vessel walls is __________ muscle.
smooth
This type of muscle lacks striations and is found in the walls of most viscera such as the stomach and blood vessels.
smooth
The sodium-potassium pump moves
sodium out of the cell and potassium into the cell.
Maintenance of appropriate ion concentrations (especially after nerve impulses that involved ion diffusion) is primarily the job of
sodium-potassium pumps.
If you were to remove the gastrocnemius muscle, you would expose the
soleus
The _______ nuclei within the gray matter of the spinal cord send nerve impulses to skeletal muscles.
somatic motor
The portion of the nervous system that has voluntary control over skeletal muscles is the _____________ division.
somatic motor
Nuclei within the gray matter of the spinal cord that receive information from sensory receptors such as pain or pressure receptors in the skin are _____ nuclei.
somatic sensory
The portion of the nervous system that conducts impulses from the skin, joints, skeletal muscles, and special senses is the ___________ division.
somatic sensory
Information about temperature, proprioception, and pressure from skin, joints, and muscles is conveyed by
somatosensory pathways.
When multiple presynaptic neurons release neurotransmitter at various locations onto the postsynaptic neuron at the same time, this results in
spatial summation.
The vertebral processes that are most easily palpated along the midline of the back are the _____ processes.
spinous
For accuracy and clarity, the initial point of reference for body regions or parts is anatomic position. An individual is in this position if they are standing upright with the feet parallel and flat on the floor. The upper limbs are at the sides of the body and the palms face anteriorly. The head should be level and the eyes looking forward.
standing uprightparallel and flat on the floor. sides of the bodyanteriorly.level looking forward.
Typically, the resting membrane potential of a neuron is
−70 mV.
