LIT MIDTERM ON FRIDAY
What existed before the creation of earth?
"Before this Earth existed, there was only water."
When did John Smith land in Virginia?
1607
What year did the witch trials occur?
1692
The snake that was killed was seven spans in length, how long is that?
63 inches / 5'3"
Henry Hudson
A famous explorer Rip meets in the mountains
What was Cotton Mather?
A prolific author and well-known minister of Boston's Old North Church. He was a true believer in witchcraft and wrote about the Salem Witch Trial. He "fanned the flames" for the witchcraft hysteria.
What is a Creation myth?
A specific kind of origin myth that explains how the world was created or how mankind came to exist.
States that have Native American names:
Alabama, Alaska, Arkansas, Arizona, Connecticut, Illinois, Hawaii, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Wisconsin, Wyoming
Who is the only witch to issue an apology for their role in the Salem witch trials/accusations?
Ann Putnam
Approximately, how many people were accused of witchcraft during the Salem Witch Trials?
Approximately 200
Columbus thought he was headed to India, but where did he land?
Bahamas
The Earth on Turtle's Back is an Origin Myth because the first sentence describes what existed before the creation of earth.
Before this Earth existed, there was on water
Who was the first witch to be hanged?
Bridget Bishop - a widow
Five notable women who were hanged in the witch trials
Bridget Bishop, Sarah Good, Susannah Martin, Martha Carrier and Martha Cory
Columbus had no navigational instruments, what did you use to determine direction and time?
Compass and hourglass
After the Bahamas, Columbus plans to set sail for a very large island he believes to be Cipango, but the Indians call is the Island of Colba. What do we call that island today?
Cuba
VOCAB WORDS a. Ablutions b. Confederate c. Disposition d. Wampum e. Spans
DEFINITIONS a. Ablutions: cleansing the body as part of a religious rite b. Confederate: united with others for a common purpose c. Disposition: an inclination or tendency d. Wampum: small beads made of shells (from the Iroquois Constitution) e. Spans: unit of measure, each equal to about nine inches (Columbus' Journal)
In the Iroquois Constitution what is used to represent lordship and power when mentors of the Five Nations are crowned?
Deer antlers
Who was the youngest person to be accused of witchcraft?
Dorothy Good (Sarah Good's daughter), she was 4 years old when she was accused. She was also forced to turn on her mother and claim her mother was a witch
What does Columbus trade with the native?
Glass beads for water
What did Queen Isabella and her husband, King Ferdinand agree to with Columbus?
He asked for and received the right to rule any lands he conquered, and he is entitled to 10 percent of all wealth from those lands.
In the picture of Columbus, what does his pose indicate?
He is triumphant. The flag shows that he is claiming the land for his country.
How did Columbus know he was getting close to land?
He saw coastal seaweed and birds flying overhead
At first, the Chief of the Sky Spirits is happy to know his daughter is alive and well, but he quickly become angry, for what reason?
He sees his daughter taking care of strange creatures he had not created that turned out to be his grandchildren. He was angry because someone other than him has created a new race.
Does Columbus encounter any people when he lands?
Immediately upon landing he finds a furnished but empty house.
Why does Columbus include the story of skinning the snake in his journal entry?
It may suggest that he wanted to alert future explorers of possible threats
What is spectral evidence?
It's testimony that the accused witch's spirit appears to a witness in a dream or vision
What Virginia town was founded by John Smith?
Jamestown
First man accused of witchcraft
John Proctor was the first man accused of witchcraft. He died by hanging and was one of five people killed the day he died, four men and one woman.
Who helped lead the first successful English colony in America?
John Smith
THE SECRET LANGUAGE OF SISTERS
LUANNE RICE
What description and items tell the reader that Columbus is on a tropical island?
Lush and flourishing trees, wonderfully delicious odor (from fruit) and exquisite melody of birds (Parrots)
William Bradford helped lead the Pilgrims to what current U.S. state?
Massachusetts
The five original Iroquois nations were the...
Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, and Seneca
NATIVE AMERICAN LITERATURE
NATIVE AMERICAN LITERATURE
What is the largest Native American nation in the U.S. today?
Navajo nation
Where did the Modoc tribe relocate to before being allowed to return to their Oregon reservation?
Oklahoma
Peter Vanderdonk
Oldest man in the village and the only one to recognize Rip when he returns.
Who did the daughter marry in When Grizzlies Walked Upright?
One of the mother Grizzly's sons, a bear
PURITAN WRITING ERA
PURITAN WRITING ERA
What geographic features might have led to the development of different ways of life for Native Americans?
Presence or absence of water, forests, and mountains
What color was the hair of the Chief of the Sky Spirits' daughter?
Red
Judith Gardenier
Rip's daughter; she takes him in after his return to the village.
Important Information
Rip's dog's name is Wolf. When Rip meets the small troll like people in the woods, they are playing "ninepin," which is similar to bowling Rip's favorite spot in tow is the Village Inn which became The Union Hotel, by Johnathan Doolittle
Dame Van Winkle
Rip's nagging wife
Important extra information
Roo was late picking up Tilly because she was taking a picture for a photography contest In addition to Tilly, Isabel and Newton texted Roo the day of her accident. Roo calls her favorite nurse pearl because she wears a three-pearl necklace Tilly's group is called TEN for Tilly, Emily, and Nona.
Isabel
Roo's best friend who thinks she may have caused Roo's accident because she texted her friend before her accident. Upon discovering the truth that Roo had texted Tilly at the time of her accident, Isabel tells Tilly she must tell her mother the truth or she will tell her. Isabel can't live with the grief and thought that Tilly is to blame for the accident
Newton
Roo's boyfriend, who is devoted to her even after the accident, watches out for Tilly. In fact, he is the one who ends up picking her up at the museum and tells her there has been an accident.
Mathilda (Tilly)
Roo's little sister who was the one who texted Roo leading to her accident. She blames herself for being impatient and continuously texting her sister leading to the accident. She ends up having a crush on Roo's boyfriend and even kisses him, but eventually falls for
What does one animal point out about the Woman From The Sky (the Sky Spirits' wife) that makes her not like them?
She doesn't have webbed feet
When the men uprooted the Great Tree, what happen to the Great Chief's wife?
She leans too far over and falls into the hole
How did the daughter of the Chief of the Sky Spirits end up with the grizzly bear family?
She poked her head out of the hole and turned toward the west, the Wind Spirit caught her long hair and pulled her out of the mountain.
When the Chief of the Sky Spirits threw pieces of his giant stick into the river what happened?
Small pieces became fish Large pieces turned into beaver and otter
Summary/ Important
Story begins in Tarry Town Sleepy Hollow - main character Ichabod Crane is a teacher and he goes missing the day after the Van Tassel Party Katrina Van Tassel the object to Ichabod Crane's desire. She's fairly wealthy Ichabod Crane leaves the Van Tassel's party at witching time. Aside from the horse, Ichabod Crane's hat was the only thing found belonging to Crane the morning after. Washington Irving used a lot of imagery to describe specific scenes in one description at Katrina's he envisioned various foods as he looked out on the farm/land, including Roasted pigs with apples in their mouths, pigeon Pie with a light flaky crust, geese swimming in their own gravy Brom Bones is Ichabod Crane's biggest competition for Katrina Van Tassel's affections. *His horse's name was Daredevil. Ichabod's horse's name was Gunpowder* Legend has it the headless horseman is fought in the Revolutionary War Brom Bones says he and the Headless Horseman raced for a sword
Aside from the Turtle, name two animals from the Earth on Turtle's Back.
Swan, Muskrat, Duck, Beaver
According to the Modoc origin myth, who formed the landscape and the creatures of the Earth?
The Chief of the Sky Spirits
The Onondaga tribe was originally from Canada where they acquired what?
The French language
To make the dream of the Great Chief's wife a reality, what must happen?
The Great Tree must be uprooted.
What was the biggest animal made by the Sky Spirit?
The Grizzly Bear
Which culture from the three myths sees the spirits as vengeful?
The Modoc culture sees the Sky Spirit as vengeful, as evidenced by the grizzly's punishment
Which culture from the three myths sees the spirits as generous and kind?
The Navajo culture generously transforms corn into human beings
Whom do the Onondaga credit with bringing Earth into existence?
The animals of the water as well as the Sky Woman
According to The Earth on Turtle's Back, what caused the markings on a turtle's shell?
The markings came from the muskrat's paw
What animal ultimately brought the earth up?
The muskrat
What are Origin Myths?
The need to explain how life began gave birth to myths and traditional stories that were passed down from generation to generation.
What natural phenomenon is explained in the following passage? "So, he carved a hole in the sky with a stone and pushed all the snow and ice down below until he made a great mound that reached from the earth almost to the sky."
The origin of the Mount Shasta volcano which is about fifty miles south of the Oregon border in present-day California.
Circle Girls...
The so-called Circle Girls who led the charge for accusing suspected witches included, Ann Putnam (many believed she was the leader of the group), Betty Parris, and Abigail Williams. In all Ann Putnam named and/or testified against 62 people - among those she names, Rebecca Nurse and Salem pastor George Burroughs.
When the Chief of the Sky Spirits blew on leaves what happened?
They turned into birds
According to the myth When Grizzlies Walked Upright, who did the Chief of the Sky Spirits grandchildren become?
They were the first Native Americans, the ancestors of all the Indian tribes
How many times was William Bradford reelected as governor?
Thirty times
What was the purpose of Columbus writing a journal?
To convince Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand to continue funding his explorations
When the Chief of the Sky Spirits touched the ground with his fingers what happened?
Trees grew
LEGEND OF SLEEPY HOLLOW
WASHINGTON IRVING
RIP VAN WINKLE
WASHINGTON IRVING
In The Navajo Legend, white body was carrying two ears of corn, what colors were they?
White & Yellow
Diedrich Knickerbocker
a historian who narrates Rip's story
Dr. Sarah Danforth
a specialist in pediatric neurovascular disease. She is Roo's main doctor in her hometown of Black Hall.
How many were killed in the Salem Witch Trials?
a. 19 suspected witches (both men and women) were hanged b. 1 man, Giles Corey was pressed to death between stones
What is swimming the witch?
a. After tying the suspected witch up, they would be thrown in the river. i. Those who sank were ruled innocent and weren't witches ii. those who floated where found guilty of bewitching behavior
What were some of the words used by Native Americans that were taught to the new explorers?
a. Food - squash, hominy, pecan, pone, succotash b. People - sachem, papoose c. Native American life - moccasin, tomahawk, kayak, toboggan, bayou, caucus
What were three key developments from colonial life at the beginning of the American literature timeline?
a. Founding of Harvard University b. first printing press c. free public schools
Cultural details from each selection include:
a. Onondaga: dreams are important, water and water animals are central to their culture b. Modoc: they live in the mountains, valleys, rivers, and volcanoes. Mount Shasta is very important to them c. Navajo: Corn is central to Navajo life; the culture associates the wind with life d. Iroquois: Trees and fire symbolize strength and community. The Iroquois prize peace, obedience, honesty, patience, and goodwill
Origin Myths contain cultural details, such as references to objects, animals, or practices that illuminate how the people of the culture live, think, and worship.
a. Origin Myths explain why something exists, phenomena, including: i. Customs, institutions, or religious rites ii. Natural landmarks such as a great mountain iii. Events beyond people's control iv. Look for the roles that nature and animals play in Native American life and note who or what is responsible for the start of life on Earth.
In Cotton Mather's book, The Wonders of the Invisible World, you can be accused of witchcraft for a variety of reasons, including:
a. having a "devil's mark," e.g., birthmark, freckles, moles, scars, etc. b. a neighbor, friend, servant/maid may be close enough to teach or convey from man to man c. acting out, being mischievous - scratching, thrashing d. being dangerously sick for no apparent reason e. if you conferred with a known witch or took part in witchcraft rituals
Ann Putnam's parents also accused dozens of townspeople of witchcraft, many of whom were seen as family rivals/enemies.
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Another man hanged after being suspected of being a witch was George Burroughs, a former pastor of Salem Village. Just before he was hung, he perfectly recited the Lord's Prayer, something that was thought couldn't be done if you were a witch. Despite doubts from the audience, Cotton Mather convinced the crowd that this was the Devil's work and the hanging continued.
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If you spoke out in defense of an accused witch, you would then end up being accused.
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Native Americans greeted the earliest European settlers as friends. They instructed the newcomer in their agriculture and woodcraft and taught them how to live on the land.
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Native Americans have been on the continent at least 30 times longer than the Europeans.
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Native Americans have great respect for the natural world.
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Origin myths explain natural phenomena, customs, and specific characteristics of animals. Here are some examples: the marks on the turtle's back from the muskrat, the walking posture of the grizzly bears, and the importance of deer in The Navajo Legend
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The Onondaga believe that dreams are powerful, influential messages and that the dreams must be obeyed.
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The ancient chief on the Skyland tells his wife her dream is one of great power and as they do with any powerful dream, they must do everything they can to make it true.
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The language of the Iroquois Constitution is more formal because it reflects the serious purpose behind the work
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Witches in Salem were *not* burned at the stake. That was a practice in Europe.
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Ruth Ann McCabe (Roo)
becomes paralyzed and suffers from locked-in syndrome after a texting and driving accident. She is Tilly's big sister and have a love of photography. She hopes to attend Yale University where her father worked before he died
Slater
his mother is confined to a wheelchair and needs a lot of assistance. He is the one person who understand how Tilly may actually feel. The two eventually become romantically involved.
What is cartography
map making
Rip Van Winkle
the protagonist; he falls asleep in the Catskill Mountains and wakes up 20 (twenty) years later.
Martha
the woman who Roo nearly hit when she texted and drove. Roo did hit and injure Martha's dog Lucan. Marth's sister *Althea* died years ago and Martha blamed herself for the death and makes the comparison between her situation and that of Roo and Tilly. In addition Althea's husband is my former boyfriend.