Linguistics 2

what happens when an interlanguage fossiliezes?

An interlanguage fossilizes when it contains many forms that do not match the target language and no further progress is being made.

Is the text message "cu@9" an example of logographic och alphabetic writing?

It's basically logographic because each symbol represents a word ("See you at nine"), though there is a phonographic element in the way c and u represent the sounds of the pronunciation of "see" and "you."

In the study of discourse understanding, what are scripts?

Scripts are like dynamic schemas (or knowledge structures) in which a series of conventional actions takes place.

ESL setting

Second language

What did researchers discover from Genie's dichotic listening test.

She was using the right hemisphere for language functions.

how do speakers mark completion points at the end of a turn?

Speakers can mark completion points by asking a question or by pausing at the end of a completed syntactic structure such as a phrase or sentence

What is the name given to the writing system used for Russian?

The Cyrillic alphabet

What aspect of language learning do you think "the Josepfh conrad phenomenon" refers to?

The ability of an adult L2 learner to master aspects of the written language, but to speak with a distinct L1 accent, as exemplified by the writer Joseph Conrad.

Can you describe four typical features of caregiver speech?

slower tempo, longer pauses, baby talk, a lot of repetition

What kind of difficulty did Wernicke identify among his patients?

speech comprehension difficulty

Damage of what part of the brain results in conduction apashia?

the arcuate fasciculus

Which approach to language teaching is characterized by oral drills?

the audiolingual method

During which period do children produce holophrastic speech?

the one-word stage

Coherence

the quality of being logical and consistent

What is a digraph?

two letters used for a single sound

tautology

unnecessary repetition

In Trudgill's study of Reading speech, which group produced the fewest instances of postvocalic /r/?

upper middle class

What is one personality trait that is a positive factor in language learning?

self-confidence

Among which social group is hypercorrection more likely when more attention is paid to speech?

(lower) middle class

Which of these symbols (€,8,?,&) is not used as a logogram?

?

Is the use of fire distinguisher instead of fire exstinguisher a spoonerism or a malapropism?

A malapropism

what is a filled paus?

A pause that has an expression such as em, er, y'know in it is called a filled pause.

What is meant by register?

A register is a conventional way of using language that is appropriate in a specific situation, occupation or in discussing a particular topic. An example is the legal register, with its special jargon, used among lawyers.

How would you define a "Speech community"?

A speech community is a group of people who share a set of norms and expectations regarding the use of language

Implicature

An implied meaning that has to be inferred as a result of a conversational maxim being broken

What is aphasia?

Aphasia is an impairment of language function due to localized brain damage that leads to difficulty in understanding and/or producing linguistic forms

Which of these expressions has the most instances of postvocalic /r/: armed robery or birth order or race car or red underwear?

Birth order

Which type of aphasia is characterized by speech like this: ...two times...read..ur....ripe...er

Broca's aphasia

Why are some of the infant's first sounds described as cooing?

By about four months, the child starts to be able to bring the back of the tongue into contact with the back of the palate, leading to the production of velar-like consonants /k/ and /ɡ/. These combine with something close to a high back vowel /u/ to create what are heard as "cooing" (or "gooing") sounds.

Where will you find the writing system with the longest history of continuous use?

China

Which of these students are studying English in an EFL setting: Chinese students in Beijing or English students in Paris or Japanese students in London?

Chinese students in Beijing

difference between cohesion and coherence?

Cohesion is the ties and connections that exist within the actual texts, written or spoken. Coherence is the sense of everything fitting together in the interpretation of texts

At about what age do children typically begin producing varied syllable combinations such as ma-da-ga-ba?

During the tenth and eleventh months.

What happens in the process of change based on the rebus principle?

Following the rebus principle, the symbol for one entity comes to be used as the symbol for the sound of the spoken word used to refer to that entity. That symbol is then used whenever that sound occurs in any words.

EFL setting

Foreign language

What are the three components of communicative competence?

Grammatical, sociolinguistic and strategic competence.

What are hedges in discourse?

Hedges are words or phrases used to indicate that we are not really sure that what we are saying is sufficiently correct or complete

What is an insertion sequence?

It is an adjacency pair that comes between the two parts of another adjacency pair.

what happens in a dichotic period?

In a dichotic listening test, a person sits with a set of earphones on and is given two different sounds simultaneously, one through each earphone.

What is the basic difference between a logographic writing system and a phonographic writing system?

In a logographic system, the symbols represent words and, in a phonographic system, the symbols represent sounds.

During which stage do children typically first produce syllable sequences similar to mama and dada and how old are they?

In the later babbling stage, at around 9-10 months

What is the difference between jargon and slang?

Jargon is a special set of technical vocabulary associated with one type of occupation, often as part of a recognizable register, as in "legal jargon." Slang is described as "colloquial speech," or words and phrases used in place of more general everyday terms (e.g. bucks instead of money) typically by younger speakers and others who share a common interest.

discourse

Language beyond the sentence

quantity maxim

Make your contribution as informative as is required, but not more, or less, than is required.

Why do we say that mathematics is learned not acquired?

Mathematics is learned through a conscious process of accumulating knowledge, typically in an institutional setting. It is not acquired, because ability doesn't gradually develop without conscious effort, as in the development of an L1 by young children

What is the term used to describe the process involved when a child uses one word like ball to refer to an apple, an egg, a grape and a ball?

Overextension

Which people created the basic order of letter symbols? (A,B,C,D)

Phoenicians

What is the difference between positive and negative transfer?

Positive transfer is when the learner tries to use knowledge about a feature of the L1 that is similar to the L2. Negative transfer is when the learner tries to use an L1 feature that is really different from the L2.

Hedges

Powerless phrases such as "I thought we should," "I sort of think," or "Maybe we should" that communicate uncertainty.

Which maxim does this speaker seem to be particularly careful about? I won't bore you with all the details, but it wasn't a pleasant experience.

Quantity, because the speaker is avoiding "all the details."

What is a critical period?

The critical period is when the human brain is most ready to receive input and learn a particular language. It is generally believed to last through childhood until puberty.

Why did Labov try to elicit answers with the expression fourth floor?

The expression fourth floor contains two opportunities for the pronunciation (or not) of postvocalic /r/, which Labov was investigating as a linguistic variable.

which maxim involves not saying things you believe to be false?

The maxim of Quality

Which of these two utterances was produced by the older child and why? (a) i not hurt him (B) No the sun shining

The more advanced form is most likely (a) because the negative element is placed before the verb inside the structure and not simply added to the beginning of the utterance, as it is in (b).

In what way can the pronunciation of-ing be a a social marker?

The pronunciation of -ing with [n] rather than [ŋ] at the end of a word such as sitting is a social marker associated with working class speech.

Why is one early writing system called "cuneiform"?

The term "cuneiform" is used to describe writing symbols created by pressing a wedge-shaped instrument (from Latin cuneous, meaning "wedge") into soft clay

In AAVE, what is communicated be be in He don't be smokin now?

The use of be communicates "habitual action," so He don't be smokin now means that smoking is not a habitual action for him now, or that he has stopped smoking

How do we describe these regular conversational patterns? hi hello and bye see you later

They are adjacency pairs

what is a more common name for the posterior speech cortex?

Wernicke's area

Which of these expressions is likely to be used before the others? What book name? or how that opened? or Where kitty go?

Where Kitty go

What kind of variable is class in the study of language and society?

a social variable

At what age is an infant capable of distinguishing between (ba) and (pa)?

at one month

manner maxim

be clear, brief, and orderly

relation maxim

be relevant

What kind of input is necessary for acquisition?

comprehensible input or negotiated input

Broca's aphasia

condition resulting from damage to Broca's area, causing the affected person to be unable to speak fluently, to mispronounce words, and to speak haltingly

Wernicke's aphasia

condition resulting from damage to Wernicke's area, causing the affected person to be unable to understand or produce meaningful language

quality maxim

do not say that which you believe to be false or for which you lack adequate evidence

Cohesion

formal ties and connections that exits within texts

What are four typical barriers to acquiring an L2 as an adult compared to L1 acqusition as a child?

insufficient focus on the process (adults have a lot of other things to do and think about, unlike very young children); insufficient incentive (adults already know a language and can use it for their communicative needs); the "critical period" for language acquisition has passed; affective factors, such as self-consciousness, create more inhibitions for an adult than a young child.

which of these expressions is likely to be used before the others? What books or mommy's book or mommy reading or mommy goed?

mommy reading

What is the best way to describe the written symbols used in Chinese writing: pictographic or phonographic or morhographic?

morphographic

What type of slip is illustrated by: i like pop porn?

perseveration