lit

Explain the importance of the Mayflower Compact. Explain the concept of "strangers."

It was made because of mutinous strangers members of the company sought to take advantage of the fact that their charter had been for Virginia, and the ship had landed far outside of that jurisdiction. It was the first form of government in America. Strangers were the pilgrims that didn't come because of the church, they came for economic gain.

on the delaware legend of hudson arrival: (the lenin lenape claim they met the first whites, but probably mahicanni or mohicans did that) long ago when whites had never got here yet, some indians when fishing and saw something big in the water. they sent this news to everyone. they decided it was a house where mannito ( their god) was living. they prepared food etc for his arrival. then they realized it was a human being house, and that they were different colored skin, but the one in red was manito. they spoke a different language. they share drinks and an indian gets drunk for the first, time, then they all do it. the whites said they would come back next teat, with more presents. when they came back the whites laughed at the indians because they couldn't use hoes and axes. they demonstrated how to use them. the whites decided to stay, and asked for the land that a cow hide could encompass. the whites made the hide a string so it would cover a lot of land. they all lived together a while until whites wanted more land, and the indians realized they would eventually want all the land.

History, Manners and Customs of the Indian Nations, John Heckewleder, 1819

Explicate (explain line-by-line) Anne Bradstreet's poems, "The Prologue," "The Author to Her Book," "Before the Birth of Her Children" and "In Reference to Her Children."

prologue: i can't sing of wars captains kings or cities founded, they are too good for my pen. i will let poets and historians do that. but when i read cool stuff, i am grudging. but bartas (a good writer) will do what he does ill do what i do. you wouldn't expect advanced stuff from a schoolboy so you can't expect much from me, thats just how it is. i can't change to be super smart, art can only do so much for a stupid person. even if i write well non one will believe a women did it, they will think its stolen. nature is nature, men are better, but give us this one thing (acknowledge my poetry). The author to her book: you bad offspring, who stayed with my until friends snatched and exposed you, you aren't the best ever book, i made you unfit for light, you are not great but because i made you, i would fix your problems if i could. as i tried to fix you it just got worse. i tried to help, but nothing doing. but you can go around and be read by common people. but don't be read by a critic. BEFORE THE BIRTH OF HER CHILDREN: everything in this world will end,death is coming regardless, i may even die soon. how soon we might lose our friends, we dont know, but love binds us. these farewell lines are for you; when we are pulled apart, remember my good side, look to my babies as my remains, protect them from step parents, remember me and kiss this paper for loves sake. IN REFERENCE TO HER CHILDREN: i had 8 kids, (birds) 4 boys and for girls, i took care of them with my everything. they learned how to do all this stuff, they left me and i chip after them sometimes. my second for married and left, the third for married and left, the fourth is ambitions, the fifth is trying to get higher int he world, the others stay with my when they grow up they will leave. if i could weep i would weep for them (in the poem she's a bird so she can't weep), because I'm afraid for y'all. it has been hard taking care of y'all, i have given y'all everything but you are stupid sometimes you don't know how dangerous it is out there. when i get old i won't be sad, ill sing for you still, each of you will have kids, and tell them what a good mum i was. I'm happy if y'all are

Does Franklin's autobiography reflect any of the values of a Puritan society in a secularized way? Look for ways in which Franklin contrasts the Puritan view and ways in which we might see him following some of their ideas. Explain.

puritan society was mainly focused on the purification of national churches through focused bible reading, removal of popery and hard work. he is not a christian dude he is a deist so he didn't believe in the church business. but he did believe that truth sincerity and integrity were the most important things in life, which could be parallel with puritanism. he also focused and worked hard most of his life, and this is a puritan belief.

What are some of Abigail's concerns about the founding of the new country?

she is worried that the states won't be able to regain liberty without bloodshed. she also worries that peace will be bought at the cost of liberty. she mentions mrs warrens worry about choosing a good leader. she wonders what form of government will be adopted and asks if the people will be able to chose. she then points out that people will have lots of ideas and argue over it. she is worried about her theory that men are dangerous and always grasping for power. she is worried that since there has been no government people won't submit to a new one. she worried about the fact that laws must be established, but how to establish them while not infringing on liberty. she wondered who would make those laws. she wondered about peoples prejudice towards old things, and thus worried about the new democracy or monarchy. she hopes the foundation of the new constitution would be truth justice and righteousness like the wise man who's house was on the rocks. she was sad that the manly sentiments were removed form the declaration.

What basic assumptions underlie Winthrop's argument?

that the readers are Christians who want to do good

What beliefs underlie de las Casas' arguments? What gives his arguments moral authority?

that the spaniards are evil, that the natives are deserving of equal rights and are human beings. the fact that he isn't out there killing people gives his arguments moral authority

How does Franklin's autobiography reflect the New American and the values of the 18th century? (Be sure to read the introduction to the period and the introduction to Franklin.)

the 18 century was a time when people started believing that humans could comprehend the world, and that they could control their own destiny. scientists tried to resolve the universe and their christian views. science made the universe make more sense so people put more stock in that than religion. benjamin embodied this because he was a book man who didn't believe in god, he expanded the world of science and relied on that rather than god. he controlled his own destiny in that he worked from poverty up.

What assumptions underlie Columbus's claims in both the letters?

the Lord was leading his voyage, that it was his right to name the islands and have them. that they are highly above the natives. that he discovered america, and that the crown had the right to give him power over the islands.

How do the creation and origin stories reflect the cultural values and world views of these tribes? How did these values and world views differ from those held by European explorers and the early colonists? (See the book of Genesis and the story of the earth's creation in the Greek/Roman Myths of Ovid, for example)

the fact that a woman is the origin of life shows a differing gender respect. in the navajo story, a woman was given a crystal giving her the power of speech. her male counterpart was given something equally important but different, showing how women were much more equal in indian society. in the navajo episode where the males and females are apart, it is pretty equal as to who misses the other the most. when the people find the glittering world, boy girl pairs are created to make the world. also changing woman, the most loved deity had twins before being married. in the indian one there is no real explanation for the beginning of everything, in the beginning there were already people/ a world. it doesn't offer a perfect God or explanation for creation like the bible does, nor does it condemn people for choosing sin (since even the creators in the native american stories sinned). also in the navajo one the first ever children are hermaphrodites and/or men acting as women, something that is, even now days looked down upon because of the christian creation story of adam and eve.

What Puritan beliefs/values are reflected in Rowlandson's captivity narrative? Are any of these beliefs/values in conflict with each other?

the idea that God should be present in each part of your life. she states in pretty much every remove that God has given her peace and strength. It is also consistent with puritan belief that she feels lost without her husband and children. in this scenario the puritan belief that indians were savages came through. when she gets a bible its a huge relief to her which is a puritan view as well.

What values do brad streets poems seem to challenge, to question, and to affirm? In what ways is the author's voice conflicted? What do these poems reveal about the experience of women in Puritan society?

the idea that a women couldn't write is challenged by the fact that these poems even exist. she ins conflicted because she talks about how she doesn't think she is good enough to write about grand things. she talks about how even if she does write well a man will be given credit. it shows how difficult the romans job was in this society, i think, how suppressed she was and also how sad (particularly in the parts about her children)

What does the larger committee remove from Jefferson's first draft of the Declaration? Why?

the parts that were disapproving to england because they didn't want to lose those friends. the parts condemning slavery because south carolina and georgia loved slavery and also all the north states that carried slaves.

Do you find these stories hard to read? What are some of the problems you encounter in reading them? (native american stories)

the trickster stories were hard for me because of the cultural norms that are different and make the stories funny. The layout is also hard. they are also just so graphic.

poems

the works of Anne Bradstreet 1867

What important issues (political and personal) are evident in the letters between John and Abigail Adams?

they talk about human nature, God, chicken pox, politics. the future glory of the country, weather

How would you describe de las Casas' purpose in his "Very Brief Relation of the Devastation of the Indies"?

to bring into light the atrocities that the spanish men inflicted on the natives. he wrote it to persuade a special royal commission to frame the new code of 1542

What are the various dimensions of Cabeza de Vaca's relationship to the Indians in his narrative?

when he was with the capoques and hans he did the same things they did, even not eating for days like them. when they were with the avavares, they lived as free agents, they did their own thing and got their own food and wood. when with the arbadaos, he bartered and traded with them, and they would give him jobs. he mades his living by trading with him things he made himself. the other tribes he met they loved him and asked them to heal their sick

intro: maybe this isn't fashionable enough to gain general favor; a long habit of not thinking something is wrong will give it the appearance of being right, so people oppose change. but eventually, time makes more converts than reason. a long abuse of power usually brings customs into question. the king of england and parliament are in this position now. in this essay the author has tried to make everything non personal. the cause of america is the cause of all mankind. from iii thoughts on present state of american affairs: these are just simple arguments and common essence. lots of people have been talking about england and america. this si a very important problem. its a continent problem, nothing smaller. it is a concern for all of our posterity not just a small about of time. lots of people are talking about how reconciliation could be good, which isn't true but lets look at why. Some say that america has flourished under britain so we should keep that to stay powerful . this is like saying a kid has to breast feed their whole life. some think britain protected us, but this was for britains own good rather than ours. some say that the colonies don't have connections except the parent country, but thats not a good way to prove relationships. some say that britain is the parent country. so shame on her for her conduct. but england isn't the parent, europe is. but in if we were all english, what dos that mean? nothing. britain is an enemy. some say that britian and usa together will make them strong and they can bid defiance to the world. but that is uncertain, and why do we need to be defiant to the world? we will be friends with europe through commerce. the bad things about staying with britian are actually bigger! britain involves the US with its quarrels. obviously they must separate. though he dent want to offend anyone paine thinks anyone who wants reconciliation is weak prejudiced, men who think better of europe than it deserves. boston has already been messed up. it is our natural right to have our own government. britain and america cant be reconciled.

Common Sense, Paine, 1776

Explain Thomas Paine's view of the relationship between theology and science in "The Age of Reason."

He believes that true theology is the study of what is now called natural philosophy: the study of science, mainly astronomy. This he believed to be the the real study of the works of God and of his power and wisdom. from this true theology science is derived. He doesn't believe in contemporary theology because it is a study of peoples opinions of God, rather than the real study of Gods works. it is a mischief that the christian system has done to the world, ruining beautiful theology and opening the door for superstition. he also hates that christians call science a man made deal, because science is based on the universe, which men can't change or create, only discover. it would be stupid to say that men created the scientific princibples that they use to for example know when an eclipse is coming. a man can make a lever, but the lever only works because of the scientific facts behind it, which he cannot make.

natural bridge: we have to build a great bridge slavery: to free all slaves after passing the state constitution. the bill doesn't contain this, but an amendment containing it is prepared. slaves should stay with their parents to a certain age, then be brought up at the public expense according to their talents. they should be colonized and given any tools they need to be independent, and we should protect them. but there will always be a separation because of white prejudice and black memory of abuse. what are the differences between blacks and whites? they sleep less, have less hair, desire after their women more, their memories are just as good, but their reason not as good. but you have to remember that many have been confined to their masters, and learned arts from them. the indians didn't have this advantage and care things without design to merit. among alacks there is no poetry because there is no love. blacks improve when they mic with whites, which proves their inferiority is not from their conditions of life. we know that among the romans slaves were treated even worse. the two sexes were separated. but here the two sexes interact. they used to torture slaves for evidence, now we don't take their evidence at all. back then if a master was murdered they killed all the sales, but now we only kill the guilty. but even with these drawbacks in rome the slaves were artists and scientists. i don't want to degrade blacks because God may have a higher rank for them, so i guess it is just a suspicion that blacks are inferior in body and mind. religion: the first settlers of this country were from england and the english church. they discriminated against presbyterians and quakers. anglicans had possession of the country for a century, then other opinions came in. now religious views are thus: there should be freedom of religion but when they went to do the bill of rights they passed over this. they did however repeal the acts of parliament that criminalized certain religious things. by our old laws those who grew up christian who deny god are punishable. but rulers only have authority we submitted to them and we didn't submit to them our conscience, thats between us and God. manufacturers: we never had an interior trade of any importance, we have manuactured som clothes. there is a political economist theory that every state should manufacture for itself, and we transferred this idea tot america without thinking about the difference of circumstance.

Notes on the State of Virginia, Jefferson, 1787

abby: because we are far from each other time seems long. I'm worried about america, you, and our family. what your choices affect the future. could any state get liberty after being invaded without bloodshed? we are told that sparta should have thought about the fact that there is nothing better than peace founded in honor, so there is nothing worse than peace purchased at the price of liberty. Our friend Mrs Warren says to tell you she wishes you well as a friend and a patriot,and hopes you chose a good leader. I've been reading rollins ancient history. i also have johnny our son read it to me, i hope he comes to like it this way. we all miss you. John: I'm writing you because congresses having a break. according to mr cushing, we started congress with prayer. some thought this wasn't a great idea because we were all different religions but we decided that Duche would pray for us, and he also read us the 35 psalm. i suggest you read this with your friends. John: you wanted to hear about B Franklin. he's been coming to congress faithfully. he is nice and doesn't talk too much but he is useful. he is very american and thinks that the country is in an odd state, not peace war dependent or independent. he thinks we should be a united country. wilson is here and he's smarter than his masters. biddle is ill, merton is ill, mifflin has gone to camp. don't tell anyone about this letter. John: humans are affectionate towards each other as a species, even more so as a nation, town, parish, family. it gets stronger the closer to family it gets. sometimes at its strongest it makes us do dumb things. sometimes i myself love new england so much i do things to expose myself to ridicule. but new england is the best because 1 people are more pure english blooded. 2. religion is good there, they make every parish have a minister and every person go to church 3. education is dope there 4. the division of territory gives men opportunity to improve his education. 5 laws for distribution of land avoids monopolies. we have had loads of disadvantages that would have ruined our liberties if not for those 5 things. abby: i have been sick but I'm better. there has been lots of rain which made me ill. we have had cold with ruined some crops. Warren returned and told me that you would be at court longer. i was hoping you would come back. the public will reap what i sacrifice. i wish i knew what you were doing. what form of government are you making? do we get to chose? won't we argue? i think men are dangerous, power is always grabbing for more. big swallow the small. you tell me that men are capable of being great, i believe you but lament how uncommon it is. there has been no gov for so long that i worry people won't submit to a new one. I'm worried because laws must be established, but how can we have laws and retain liberty. who will make those laws? i think about how people love ancient customs and worry about a new monarchy or democracy. I'm worried but i hope justice and righteousness will prevail. we miss you and love you. John: I'm glad you went to plymouth and saw the Men of War. I'm also excited Dr Bullfinch is setting up a hospital. i hope there will soon be one in every town. would you start putting read receipts on ur letters so i can see if the ones i send you get received? yesterday we decided that america will have independent states that will have the right to do everything independently. looking back i realize how great a time this is and how great the revolution was. the people will have power in this new gov, and people are addicted to corruption. i do have worries. but i submit my fears to God. John: if we had done the declaration of independence 7 months ago, by now we could have made alliances and taken canada. i could explain how this would have happened if i could write freely. people are trying to promote measures to take canada. we could have done it if small post hadn't taken our troops. but on the other hand the delay of the declaration has advantages. july 2 will be celebrated years to come. you may think i am transported by enthusiasm but I'm not. but hough the toil and blood that it will take to maintain the declaration i see glory. Abby: I'm happy about the prospect of glory for our country. hopefully the grounds of our nation will be justice truth and righteousness. I'm sad some the Manly Sentiments of the declaration were removed. small pox has made everyone agree to hospitals in their town. lots of people have it. there has been a drought. John: its been a boring day. i wonder if my friends think i have become so engrossed w being a politician that i forgot you and my kids. or maybe they are still sad that we lost canada. i hope to hear of your recovery abby: all of the kids seem to be better. i went to church . i am not surprised about the bad accounts about the conspiracy in new york. tories are pretending there was no george washington assassination plot. i got Mr cranch to write you because my sickness stops me from writing. none of the kids have broken out yet.

Letters, Adams, 1963

ill tell you about wakjankaga. he was the first son, people were having difficulties, because evil beings were playing rough with them. mauna the earth maker sent a person to earth, that was wakjangaga. he immediately did something stupid so they called him the foolish one. when he arrived he was supposed to take care of the people by killing the evil. but he was fascinated with the people so he teased them, and forgot hat he was doing and started traveling the earth. he would arrive someplace and then go back to traveling because he longed for people

(Winnebago) White Sr's Introduction to Wakjankaga, Paul Radin, Kathleen Danker, Felix White 1956

Ma'ii (the coyote trickster) was traveling around, and he found himself in an open area. loads of prairie dogs were there cursing at him. he started getting angry and thinking about rain. a cloud came and it only rained on Ma'ii. then there was rain only in his foot prints, and water came only up to his knees, then this ears, and then he floated. he floated over to where the prairie dogs were, and when he landed he stayed in a diz clump. he pretended to be dead until Golizhii the skunk came by. he said "silna'ash" (a trust making word) to him, and told the skunk to tell the prairie dogs that he was already dead. he also told the skunk to hide clubs under him, and tell the dogs to hit him gently. so Golizhii told everyone that Ma'ii was dead, and they all danced around his body until golizhii told them to look up. then he peed in their eyes, and ma'ii leapt up and clubbed them all to death. ma'ii and golizhii decided to hake race to decide who got to eat the prairie dogs. the skunk was given a head start advantage since he couldn't run well. he ran off and hid, so he didn't have to run the whole way, and the trickster ma'ii tied a torch to his tail as he began to run. Golizhii ran back and dug up the prairie dogs except 4 which he left for the coyote. then ma'ii ran back and flung the prairie dogs around. then he was out of dogs and had to retrieve them all and eat them. then he tried to follow the skunk but couldn't. then the skunk dropped a bone and ma'ii tried to share with him again, but golizhii wouldn't let him. ma'ii had to beg (very looked down upon, this story shows us how not to behave), but the skunk still wouldn't share, but kept dropping bones that ma'ii had to eat.

(navajo) Coyote Skunk and the Prairie Dogs, Token/Yellowman 1994

long ago there was only darkness with sky and water. by a mysterious holy thing, they came together. when they toughed everything began: the first world. It was an island in a sea of mist. no people just Nilch'i Dine'e who were spirits. there were also Hashcheeh Dine'e, holy people. only stars and a 4 color sky that glowed in a different way each time of day. in the middle of the world, at Tobilhaaskid, water made a big fountain. no river went to the north, the area of death and darkness. the spiritual beings had 12 tribes that lived in 12 different areas, four in each direction with the north empty. they were called bug names but they were not bugs. they had powerful guardians , the water monster the blue heron the frog and the white mountain thunder. they lived peacefully until adultery started. then the guardians got mad and made them leave. then there was big flood, and the spirits found they couldn't leave via the sky, until they going an opening into a blue second world. the land was flat and no one lived there. then they saw small groups of blue beings. they were the swallows. they were friends until a spirit had an affair w a swallow wife. then they escaped again into a white world. the third world. this one had grasshoppers, until the same thing happened w the grasshoppers (keep it in ur pants man) and then they went to a fourth black and white world. there were mountains and pueblo people lived there, they made them a corn squash pumpkin and bean meal (irl the pueblos actually taught the navajos agriculture). they decided to behave themselves and had a feast. finally the Holy people, White Blue Yellow and Black bodied, showed up. the spirit people couldn't understand them. the holy people wanted the spirits to have better forms so they washed in cornmeal and turned into the first man and women. they made a shelter and got married, and the man was given a rock crystal to burn for fire and clear thoughts and the women a turquoise to burn with the power of speech. they had twins, and they were androgynous. after that the kids were cis. they had 5 pairs of twins. the holy people took the kids for a bit and taught them how to live. for 8 years they all lived peacefully, until one day coyotes and badger (children of the sky) were born. then the man and women started arguing. the men ran away to show the women that they needed them. at first the women were doing better because they remembered to plant corn, but later on the women started starving. some jacked off w cacti and stones which had long term consequences. they decided to be friends again, but then they found 3 women were missing. the water monster took them. the holy people gave them shells to help them, those opened a portal to where the monster was. the coyote went w them. they retrieved the women but the coyote stole a water monster kid. they went home but then a wall of water started surrounding them. they planted a tree and stood on them, but it wasn't high enough to save them. then they saw an old man and a young man, who gave them a bunch of soil. the reeds fused to a big reed and they rode it into the fifth glittering world. coyote returned th kid. the people lived in the glittering world. one of the first twins, (nadleeh) died, the first death. the groups separated because of a seed corn dispute. they marked boundaries for a new homeland and they dressed the mountains. lots of boy and girl pairs were made, like "pollen boy" "grasshopper girl" they made the earth the way we know tot today.. sun and stars were made. they found changing woman, the most loved god. she had twin boys . with the help of the spider woman these twins got rid of all the monsters. they left the monsters of old age povery hunger and cold. the sun and the changing woman got married and she shed more people, the four original clans. the twins lived with th holy people, they all returned to their home, but can be reached through prayer and songs. a rainbow was placed around our homeland for protection and blessing.

(navajo) Hajiinei, Irvin Morris, 1997

iktomi was wandering and met Iya. they tried to figure out who was older. Iya mention he's on the way to eat some people. they travel together and when Iya slept, ikto went inside his body and saw the people living in his stomach just like they had before he ate them. He got out of there and figured out Iyas biggest fears. then he ran ahead to the next camp and told them to do all the things that scared Ikto. they attacked Iya and tore open his body, the people got out of his stomach. IF he hadn't been destroyed Iya would probably still eat people up, but since he was killed there was no more eating and instead loads of over population. so thats a good one on Ikto. no one knows where he went next

(sioux) Ikto Conquers Iya, The Eater, Deloria 1932

hispaniola: this was the first land in the new world to be ruined by the Christians (spaniards). they took women and children and used them and took their food. they stole their food to satisfy their huge appetites. they did lots of bad things that made the natives stop thinking they were from heaven. some hid their food, or wives, some fled. christians attacked them until they found the leaders, and then they made him watch his wife get raped. then the indians started trying to get rid of the christians but they didn't have enough arms. the christians spared no one. they made killing them a game, they even killed babies. they tortured natives and set their dogs after them to kill them. form the coast of pearls, paris and the island of trinidad: the apanisard christians took to hispaniola and san juan more than 2 million people, lots of them died. dead bodies were thrown into the sea. naked indians are marched onto land and like sheep separated from their family. then they do the repartimiento, bargaining off the slaves. the worst thing is pearl fishing. they make them dice all day and stay without breathing under water. they are hit and have their hair pulled if they try to rest. they aren't given good food and are chained at night so they cant escape. sharks eat them as they work sometimes. in this lets consider the spaniards nd who they are not perserving the divine concepts of love for their fellow man. they put the indians bodies and souls at risk, only because of their greed for gold. the unjust treatment is partially because they are such good swimmers

A Brief Relation of the Devestation of the Indies, Bartolome de las Casas 1552

Dear son i had the pleasure of looking into the lives of my ancestors so i will write about mine for you. i emerged from obscurity and poverty. you might want to know about this because it could be applicable to your life. I would redo my life if i couldn't change things, but i can't so ill write about it. i will try not to be too vain. i want to say that God is why i have found success. from my uncles notes i found that my ancestors lived in ecton. my older brothers were put in different trades, i was put in grammar schools, i was meant to be a church man as a tithe. he was going to send me to college but he realized he couldn't afford it and switched me from grammar school to writing and math school. i was a good writer and a bad mather. at 10 i went home to help dad with his soap and candle making. i didn't like it and wanted to go to sea. i was leader of the boys my age. once i told my friends we should make a wharf. we got in trouble because we stole the stones for the wharf. my dad was a very solid man. people asked him for advice. sometimes i don't know what i ate because my dad taught me to talk at the table. is stayed with my dads work until 12, when my dad started trying to find me a new trade. i always loved reading and books. because of this my dad decided to make me a printer. i liked this better than the candle and soap making, but i still wanted to go to sea. i became an apprentice. i liked it because i could read so much. my brother encouraged me to write poems. i sold some of my poetry but my dad made fun f my and told me that poets were poor. i had a friend named collin who i liked to argue with. we also had writing arguments. my dad found these letters and helped me with my writing. i read the spectator, which also made my writing better. when i was 16 i heard about vegetarianism and became a vegetarian. i also moved out of my brothers house, and found i could save money that way. being a vegetarian saved me time and made my mind clearer. i learned a lot of different things. i learned not to use words that gave an air of positiveness to an opinion. my brother started a newspaper. i wanted to write for the paper, and i used a pen name. my brother was arrested and i took over the paper, and i was released from my apprenticeship. i left boston to try to find a new job. i went to philadelphia. I stayed with bradford. the governor said he would help me. i kept working with keimer for a while but then the government sent me back home with a letter telling my dad i should set up shop in philedephia. i became friends with the governor of new york as well. i stopped being friends with collin because he became an alcoholic. i kept working with keimer, he didn't know i was planning to set up my own shop. i started courting ms reid. all my friends were somewhat lax in religion like me. i took a voyage to london but the governor tricked me. me and ralph stayed together, and tried to find work. I worked for a year at a printing place. we forgot about our families and girlfriends (which i regret). i made loads of smart friends. i taught my friends how to swim. i decided to go back to pennsylvania with my friend denham to work with him in a store. when i returned the governor keith who played me was ashamed to see me and i was ashamed to see that ms read had married some1 else while i was gone, but they divorced. eventually me and denham got sick and he died. i worked with keimer again at the print shop. then we got in a fight and i left. i decided to start a print shop with meredith, and then i went back to keimer for a little bit. i was at this point that i was a deist. when the supplies came i started my own print shop. i started the junto club, we wrote papers and debated. we were sued because we couldn't pay for the print shop. friends said they would help me pay, but said they wanted me to no longer be in partnership with meredith. meredith left and my friends helped me pay. i started thinking about a wife. i married ms read. i made a public library.

Autobiography, Franklin, 1868

Describe Winthrop's rhetoric: How is the sermon organized? What different appeals does he use to make his argument?

First he explains how and why God puts some above others. then he explains the double law of nature and grace. then he explains all the duties of mercy, basically being nice all the time. then he talks about the body of christ and love sinew, then what we must do with persons work end and means, then explains the city on a hill model. He mainly cited bible verses as his arguments.

the trickster was wandering and he met a fox. they decided to travel together. same with a jay and a nit. they all travelled together to a place where the ricer forked, they built a house together. when winter came and they ran out of food, they decided to go to a nearby village. the trickster made himself into a woman. then he had sex with the fox, jay and nit to get pregnant. then he/she went to the village. the trickster married the village chiefs son and had 3 sons. the last one wouldn't stop crying. he wanted a piece of cloud, so they gave him snow, and a piece of sky so they gave him blue grass. then he wanted leaves, then corn. later the chiefs wife teased the trickster, and chased her/him. (it would be unheard of for them to tease each other usually). then everyone noticed that it was the trickster and the trickster and his friends ran away. the trickster went home to his family real quick but realizing that his son didn't need him he went back to traveling. then he heard a bulb said "he who eats me will poop" the trickster ate it thinking nothing would happen. then he had such big farts that he lifted into the air. then he started pooping, and he had to get on a tree because the poop pile was so huge. then he fell in it. when he got out of the pile he was holding his penis in a box. then he ran and he couldn't see because of all the poop on him so he had to talk to the tres, and they told him where to go to get to water. when he got to the water he cleaned himself.

From Winnebago Trickster Cycle, Paul Radin, Kathleen Danker, Felix White 1956

i can't think of these islands without weeping, i thought they would be an example for others but instead they are sick. its not just that people who work shouldn't enjoy the fruits of their labor. fearing this i prayed to your highness before i went to find other islands that you would leave these islands to me to govern under your name. another issue is that for 7 years i was at your royal court. back then everyone thought these voyages were a delusion. now everyone wants to go to plunder, which ruins my reputation. its best that they stay with their own business. the lands here are bigger and better than your other lands. after i stole them for you, i was made prisoner and was very badly treated. i have been working many years for you, i request that you repare my honor and losses, and punish whoever did that. this will make you look good. i have been totally devoted to you. i don't have any money, and am separated from the holy church. i didn't do this voyage for honor or wealth, but because of my devotion to your highness. if i make it home please let me go to Rome on a pilgrimage. Thanks

Letter to Ferdinand and Isabella Regarding the Fourth Voyage, Columbus 1503

you will be pleased to know about my great victory that God has helped me with. I passed in 33 days form canary islands in the fleet you gave me. there are loads of people on many islands and i took them all for the king and queen, by proclamation and unfurling of royal standard. no one protested. i named the islands san salvador, isla de santa maria de conception, fernandina, isabella, and isla juana. i followed juana and thought it was the mainland but it aint. there are only small hamlets. then i found a new island that i named espanola. these islands are super fertile. lots of high lands, mountains, very beautiful. flowers fruits. singing birds. metal mines. espanola is a marvel.

Letter to Luis de Santangel Regarding the First Voyage, Columbus 1493

God has made the condition of mankind so that some are rich, poor, powerful etc. the reason is that he must show his wisdom in variety, so that he can show his spirit in moderating the wicked, so he can show his grace by regenerating people. also so that people will need each other. it is obvious that no man is better than another because of himself but instead because of God, all silver and gold is his silver and gold. (like it says in proverbs). there are 2 rules you must help each other follow: justice and mercy. there is also the law of nature and the law of grace (moral and gospel law), moral is love ur neighbor as urself. to "apply this to works of mercy," you have to help another in distress and do it for the same reason you are careful of his own goods. law of nature was given when man was innocent, law of grace when adam and eve fell, the regenerate. (unregenerate is before the first sin, regenerate is when christ died for our sins and regenerated us). gospel, unlike moral tells you what to do w enemies: love them. the gospel law also tells you different seasons when different amounts of giving are appropriate. when there is a situation you have to help ur brothers rather than depending on a miracle. mercy is exercised in giving lending and forgiving. question: how much should a man give? answer: he should give in abundance if its an ordinary situation. if it is an extraordinary situation, he should be ruled by the situation and remember that you cant do too much. you have to provide for future generations. anyone who gives to the poor gives to God and will be repaid. if you store up treasures on earth, they will rust etc, and become more important in your heart than God. When you are lending you should check if ur friend could repay you. if he cant, give according to his necessity. if he could repay you, look at it as a commerce deal. when forgiving, you should always forgive. love is a bond. remember than christian are one body in christ, knit together with love. if you aren't knit together with love you cant be perfect. all parts of the body must be united. the exercise of this love must be outwards and inwards. love among christians is a real thing. it is necessary to the body of christ. it is divine and makes us nearer to God. heists love can be on anyone who works through prayer and meditation. Application of this sermon: people: we are professing ourselves members of christ so we should bind our selves in love and live in exercise of it. work: we have a lot of work to do and must find a place to live with civil and ecclesiastical government. the public must overtake private needs. ends: to improve our lives and do more for the Lord, increasing the body of Christ. means: not ordinary means, we should do what we would have done in england but more. we are a city on a hill, everyone is watching so if you **** up he will withdraw his presence and help, and everyone will find out, and we will shame God.

Model of Christian Charity, Winthrop, 1838

we set our and launched the ship, it was cold and we sailed a while before finding a bay . we saw some indians, and the next day we explored. we found it to only be a bay. we saw brooks of fresh water and fish. we continued to a new place with indians. they were cutting a grampus fish. we went exploring and found a farmyard and a corn fields. we find some indian houses that were abandoned. at night we heard a terrible noise but it was just wolves and foxes. we prayed and ate breakfast. indians attacked us, and we got our arms. we fought them and won, God wanted to deliver us. we took some arrows to send to england. God protected us so we thanked him. we went on our way and called this place "the first encounter"

Mourts Relation, Bradford/Winslow, 1622

indians came to lancaster , burned some houses. they killed some and took some as prisoners. they shot my house. some fought, some died, the house was on fire. my eldest sister died. they told me to come with them, i told them they would kill me, they said they wouldn't if i went with. physically and mentally wounded we went with the indians. my husband was gone in the Bay, and the indians said they would kill him. the only thing i hadn't lost was a small wounded child. i was distraught but God helped me thru. an indian carried my baby and i moaned ' i shall die i shall die'. they put me on a horse, and we fell off, it starts snowing, and my baby had a fever. my wound was stiff. God gave me hope. we went on and my baby was very very sick. we hadn't eaten anything but a bit of water. a met robert pepper, who was also a captive. he showed be how to heal myself with oaken leaves. the baby was still sick and indians kept telling my they would kill her. then she died, only 6 years only. it had been 9 days. the indians barried her for me. i had to leave her. i went and saw my daughter mary who was at the same town at the time. also i met my son there. a bible was given to me by an indian. God gave me more hope. i left my daughter mary and all the other people i knew. i was worried about my children. the lord gave me hope. the english were following the indians thats why we left. i started knitting. as we moved around i was hungry, corn was stolen from me, i ate horse liver. we had to meet king philip so we went in a canoe. my son was there. i used to smoke but not anymore. the indians are going to fight against northampton. we keep travelling. its hard for me to find food. sometimes indians share. my master said he will sell me to my husband. my mistress through out my bible but i saved it. an indian lady threw ashes in my eyes. i see my son again, he has lice and i help him out. i take care of my mistresses papoose. we move towards baytown. i don't have food. i see some englishmen which I'm happy about . i was then full of hope. i also got some food. God gives me hope. i got news about my husband, which made me very happy. they say i will be ransomed for 20 pounds. we continue to travel and god takes close care g me. i meet more of my family and friends from before. my family is reunited. the south church in boston hires a house for me and my family. i have seen the vanity of the world, we must rely on God.

Narrative of the Captivity and Restoration of Mrs Mary Rowlandson, Rowlandson, 1682

we weighed anchor at say brook fort, and set sail for narraganset bay. after 2 days we found the pequot area and surrounded the fort. out of gods providence they didn't fight a lot back. captain mason and i were shot among other soldiers. captain mason set the pequot fort afire. men woman and children fled out and very few escaped. we killed many. some may as, why we, christians, had no compassion. remember davids war, and that the bible says kids myst die with their parents. sometimes its not so but we had enough evidence to proceed. our wounded needed water but we had none. god preserved many of their lives. our indian allies , the narruganset, went to leave and were attacked by pequots. we helped rescue them .God helps us out a lot.

News From America, John Underhiill, 1638

some preachers were godly and God blessed the, he started to do work in them, and they started to hate the "profane multitude." ministers tried to get them to be part of the church of england, or be silenced they dealt w this a while and then it got worse. some one wrote this about king james: 'the king has established a reformed religion, different from other reformed religions that were closer to apostle time authentic christian churches' so then those preachers "shook off this yoke of anti christian bondage" and joined themselves in a new 2 fellowships. one was headed by john smith and fell off. the other converted many. but they were persecuted. they saw no hope so they went to the low countries for regions freedom. so they went to Amsterdam. they were still attacked so they weren't to holland. they noticed that their current place was very hard, that people were being cheerful and strong anyway, that their children were being overworked despite that "their minds were free and willing" , and that they wanted to build a base for Christ in remote parts of the world. so they chose america. where there were only British men. some were worried about this, that they would die etc. but they decided that " the difficulties were many but not invincible". so they got two ships, speedwell and mayflower, and got ready by pouring out prayer to God. they sadly said goodbye to family and friends. Mr robinson wrote to mr carter and to the whole company. in the company letter he says: remember to renew repentance with God. have peace with all men, go towards the common good, have a civil gov. they then switched of the speedwell all onto mayflower. they eventually sailed to cape cod. they tried to go to hudson river but it was too dangerous so they went into harbor and thanked God. they had no one to meet them, and it was scary out there. nothing sustained them but Gods grace. they tried to find a place to live, spotting some natives. they found water and natives houses, they got some corn seed. natives attacked them and they fought back, none of them were shot by natives. they thanked God.

Of Plymouth Plantation, Bradford, 1856

this city of temixtitlan is as big as sequel or cordoba (big cites in spain) the streets are wide and straight, some are land and some are canals. lots of bridges. if the people wanted to hurt us they could just get rid of the bridges and stare us so i quickly made bridges. the city has loads of squares for trading. they sell everything, lies lime fame ducks skins herbs. they have barbers and restaurants and men like porters carry loads. lots of veggies and good food. even syrup and honest. there is lots of good spun cotton in every color. deer skin pots, chicken fish. each kind of merchandise is sold in its own street. everything is sold by number and size. there is square were criminals are sentenced. there are temples which are beautiful, priests who never cut their hair lice there. no women are allowed. there is one special huge temple. forty towers fifty steps and 500 people could lice in there. they keep idols there. I took some and threw the down, and put our lady and the saints in their place. they were mad because they said everyone would be angry with me. I told them about the one true God. they said since they had been a long time from the native lands, they may be religiously confused, but since i came str8 from there i probably knew better and they would do what i said. their idols were buffer than a man and made of seeds and dough an human hearts. there are beautiful houses here with flowers and multiple stories. there is goo water. people here are dressed really nice here because Mutezuma and the other chiefs always come. they are polite and live like spanish people with harmony and order, impressive because they are barbaric and don't know OGd

Second Letter to the Spanish Crown, Hernan Cortes, 1522

in deuteronomy 32 35 Gods vengeance is threatened on the wicked israelites, he is chosing "their foot shall slide in due time" for his text. 1 it implies that the israelites were always exposed to destruction, 2 and always exposed to sudden unexpected destruction, 3 that they don't need any help falling but do it on their own 4 that they only haven't fallen because Gods time hasn't come. "there is nothing that keeps wicked men at any one moment out of hell but the mere pleasure of God" 1 God has the power to cast wicked men to hell easily 2 they deserve it 3 they are already under a sentence of condemnation 4 they are already objects of the same anger God has towards those already in hell, in fact he is maybe more angry with wicked men on earth. 5 the devil is ready to take the wicked people, he owns their souls. 6 There are in wicked men hellish principles that would take over if not for God. 7 there is no security for wicked men, at any minute you could be on the brink of eternity. 8 a mans own prudence will not save him. 8 wicked mens plans to avoid hell while they avoid christ will not save them. 10 God is under no obligation to keep anyone out of hell. there is no promise for eternal life except the covenant of grace (that you will be saved if you believe in God). application: to awake unconverted people, who think that they are being kept out of hell for reasons that aren't God. Gods wrath is huge, sinners think of your danger. also consider 1. who's wrath it is: that of an infinite God. 2. the fierceness of his wrath. 3. the misery you will be exposed to. 4. that this is ever lasting wrath. You have an incredible opportunity: God has opened the door of mercy. Gods wrath is over everyone, run away

Sinners in the Hands of an angry God, Edwards, 1741

some people thought the states weren't ready to be free, but they were almost there so we decided to wait until july 1 for the declaration of independence. we set up the committees. we also set up the committee to prepare the plan of the new country, and to state the terms for a foreign alliance. we debated the motion from the Virginian delegates. we were divided. we postponed the decision till the next day. then more delegates came and that swayed the vote. we then considered the declaration of independence. we were most worried about our english friends. because of this we knocked out the articles that dissed england so they wouldn't get mad. we also had to get rid of the anti slavery bits cause of south carolina and georgia who had no intention of stopping w the slavery. northerners also were tentative about it because even thought they didn't have slaves they carried them to others. on july fourth we finally finished and signed it except dickinson who was a dick about it and didn't like it. this is what it says: when it comes time for political bonds to be broken, people should declare the reason. we know that all men are created equal. (equal in a moral sense, moral sense is a mans highest faculty and the one that is equal according to Willis). we all have inherent rights: life liberty pursuit of happiness, and fox are set up to secure those. gov power comes from the consent of the governed and whenever a gov goes bad its the peoples duty to abolish it and make a new. establish gov shouldn't be changed for small things obviously, usually people suffer if the evil is sufferable . but when there have been lots of similar abuses it is the right of the people to throw off the gov and make a new one that will protect them and their rights. that is the deal in the colonies. the king of GB is continuously abusing the states, he is tyrannical. to prove it lets have some facts. he has refused to agree to laws that are necessary for the public good. he has forbidden governors to pass important laws and then neglects to attend to them himself. he refuses to pass laws that will help lots of people unless those people remove their representation in legislature. he makes the legislative meetings hard to get to and far away to fatigue people into compliance. he has dissolved representative houses just for opposing his invasions on rights. he has refused to let anyone else be elected, which leaves the state in danger. he has tried to stop the population of the states, stopping people from migrating. he has stopped justice by refusing to agree to establishing laws for judges. he has made judges dependent on him for everything, he has made lots of new offices and sends those officers to harass our people, he has kept armies among us without our consent, he has tried to make the military superior to and independent of the people. he has combined with the parliament to subject us to jurisdiction we didn't agree to, like putting soldiers with us, pardoning them for murders, stopping out trade, taxing us, removing our trial by jury, abolishing free system of laws in quebec, making a ridiculous gov and enlarging it to take away all our rights. he has given up his power here by waging war against us, plundering our seas, burning our towns, hurting our people etc. he has transported german mercenaries here to hurt us. he has constrained our captives taken on sea. he has tried to make the indians against us. he has done lots of treasonable things and waged war against human nature itself when he violated rights of life and liberty. in every state of these oppressions we have tried to stop it with humble terms, but he has only gotten worse. someone like this isn't fit to be a ruler of the free. we haven't neglected the british, we have told them about the problems. they are deaf to the voice of justice. we must become free from britain. thus we declare ourselves free from the british crown, and disolve all political connections. we will do everything as our own country; war, peace, commerce, alliances. we pledge to each other our lives fortunes and hours. this was written on the 4th of july and signed again the 2 of august in legal hand on parchment.

The Autobiography of Thomas Jefferson, Jefferson, 1829

hamilton: dear people of newyork. we would life you to think about a new constitution. it will be best if we make the decisions thinking only about the public good. this is obviously very important a big worry is that some will distinguish their own interest over others. however just our sentiments are, there will be anger and passion. I'm asking you guys to only focus on the good of this nation when you make these decisions. i obviously think you should adopt this constitution. i think it will be the best for your liberty and happiness. madison: dear new yorkers. a good union will neutralize the violence of a faction. there are 2 ways to get rid of a faction: remove its causes, controlling its effects. to remove its causes you can destroy its liberty ( a bad idea) or make everyone believe the same thing (impractical, unwise, there will always be differing opinions). the causes of factions are the nature of man, they are seen in different degrees everywhere. no man can be a judge to his own cause. men can't be judges and parties at the same time, but the most important jobs of legislation is to judge. what we really want is for this go to be esteemed and adopted. pure democracy, can not cure the problems of faction. a republic is a better idea. the 2 big differences between these are the delegation of go and the number of citizens that they can govern over. republic can govern more, and a small number of citizens are elected by the rest. the only problem is that with such a big number of people its hard for a representative to actually know all their interests. overall a republic will be best

The Federalist, Jefferson, 1788

in the beginning there were 2 worlds, the lower world in great darkness had a monster in charge but the upper had mankind. a women up there got pregnant with twins. the pregnancy was stressing her out so her relatives laid her on a mattress and induced her. the land under her sunk down. the monsters of the underworld saw her falling and gathered where she was going to land. they decided to grab some earth and put it where she would land. they decided someone had to save her but no one would do it but the turtle. they put earth on the turtles back. when the woman landed on the turtle he got bigger. and got bushes on him. the women became in a state of total darkness then one of the twins became evil and tried to leave by the woman arm. the other twin tried to stop him. this made the woman's stomach hurt, then th twins were born into the dark world and the woman died. the twins lived without a nurse and stayed in the dark area. the turtle became an island. Enigorio was the good one and Enigonhahetgea was the bad. the good one made the dark world light, he made his mums head into the sun. he also made the moon stars creeks rivers animals. the monsters of the dark didn't like the light and hid from it. enigorio then made humans called ea-gwe-howe, the real people. enigonhahetgea made big mountains waterfalls, and reptiles. he tried to make humans but he couldn't. the good makes souls for the people. the bad tried to kill the people by hiding the animals but the good stopped him. the bad challenged the good to a challenge to win the universe. the good twin tells the bad that he can by killed by being beaten with plants, but thats not true. the good kills the bad by beating him with deer antlers. the bad sinks to eternal doom where he takes the souls of men after death and becomes the evil spirit. then the good fixed the earth and retired from the earth.

The Iroquois Creation Story, Cusick, 1827

lots of people want the esteem of your majesty. though everyone wants advantages gained by ambition and action, everywhere you can see inequalities of fortune that happened by accident. this is the will of God. me myself took the march abroad with royal authorization, but no other expedition ever had such futile or fatal a conclusion. my remanning duty is to tell what i saw while i wandered over remote lands. I'm not just altering about flora and fauna but about the people we were among. since this is an important story to tell, i have written it exactly, minimizing instead of exaggerating. i hope you take this story as homage, since its the best i could do. THE MALHADO WAY OF LIFE: (these are the capoques and hans of coastal texas) the people are tall and well built, and they only had bows and arrows which they used well. some had gauges in their nipples and lips. their women are always working. from oct to feb they eat roots that the women dug and fish. they love their children more tan anything, if a son dies, the whole village weeps and the parents set off and wail before dawn, at noon, and at sunset for a year. after that funeral rites start. after the rises the smoke stain of the dead is washed off. the people who die of old age tho aren't treated this way, their deaths aren't regretted. all the dead are buried except the medicine men who are cremated. everyone dances while the medicine man is crisped. a year lated, for his rites everyone drinks water mixed with his bone powder. each man has a wife except medicine men who have several. when a daughter marries she takes everything her husband kills to her dad, and her husband bets proceeded by the female carrier from the father in laws house. the brides parents can't go in the son inlaws house and vice versa. they can't talk too each other either. the girl can talk to her in laws though. if a son or brother dies, no one goes out for food for 3 months, and neighbors provide for them. indians wouldn't break this custom to save their own lives from starvation. 3 months out of the year they only eat oysters. their houses are made of mats and their floors out of oyster shells. they sleep on animal skins. lots of times i had to go 3 days without eating, like the natives. everyone goes around naked expect women cover themselves in moss sometimes and maids dress in deerskin. people are generous, there is now chief. they speak capoque and han. they have a custom where if acquaintances weep for a half hour before speaking. then the one people visited gives the visitor all he has. the visitor takes its all. in april we went to the seashore and ate blackberries all month, a time of fiestas among the indians. LIFE AMONG AVAVARES AND ARBADAOS: the avavares indians of this area (inland texas) don't know anything about time, only the seasons of fruits fish and stars. they treat us well, we lice as free agents digging our own food getting our own wood and water. the houses and diet were like the hans and capoques but they have even less, no corn acorns or beans. we went naked like them and slept in deerskin. for 6 of the 8 months we stayed with them were were hungry, there were no fish. after 8 months i traveled with a space to the maliacones, and sent for my friends after i arrived. we set out w the maliacones to find fruit, and they joined with the arbadaos. we left the maliacones to be with the arbadaos and with them were almost starving. were were not used to the sun so we had big sun sores and shed our skin. shrugs tore our flesh, our cords cur our arms. to bear it i thought about Jesus and how much worse his torment was. i traded with the natives and sometimes they would set me to scraping skins. sometimes we ate raw meat. we couldn't cook it or someone would steal it. we eventually left our hosts. rain got us and we got lost. we put ourselves in GOds hands. we saw some indians and found a village. they were surprised to see us. we stayed with them, they asked us to bless their sick. another tribe came to the village and we left with them, even thought the villagers cried and wanted us to stay. in these regions indians don't sleep with their wives until two years after they give brith and children nurse till twelve, if they didn't they would get no food at all. anyone who gets sick is left to die unless its a son or brother, who they will help. if a man is childless he will live his wife and find a new one if there is an argument. fi he has children he won't leave his wife. men will get in fistfights and other me will never interfere. they never use bows or arrows. after the fight they will go home and scrub wood to cool off, and after that they will be friends again. eventually we came nearer to christians. i overtook them an they were surprised to see my undressed and with indians. i talked to the captain alacraz. my comrades met up with me eventually and brought with them 600 natives. the natives brought us food. alacraz and co wanted to make the notices slaves. we got so angry about this that we stormed off and forgot our belongings, which we ended up losing. we escorted the indians back home. they wanted to give us to other indians, because they feared we would die alone. they refused to believe alacraz that me and my people were whites, because we healed, they killed, we were naked, they were clothed, we gave, they robbed. this is great land, it has lots of crops trees fruits, ricers and mines with silver and gold. they people are nice. the indians said that they wold do aw we said and rebuild their towns if the christians let them. we left them in peace and thanked them. the christian slavers wouldn't let us talk to the natives or tell us about their scheme. often motives are misjudged: we thought were were helping the indians' liberty, but the christians were poising to pounce.

The Relation of Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca, Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca, 1542

the iroqouis: we (me and my montagnais allies) traveled up the ricer to the entrance to the lake, when we entered the lake we saw 4 beautiful islands, which were abandoned by the indians because of war. lots of rivers and trees with fine wines. i asked about the mountain tops and the notices said the iroquois lived there and that there were corn fields there. we got close to enemies and started to travel only a night. our native friends were doing ceremonies. I had a dream about our Iroquois enemies being taken down. as we paddled we found the iroquois. they barricaded themselves. there was dancing and song on both sides. their chiefs met together. The chiefs wore plumes. i shot one of the chiefs with my arquebus. then the iroquois shot back with many rows and were afraid. they fled and the montagnais took their corn and some prisoners. we named the place lake champlain. the montagnais tortured the prisoners. finally they let me shoot him. they cut up his body and ate pieces of his heart. its better to be killed in battle. finally me and my allies separated in friendship. they wanted me to go and aid them continuously i said i would.

The Voyages of the Sieur de Champlain, Samuel de champlain 1625

Explain John Winthrop's concept of "the city on the hill" that he describes in his 1630 sermon, "A Model of Christian Charity." How was this concept significant for the Massachusetts Bay Colony? How is it significant today?

The idea was that they were an example for everyone in the world, because they were some of the first european people in america. they were an example to the world on this christian enterprise. nowadays i guess all christians are in their own way a city on a hill.

According to William Bradford, what reasons made the Pilgrims' voyage to the New World necessary?

They were facing persecution in England, the Church of England they felt was morally compromised. the journey to america was the last step in a long march of exile. they noticed that their current place was very hard, that people were being cheerful and strong anyway, that their children were being overworked despite that "their minds were free and willing" , and that they wanted to build a base for Christ in remote parts of the world

Why do the Indians not believe that Cabeza de Vaca is one of the Christians? What questions does their disbelief raise about the nature of the Christians' behavior?

Vaca's people healed, the chrstians killed, they were naked, the christians were clothed, vaca's gave, they robbed. generally speaking, vaca's treated the natives like people, respecting their lifestyles and conforming to their customs where they could. the christian slavers were typical slaver christians. obviously this means that the christian slavers were not christians and were terrible people etc etc. they must have been super bad actually because the natives couldn't even believe that they could be related to vaca's people

How does Paine attempt to make himself credible in these texts?

he mentions that he is only using common sense, and is removing personal statements from the mix. he writes with fluent command of language which makes him seem smart enough to listen to. pretty much the reasons that he is persuasive are the reasons he is credible.

What kind of companion does Abigail seem to be to John? How would you characterize their marriage relationship, based on these letters? How many years did they live apart?

a good one, intellectually stimulating, loving, caring. 9 years. they care about the company the other keeps, the details of their lives.

Explain Paine's use of rhetoric in both of these texts. How did he make his arguments so persuasive?

he first in both essays explains what current events made him write the piece. this makes his essays seem relevant and gripping. he mentions in common sense that he isn't saying anything personal, and in age of reason he explains that he isn't trying to condemn anyones religion. this makes him seem reasonable and creditable. he first clearly explains what he does believe, and then starts to give opposing arguments, which he systematically knocks down. in age of reason specifically, he also explains specifically why he doesn't believe certain christian beliefs. in common sense specifically, he makes an emotional pull by telling those who hate tyranny and love mankind to stand with him.

I've been wanting to talk about religion, i know its tough. I want this to be not of the last things i write about. it just happened in france that the entire priest hood has been abolished and that made me write this faster and made me writing this more important, because we may fall into superstition loss of theology, etc. i believe in one God, and hope for heaven. I believe in equality of men and religious duties are doing justice, loving mercy, and making our fellow men happy. in case people get confused tho this is what i don't believe: national churches. they are set up to enslave making for profit. I don't want to condemn other people beliefs, they have th right to believe them. After i published comment sense i saw that a gov revolution would likely be followed by a religious one. the church state thing would be changed and people would go back to believing in a one true God. every church thinks that they have a special mission from God and a special book. I don't believe it at all. Revelation is when God speaks to man. Because of that none of these revelations are true, because they are secondhand. this i don't believe in moses' commandments or the koran or the virginn mary. jesus story is heathen mythology, thats why jews don't accept it. i can't believe that chirsitan church came out of heathen mythology. the trinity is based of the heathen belief of many gods. christianity seems to me to be a bit of atheism: denial of god. it believes in a man and a God. natural philosophy, the study of science, mainly astronomy, shows the greatest and power and wisdom of God, this is the true theology. instead sometimes people are now studying humans' opinions about god. its not the study of gods actual stuff but of stuff man has made. this isn't the worst of the stuff the christian system has done to the world, it made the beautiful theology all messed up and superstitious. it is fraud of christians to call science human made. science is from the universe, men just discover it. men didn't for example make the lever, they just discovered the principle. the universe teaches men. it is from true theology that science is found. God puts these science principles in the world and invites us to study it.

age of reason, Paine, 1794

Describe the overall shape of the Declaration. What form does the argument take? Can you identify the main claim, supporting claims, evidence and basic assumptions? What definitions are important? What are the main supporting reasons?

first it says that all people have these rights. then it says that if gov imposes on those rights the people can throw it off. they then state all the things that britain has done wrong, then they show how they have done everything they could to fix the problem, then they declare themselves free. main claim is that people have inalienable rights and when those are breached they can throw off government, that those have been breached so america can throw of government. supporting claims are all the condemnations of the crown. basic assumptions are that all have inalienable rights and that those rights are life liberty and pursuit of happiness. inalienable is an important word.

What reasons Paine does give in Common Sense for supporting war with and independence from Britain?

he says that britian wrecks americas economy, especially with its own wars, and has already ruined boston. it is our right to have our own government. he refutes the claims of people who say that america has much to be gained by staying with GB: Some say that america has flourished under britain so we should keep that to stay powerful . this is like saying a kid has to breast feed their whole life. some think britain protected us, but this was for britains own good rather than ours. some say that the colonies don't have connections except the parent country, but thats not a good way to prove relationships. some say that britain is the parent country. so shame on her for her conduct. but england isn't the parent, europe is. but in if we were all english, what dos that mean? nothing. britain is an enemy. some say that britian and usa together will make them strong and they can bid defiance to the world. but that is uncertain, and why do we need to be defiant to the world? we will be friends with europe through commerce.

What differences in perspective are evident in Columbus' letters dated 1493 and 1503?

he used to love the islands now they make him weep. at first it was about him getting the islands now it is more about him getting justice for how he feels he was wronged, and asking favors from the crown, and complaining about the behavior of other explorers. he emphasizes in the second how loyal he has been to the crown ands asks them to reward that

What image of Franklin do you have in your mind as you begin reading The Autobiography? Does reading it change or expand your sense of who Franklin was?

hes a rad dude. he is incredibly smart and pushed himself into many different spheres. he pushed himself to learn on his own and was a self made man.

Why might his contemporaries have viewed Paine's 'age of reason" as an attack on Christianity?

honestly because he attacks it. he says in the beginning that everyone has a right to believe what they believe, and he isn't condemning them, but he goes forward to say that he opposes their beliefs. he says that de doesn't believe in any church: the jewish turkish roman or protestant church. the only church he believes in is his own mind. People back then were almost always part of a church, so the idea that one could believe in God and heaven but not be part of a church would seem heretical. he also says that he thinks churches are just meant to enslave people, which is even worse. he opposes revelation, saying only those who speak directly to God have true revelation, thus revelation can never be passed on. he says he doesn't believe in any of this revelation hearsay, including the virgin mary speaking to an angel. this would be heresy in most christian churches. he also says that the jesus story is heathen mythology, because it happened during a time when mythology was in fashion, it followed myth trends (person begot by a God). this would not be a popular belief. he mentions that the trinity is just a reduction of the mythological 30 thousand gods. over all people who say that christianity is heathen myth are viewed as attacking christianity. he then goes on to say that the man-ism of jesus christ makes christianity a species of atheism. christians usually hate atheists to that would be an unpopular view. he condemnation of contemporary theology also would be unpopular.

The first truth is "that all men are created equal." How is this a problematic start?

just a second before, they had decided to get rid of the anti slavery parts of the declaration because south carolina and georgia loved slavery, and because even the northern states benefited from slavery. slavery, obviously means men are not equal.

In the Declaration of Independence, what do the founding fathers mean when they say "We hold these truths to be self-evident"?

obviously true. they don't require secondary proof, they are just facts of life.