Lipids

How many calories of essential fatty acids should men consume daily?

170

The Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range for total fat is _______ of calories for most age groups.

20-35%

What are the components of a phospholipid molecule?

Glycerol backbone Phosphorus-containing molecule

Some studies suggest consuming a diet high in trans fats may lead to the development of which health problems?

Obesity Type 2 diabetes

A chylomicron is a lipoprotein that is made up of dietary fats and surrounded by a shell containing which of the following components?

Phospholipids Proteins Cholesterol

What are the three types of lipids?

Phospholipids Triglycerides Sterols

Which type of fat becomes rancid because their double bonds are easily damaged by oxygen, heat, metals, or light?

Polyunsaturated fats

What are the major functions of fatty acids and triglycerides in the body?

To aid in transport of fat-soluble vitamins To insulate and protect the body To provide energy

Which foods are good sources of phospholipids?

Wheat germ Egg yolks Peanuts

Which food would be considered to have the highest fat content?

Whole milk

A ________ is a triglyceride that loses a fatty acid.

diglyceride

Alpha-linolenic acid and linoleic acid are ________ fatty acids.

essential

A is a water-soluble droplet formed by bile acids that helps fat stay suspended in water.

micelle

Which naming system for fatty acids indicates where the double bond closest to the methyl end of the fatty acid chain occurs?

omega system

Diets rich in ______ fatty acids can reduce blood triglyceride levels in those whose levels are high, but can also lead to a decreased ability for the immune system to function if consumed in excess.

omega-3

What is a triglyceride?

A molecule consisting of three fatty acids bonded to a glycerol

The recommendation for fat intake that is 20-35% of total calories consumed is the _______.

Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range

______ fats are those that we incorporate into food, such as butter on bread, oils used to prepare vegetables, and shortenings in cookies and pies.

Added

_______ fatty acids from hydrogenated fats have harmful effects associated with increasing blood cholesterol levels and lowering levels of HDL cholesterol.

Trans

_________ and fatty acids are essential for optimal health because they provide a concentrated source of energy.

Triglycerides

_________, a type of lipid, are the body's main storage form of energy.

Triglycerides

Which health issues are associated with excessive omega-3 fatty acid intake?

Uncontrolled bleeding Impaired immune function

What is the structure of a glycerol molecule?

an alcohol containing three carbons

A diet rich in ________ can help reduce LDL oxidation and thus decrease the risk of CVD and Metabolic Syndrome.

antioxidants

A polyunsaturated fatty acid has ____ location(s) in the carbon chain that is(are) not saturated with hydrogen.

at least two

Why are alpha-linolenic and linoleic acids considered essential fatty acids?

because we must eat them from food because our bodies are unable to synthesize them

Whether a fat is monounsaturated, saturated, or polyunsaturated, it provides the same number of ______.

calories

Egg yolks are a good example of a(an) ________ because they allow the fat in various batters and dressings to stay suspended in the other ingredients.

emulsifier

One usually refers to lipids simply as ____ and _____.

fats oils

A triglyceride that loses a is called a diglyceride.

fatty acid

Phospholipids contain ______ within their molecular structure.

fatty acids

A function of ______ is to serve as the backbone to which three fatty acids, forming a triglyceride molecule.

glycerol

Which of the following represent components associated with a traditional Mediterranean Diet?

high intake of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains moderate drinking of wine olive oil as the main fat

The process of adds hydrogen to the carbon chain of unsaturated fats.

hydrogenation

The body uses cholesterol to perform which tasks?

make bile form cell membranes make sex hormones

What is the term for a water-soluble droplet formed by bile acids that is a product of the emulsification process?

micelle

Fatty acids that have 1 double bond in the carbon chain are called ______________ fatty acids.

monounsaturated

During the process of hydrogenation, as the amount of added hydrogen increases, the fatty acid becomes ________.

more solid more saturated

Which of the following act as emulsifiers?

mustard egg yolk

What are the different names of fatty acids based on?

number of carbon-carbon double bonds along the carbon skeleton position of carbon-carbon double bonds along the length of the carbon skeleton

Diets high in total fat increase the risk of ____.

obesity cardiovascular disease certain cancers

An imbalance between ______ and ______ fatty acids is suspected to be a contributing factor to the cause of arthritis.

omega-3 omega-6

A monounsaturated fatty acid has location(s) in the carbon chain that is not saturated with hydrogen.

one

What increases the risk of cardiovascular disease and Metabolic Syndrome?

oxidized LDL

A ______ fatty acid has two or more locations in the carbon chain that are not saturated with hydrogen.

polyunsaturated

HDL has a high proportion of ______, which makes it the heaviest (most dense) lipoprotein.

protein

Fatty acids that are released from the glycerol backbone are called free fatty acids to emphasize that they _______.

re unattached

Products like Z-trim, gums, and Salatrim are used by companies to do what with their food products?

reduce the fat content

What are some examples of added fats?

shortening butter

The type of fat that functions primarily to insulate the body is _______.

subcutaneous

Sterols are unique among other forms of lipids due to _____.

their multi-ringed structure

Which types of fat are less likely to become rancid because they have no or few double bonds in their carbon chains?

trans fats saturated fats

Those who do not consume enough ________ may be unable to absorb sufficient amounts of fat-soluble vitamins.

triglycerides

The liver coats the cholesterol and triglycerides that it collects with a shell of protein and lipids and produces _________.

very-low-density lipoproteins

Foods that contain hidden fat include _______.

whole milk pastries cheese

What does the abbreviation HDL stand for?

High-density lipoprotein

What are some examples of foods that are considered high in fat?

Margarine Salad oils Mayonnaise Butter

What are some qualities that a triglyceride possesses?

They are stable They are the body's main storage form of energy They are calorie dense

Monoglycerides and free fatty acids enter the epithelial cells of the small intestine.

lipoprotein

Which compound's role is to help transport lipids through the water-based blood and lymphatic systems?

lipoprotein

Omega-____ fatty acids can be made into substances that help decrease inflammation, pain, and blood triglycerides. It is important to consume an adequate amount of this fatty acid in order to get its benefits.

3

Put the following steps regarding the digestion and absorption of triglycerides in order.

1)large fat droplets enter the small intestine after a meal 2) bile and lecithin emulsify fats into smaller particles 3) Lipase breaks down fat into fatty acids and monoglycerides 4) monoglycerides and fatty acids are absorbed as micelles and then re-formed into triglycerides 5) Short and medium chain fatty acids enter the bloodstream 6) triglycerides combine with cholesterol, protein, and phospholipids to form chylomicrons

Intakes of polyunsaturated fats that exceed ______% of total calorie intake can lead to an increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease and an impaired immune system.

10

What is the Adequate Intake for essential fatty acids?

2-4 tbsp.

Which cancers are associated with diets high in fat and saturated fat?

Breast cancer Prostate cancer Colon cancer

What are some examples of food sources that contain cholesterol?

Chicken Ice cream Eggs

______ is a type of lipid that is found only in foods of animal origin.

Cholesterol

is a sterol used by the body to make both sex and adrenal hormones, as well as the active form of vitamin D.

Cholesterol

Which statements are true about sterols?

Cholesterol is a common example. They contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

These compounds regulate cell division rates, maintain normal kidney function and fluid balance, direct hormones to their target cells, regulate the flow of substances in and out of cells, and regulate ovulation.

Eicosanoids

______ are fatty acids that have been released from the glycerol backbone.

Free fatty acids

What are some common "fat substitutes" used by companies to reduce the fat content of their foods?

Gums Salatrim

What is the term for a compound containing a core of lipids with a shell composed of protein, phospholipid, and cholesterol?

Lipoprotein

Which organ plays a role in developing very-low-density lipoproteins by coating the cholesterol and triglycerides it collects with a shell of protein and lipids?

Liver

In which of the following functions do eicosanoids play an important role?

Maintaining normal kidney function Regulating cell division rates Regulating ovulation

What is the first step associated with the absorption of triglycerides?

Monoglycerides and free fatty acids enter the epithelial cells of the small intestine.

Which type of oil is a staple in most Mediterranean diets?

Olive oil

Identify the statement about phospholipids that is true.

Phospholipids can be synthesized by the body.

In what organ are fat-soluble vitamins absorbed?

Small intestine

What are some risks associated with high levels of polyunsaturated fat intake?

increased risk of cardiovascular disease impaired immune system

Triglycerides are a diverse group of chemical compounds. Which of the following properties do all types of lipids have in common?

insoluble in water

Subcutaneous fat is located ______.

just beneath the skin