Lipids Chapter 6

Short chain fatty acids are usually less than ___ carbons in length.

6

What statements about food and labeled "reduce fat "is true?

A reduced fat food may have just as many calories as its full fat counterpart

Which of the following are risk factors of CVD that cannot be changed?

Age, gender, and race

Which of the following statements correctly describe an antioxidant?

An antioxidant is a compound that protects other compounds such as unsaturated fats from damaging effects of oxygen

If the first double bond of a polyunsaturated fatty acid occurs between 3rd and 4th carbon from the methyl end, it's called ______ fatty acid.

An omega-3

A(n)______ is a compound that protects tiger compounds such as unsaturated fats and body tissues from the damaging effects of oxygen

Antioxidant

A diet rich in _____ found in foods like blueberries, spinach and green tea can help reduce LDL oxidation and reduce the Rick of cardiovascular disease and metabolic syndrome

Antioxidants

A _____ fatty acid has hydrogen attached to the double bonded carbons on opposite sides of the carbon chain.

Trans

Margarine and shortening are both major courses do what?

Trans fat

Those who do not consume enough_______ May be unable to absorb sufficient amounts of fat soluble vitamins.

Triglycerides

What is a poly saturated fatty acid structure?

Two or more carbon-carbon double bonds

Fatty acids containing carbon carbon double bonds are considered_____ fatty acids

Unsaturated

Foo that contain hidden fat include what?

Whole milk, cheese, pastries

What is a term used to describe a protein that is attached to the surface of a lipoprotein or embedded in its outer shell?

apolipoprotein

Colon, prostate and breast cancer are all associated with diets that are high in what?

Fat

The process of_______ adds hydrogen to the carbon chain of unsaturated fats.

Hydrogenation

I triglycerides are release VLDLs get more and more dense and become what?

Intermediate density lipoproteins

What are some examples of foods with long chain fatty acids?

Lamb, beef, and pork

Which gender has a greater chance of having a heart attack?

Male

What are some examples of added fats?

Margarine, butter, and shortening

A "reduce fat " food____ in calories than its full fat counterpart.

May not be lower

Phospholipids and cholesterol are digested mostly in the what?

Small intestine

Where does most of the fat digestion occur?

Small intestine

What roles does bile play in relation to the digestion of fats?

1. Bile allows pancreatic lipase to break down triglyceride 2. Bile emulsified fats 3. Bile keeps fat droplets suspended

What statements about fat digestion in the stomach are true?

1. Gastric lipase breaks down triglyceride into monoglycerides and free fatty acids 2. Gastric lipase breaks triglycerides and diglycerides and free fatty acids 3. Fat floats on top of the watery contents

Which steps occur in the receptor pathway for cholesterol uptake?

1. LDL is removed from blood by B-100 receptor 2. LDL is broken down into protein and free cholesterol 3. Components of LDL are used to maintain the cell membrane

In which of the following functions do eicosanoids play an important role?

1. Maintaining normal kidney function 2. Regulation ovulation 3. Regulating cell division rates

How are the different types of fatty acids distinguished?

1. Number of carbon-carbon double bonds along the carbon skeleton 2. Position of carbon-carbon double bonds along the length of the carbon Skeleton

What are tire regarding plant food sterols and stanols?

1. Plant sterols have blood cholesterol lowering properties 2. Plants contain steroids similar to cholesterol

What are some examples of foods that are considered high in fat?

1. Salad oil's 2. Mayonnaise 3. Margarine 4. Butter

What are some common "fat substitutes" used by companies to reduce the fat content of their foods?

1. Salatrim 2. Gums

What three organs and/or glands produce lipase?

1. Salivary glands 2. Pancreas 3. Stomach

What events occur in the scavenger pathway for cholesterol uptake?

1. Scavenger white blood cells leave the bloodstream and attach to blood vessels 2. Cholesterol can build up in scavenger cells and eventually kill them 3. Oxidized LDL is removed from circulation

Which organs are involved in fat digestion?

1. Small intestine 2. Pancreas 3. Liver

What are some qualities a triglyceride possesses?

1. They are the bodies main storage form of energy 2. They are stable 3. They are calorie dense

First rich in which food components can lead to a build up of cholesterol filled scavenger cells in the artery walls?

1. Trans fat 2. Saturated fat

What are the steps of fat digestion and absorption, starting in the mouth and ending at the small intestine?

1. some lipase is released by the salivary glands and stomach 2. Lipase begins cleaving short chain fatty acids off the glycerol backbone of a triglyceride in the stomach 3. Bile emulsified the fats 4. Pancreatic lipase cleaves long chain fatty acids off the glycerol backbone of a triglyceride

A long chain fatty acid typically has _______ or more carbon atoms.

12

After_____ hours of fasting no chylomicrons should be present in the blood. It is best to have people fast for this length of time before having blood lipid profile's because the presence of chylomicrons can affect results.

12-14 hours

Smokers have a 2 to 4 times greater risk of _______ than smokers.

CVD

What are some sources of saturated fat?

Cheese, whole milk, beef

I'm the receptor pathway for _______ uptake, LDL is removed from the blood by cells with the LDL receptor called B-100

Cholesterol

Low density lipoprotein's are composed primarily of what?

Cholesterol

This is a type of lipid that is found only in foods of animal origin?

Cholesterol

_____ is a sterol used by the body to make steroid hormones and bile as well as to form cell membranes

Cholesterol

The difference between a cis and trans fatty acid is that a _____ fatty acid, the hydrogen is attached to the double bonded carbons in the same side of the carbon chain.

Cis

What are some examples of medium chain fatty acids?

Coconut oil, palm kernel oil

A triglyceride that loses a fatty acid is called a what?

Diglyceride

_______ are hormone like compounds synthesized from Pollys unsaturated fatty acid's such as omega-3 fatty acid's in omega 6 fatty acid's

Eicosanoids

Alpha-linolenic acid and linoleic acid are _____ fatty acids

Essential

Which foods are good sources of omega 3 fatty acids?

Flaxseeds, walnuts, and canola oil

The composition of______ consist(s) mostly of protein.

HDL

What is the key role of HDL?

Helps remove cholesterol from cells and excrete cholesterol from the body

What does the abbreviation HDL stand for?

High density lipoprotein

The salivary, gastric and pancreatic enzyme _______ plays an important role in triglyceride digestion

Lipase

A______ is a compound containing a core made of lipids with a shell composed of protein phospholipid and cholesterol

Lipoprotein

Which organ plays a role in developing very low density lipoprotein's by coating the cholesterol and triglycerides it collects with a shell of proteins and lipids?

Liver

Long chains of carbon Atoms take the longest to digest and are transported via the____ system.

Lymphatic

A ________ is a water solvable, spherical structure formed by pectin and bile acids in which the hydrophobic parts face inward and hydrophilic face outward

Micelles

What is the first step associated with with the absorption of triglycerides?

Monoglycerides and free fatty acids enter the epithelial cells of the small intestine

What is a saturated fatty acid structure?

No carbon-carbon double bond

Which of the following are preventable risk factors for CVD?

Obesity, smoking, physical activity

What is a mono saturated fatty acid structure?

One carbon-carbon double bond

_______ and _______ are digested mostly in the small intestine

Phospholipids and cholesterol

_______ are potent eicosanoids compounds that produce diverse effects in the body

Prostaglandins

A chylomicron is a lipoprotein that is made up of dietary fats and surrounded by shell containing which of the following components?

Proteins, phospholipids, cholesteol

Oxidized LDL Is removed from the circulation by the what?

Scavenger pathway for cholesterol uptake

In the _____, gastric lipase helps break down triglycerides into monoglycerides, diglycerides and free fatty acids

Stomach

The type of fat that functions primarily to insulate the body is what?

Subcutaneous