Lipids

Which of the following apolipoproteins contributes the greatest mass to the structure of high-density lipoprotein (HDL)? A. Apo A B. Apo B C. Apo C D. Apo G

A. Apo A

Atherosclerosis is due to which of the following? A. Build up of plaque B. Aggregation of platelets C. Hypercalcemia D. Hypocalcemia

A. Build up of plaque

Which of the following lipid tests is LEAST affected by the fasting status of the patient? A. Cholesterol B. Triglycerides C. Fatty acids D. Lipoproteins

A. Cholesterol

A 46-year old known alcoholic with liver damage is brought in the ER unconscious. One would expect his lipid values to be affected in what way? A. Increased B. Decreased C. Normal D. Unaffected by the alcoholism

A. Increased

Which of the following is true concerning atherosclerosis? A. Atherosclerosis is the same as arteriosclerosis. B. Atherosclerosis is the deposition of plaques containing cholesterol and lipids on the innermost layer of the walls of large and medium-sized arteries. C. Atherosclerosis is the main outcome that is assessed in risk marker studies. D. Most humans do not have significant atherosclerosis.

B. Atherosclerosis is the deposition of plaques containing cholesterol and lipids on the innermost layer of the walls of large and medium-sized arteries.

All of the following are possible medical complications for an individual diagnosed with metabolic syndrome, EXCEPT: A. Fatty liver disease B. Renal disease C. Brain tumor D. Sleep apnea

C. Brain tumor

The function of the chylomicrons is to transport: A. Cholesterol from peripheral cells to the liver B. Cholesterol and phospholipids to the peripheral cells C. Exogenous triglycerides D. Endogenous triglycerides

C. Exogenous triglycerides

Which of the following is most likely to interact with arterial walls, leading to deposition of cholesterol, and initiating or worsening atherosclerosis? A. Large buoyant LDL B. Small dense LDL C. LDL phenotype 'A' VLDL

B. Small dense LDL

What conclusion can be made if a person has a cardiovascular risk marker that is abnormal? A. The person will have a cardiovascular event within the next 12 - 24 months. B. The person has an increased probability of developing cardiovascular disease. C. The person has a decreased probability of developing cardiovascular disease. D. With only one abnormal marker, the person is not at risk of developing cardiovascular disease.

B. The person has an increased probability of developing cardiovascular disease.

Which of the following lipid results would be expected to be FALSELY elevated on a serum specimen from a non-fasting patient? A. Cholesterol B. Triglyceride C. HDL D. LDL (not calculated)

B. Triglyceride

Which of the following lipid results would be expected to be MOST falsely elevated on a serum specimen from a non-fasting patient? A. Cholesterol B. Triglyceride C. HDL D. LDL

B. Triglyceride

A lipid panel consists of which of the following tests? A. Potassium, Sodium, Chloride, CO2 B. AST, ALT, Alkaline Phosphatase, Total Protein, Albumin, Total Bilirubin, Direct Bilirubin C. Cholesterol, Lipoprotein, HDL, Triglycerides D. Glucose, BUN, Creatinine, Sodium, Potassium, Chloride, CO2, Calcium, Albumin, Phosphorus

C. Cholesterol, Lipoprotein, HDL, Triglycerides

ß-hydroxybutyric acid is formed as the result of an accumulation of which of the following? A. Acetyl-CoA B. Oxaloacetic acid C. Uric acid D. Alpha-hydroxybutyric acid

A. Acetyl-CoA

Which of the following statements is true regarding cardiovascular disease and adipose tissue? A. Inflammatory cytokines, synthesized and released by adipose tissue, contribute to the development of cardiovascular disease. B. Increased synthesis and secretion of PAI-1 in metabolic syndrome contributes to cardiovascular disease by increasing blood pressure. C. Obesity in metabolic syndrome contributes to the development of cardiovascular disease by increased synthesis and secretion of adiponectin. D. There is no correlation between the amount of adipose tissue and cardiovascular disease.

A. Inflammatory cytokines, synthesized and released by adipose tissue, contribute to the development of cardiovascular disease.

Which of the following is the correct calculation using the Friedewald calculation for LDL? A. LDL = total cholesterol - HDL - triglycerides/5 B. LDL = triglycerides/5 + HDL - total cholesterol C. LDL = total cholesterol + HDL - triglycerides/5 D. LDL = total cholesterol + HDL + triglycerides/5

A. LDL = total cholesterol - HDL - triglycerides/5

Which one of the following adipocyte products is an important messenger in metabolism, signaling the hypothalamus that there are changes in fat stores? A. Leptin B. Resistin C. IL-6 D. Angiotensinogen

A. Leptin

The lecithin to sphingomyelin ratio (L/S) is used to assess: A. Fetal neurological development B. Fetal lung maturity C. Fetal viability D. Fetal liver development

B. Fetal lung maturity

Which of the following tests require a 72 hour stool (fecal) collection? A. Occult blood B. Quantitative fecal fat C. Ova and Parasite (O&P) D. Stool culture

B. Quantitative fecal fat

Which analyte measurement is used to detect early nephropathy in a diabetic patient? A. Lactic acid B. Albumin C. Ketones D. HbA1C

B. Albumin

Which of the following statements is true concerning apolipoproteins? A. All lipoprotein particles contain the same apolipoproteins. B. Apolipoproteins are essential for lipid metabolism. C. Apolipoproteins are the reason lipoproteins are atherogenic. D. Apolipoproteins are a type of cholesterol

B. Apolipoproteins are essential for lipid metabolism.

Which lipid does not serve as a source of fuel, but can be converted to steroid hormones? A. Fatty acids B. Cholesterol C. Triglycerides D. Phospholipids

B. Cholesterol

At medical examination, a 50-year-old Caucasian male expressed concern regarding diabetes. There is a history of type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease in his family. He has gained a few pounds each year and his physician notes abdominal obesity. His physician orders laboratory tests to evaluate his risk of cardiovascular disease. Vital Signs and Pertinent Laboratoy Results: Blood Pressure: 128/82 mm Hg Weight: 230 lbs Height: 5' 11'' Calculated BMI: 32.1 Waist Circumference: 45 inches Fasting Blood Glucose: 120 mg/dL Triglycerides: 170 mg/dL HDL-C: 42 mg/dL Which one of the following statements regarding this patient is true if the physician uses the guidlines of American Heart Association (AHA) and National Heart, Lung, Blood Institute (NHLBI) for metabolic syndrome evaluation? A. Diagnosis of metabolic syndrome; waist circumference, HDL-C, and fasting blood glucose meet the criteria B. Diagnosis of metabolic syndrome; waist circumference, triglyceride level, and fasting blood glucose meet the criteria C. Does not meet the criteria for diagnosis of metabolic syndrome because the HDL-C is not <40 mg/dL Cannot make conclusion regarding metabolic syndrome because the LDL-C was not assayed

B. Diagnosis of metabolic syndrome; waist circumference, triglyceride level, and fasting blood glucose meet the criteria

Which of the following parameters, according to the American Heart Association (AHA), is not included in the diagnosis of the presence of the metabolic syndrome in adults? A. An elevated waist circumference. B. An elevated triglyceride level. C. An elevated fasting glucose D. An elevated high-density lipoprotein (HDL).

D. An elevated high-density lipoprotein (HDL).

The function of the very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) is to transport: A. Cholesterol from peripheral cells to the liver B. Cholesterol and phospholipids to the peripheral cells C. Exogenous triglycerides D. Endogenous triglycerides

D. Endogenous triglycerides

Which of the following are considered two of the positive risk factors for coronary heart disease as determined by the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP)? A. LDL-C concentration < 100 mg/dL; HDL-C concentration = 60 mg/dL B. LDL-C concentration = 100 mg/dL; HDL-C concentration = 60 mg/dL C. LDL-C concentration < 100 mg/dL; HDL-C concentration < 40 mg/dL D. LDL-C concentration = 100 mg/dL; HDL-C concentration < 40 mg/dL

D. LDL-C concentration = 100 mg/dL; HDL-C concentration < 40 mg/dL

With the development of fetal lung maturity, which of the following phospholipid concentrations in amniotic fluid increases? A. Sphingomyelin B. Phosphatidyl ethanolamine C. Phosphatidylinositol D. Lecithin

D. Lecithin

Cholesterol is used by the body for which of the following functions? A. Carrying dietary triglycerides to the cells through the blood B. Maintaining acid-base balance C. Precursor of hormone synthesis D. Major source of fuel for the body

C. Precursor of hormone synthesis

Which type of lipoprotein is the least dense? A. Chylomicrons B. VLDL C. LDL D. HDL

A. Chylomicrons

Select the true statement regarding lipids and heart disease. A. Increased level of LDL-C indicates an increased risk for cardiovascular disease B. Increased level of HDL-C indicates an increased risk for cardiovascular disease C. Lipids are not involved in atherosclerotic plaque formation D. Lipids are no longer measured in evaluating cardiac disease risk

A. Increased level of LDL-C indicates an increased risk for cardiovascular disease

The Lecithin/Sphingomyelin (L/S) ratio determination of amniotic fluid is useful in assessing the probability of: A. Cystic fibrosis B. Phenylketonuria C. Respiratory distress syndrome D. Chromosomal abnormalities

C. Respiratory distress syndrome

Chylomicrons are primarily composed of: A. Cholesterol B. Triglycerides C. Phospholipids D. Proteins

B. Triglycerides

Lipemia in a fasting serum sample is most likely caused by an increase in serum levels of: A. Cholesterol B. Triglycerides C. Protein D. Phospholipids

B. Triglycerides

Which of the following statements is true regarding cardiovascular disease and adipose tissue? A. Obesity in metabolic syndrome contributes to the development of cardiovascular disease by increased synthesis and secretion of adiponectin B. Increased synthesis and secretion of PAI-1 in metabolic syndrome contributes to cardiovascular disease by increasing blood pressure C. A state of abnormal lipids and lipid levels found in metabolic syndrome contribute to the development of cardiovascular disease D. None of the above

C. A state of abnormal lipids and lipid levels found in metabolic syndrome contribute to the development of cardiovascular disease

Which of the following lipoproteins will form a creamy layer at the top of stored, non-fasting plasma specimens? A. High-density lipoproteins B. Low-density lipoproteins C. Chylomicrons D. Very low-density lipoproteins

C. Chylomicrons

The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) and American Heart Association (AHA) have created a set of parameters to define the presence of metabolic syndrome. Select the set of laboratory assays that are utilized in the NHLBI and AHA criteria for metabolic syndrome diagnosis. A. LDL-C, triglycerides, HDL-C, and fasting blood glucose B. Fasting blood glucose, triglycerides, insulin, and VLDL C. Fasting blood glucose, triglycerides, HDL-C D. Fasting blood glucose, triglycerides, HDL-C, and VLDL

C. Fasting blood glucose, triglycerides, HDL-C

Which lipid abnormality is most closely linked to heart disease? A. Hypobetalipoproteinemia B. Hypertriglyceridemia C. Hypercholesterolemia D. Abetalipoproteinemia

C. Hypercholesterolemia

From the groups of analytes below, which set would most likely be INCREASED in a type 1 diabetic patient in crisis? A. Insulin and blood glucose B. Insulin and ketone bodies C. Ketone bodies and blood glucose D. Ketone bodies and blood pH

C. Ketone bodies and blood glucose

Which type of lipoprotein transports the MAJORITY of cholesterol to cells for steroid hormone synthesis or cell membrane incorporation? A. Chylomicrons B. Very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) C. Low density lipoproteins (LDL) D. High density lipoproteins (HDL)

C. Low density lipoproteins (LDL)

Which statement best describes small dense LDL particles that can occur in atherogenic dyslipidemia? A. Small dense LDL molecules are less atherogenic than larger, less dense or buoyant LDL particles because they are metabolized faster B. Small dense LDL molecules transport more cholesterol and thus are more atherogenic C. Small dense LDL molecules are more atherogenic because they can more easily move into the endothelium and vessel wall D. Small dense LDL molecules are just as atherogenic as the larger ones

C. Small dense LDL molecules are more atherogenic because they can more easily move into the endothelium and vessel wall

A patient has optimal LDL and HDL cholesterol values but a hsCRP test shows a value of 12 mg/L (low cardiovascular risk < 1.0 mg/L). Which of the following situations is most likely? A. The patient has a masked lipid problem such as metabolic syndrome. B. The patient has not been fasting. C. The patient has an underlying acute inflammation process. D. The patient has been drinking too much water before the specimen was collected, therefore diluting the LDL and HLD values.

C. The patient has an underlying acute inflammation process.

An obese adult with premature arteriosclerosis is seen in the clinic. When her serum is tested no chylomicrons are present, LDL levels are normal, and VLDL levels are increased. There is an increase in triglycerides and slight increase in cholesterol. Lipoprotein electrophoresis reveals a heavy pre-beta band. She has no skin rash and uric acid is increased. This patient most likely has what type of hyperlipoproteinemia? A. Type I B. Type III C. Type IV D. Type V

C. Type IV

Fetal lung maturity can be determined from amniotic fluid because the surfactant is PRIMARILY composed of: A. Protein B. Cholesterol C. Glycerol D. Phosphatidylcholine and other phospholipids

D. Phosphatidylcholine and other phospholipids

What are apolipoproteins? A. Small spheres that carry lipids through the blood that aid in lipid transport to their sites of metabolism. B. Proteins that are found on only high-density lipoproteins. C. Pseudo-proteins, since lipid particles are not alive and thus cannot make proteins. D. Proteins that are on the surface of lipoprotein molecules that bind enzymes or transport specific proteins and direct lipoproteins to their sites of metabolism.

D. Proteins that are on the surface of lipoprotein molecules that bind enzymes or transport specific proteins and direct lipoproteins to their sites of metabolism.

Why are small dense LDL molecules more atherogenic? A. Small dense LDL molecules contain less cholesterol and phospholipid. B. Small dense LDL molecules increase the concentration of HDL-C in the blood. C. Small dense LDL molecules increase the concentration of adiponectin and inflammatory cytokines. D. Small dense LDL molecules have greater mobility in the endothelium and arterial wall.

D. Small dense LDL molecules have greater mobility in the endothelium and arterial wall.