Living Anatomy I: Class 10 (Questions)

How many Thoracic Vertebrae?

12

How many intervertebral disks are there in the whole spine?

23 No Disks below C1 in sacrum or coccyx.

How many Vertebrae?

26 Distinct Vertebre 33 Short Bones Called Vertebrae * some are fused (sacrum, coccyx) Question: If Sacrum are 5 fused bones and the Coccyx 4, then why not 26+9=35?

How many fused vertebrae are there in the Coccyx?

4

How many fused vertebrae are there in the Sacrum?

5

How may Lumbar Vertebrae?

5

How many Cervical Vertebrae?

7

What type of joints are all facet joints? What shape?

Z-Joints Zygapophyseal, apophyseal or Z-joints

What is Spinal STENOSIS?

An abnormal narrowing of the spinal canal Wiki: Spinal stenosis is an abnormal narrowing (stenosis) of the spinal canal that may occur in any of the regions of the spine. This narrowing causes a restriction to the spinal canal, resulting in a neurological deficit. Symptoms include pain, numbness, paraesthesia, and loss of motor control. The location of the stenosis determines which area of the body is affected.[1] With spinal stenosis, the spinal canal is narrowed at the vertebral canal, which is a foramen between the vertebrae where the spinal cord (in the cervical or thoracic spine) or nerve roots (in the lumbar spine) pass through.[2] There are several types of spinal stenosis, with lumbar stenosis and cervical stenosis being the most frequent. While lumbar spinal stenosis is more common, cervical spinal stenosis is more dangerous because it involves compression of the spinal cord whereas the lumbar spinal stenosis involves compression of the cauda equina.

What are the functions of vertebral facet joints?

Biomechanics Function: Guide & Limit Movement of the Spinal Motion Segment These functions can be disrupted by degeneration, injury, instability, osteoarthritis or surgery.

Can you identify the different parts of a Vertebra?

Body Pedicle Transverse Process Articular Facets Lamina Spinous Processes

Which vertebrae have a TRANSVERSE foramen? Which artery passes though this?

Cervical Vertebral Artery

When a disk is "herniated" what is happening?

Disk hernation ("bulging disk") refers to the loss of integrity of annulus fibrosus and migration of nucleus pulposus (like squeezing a tube of toothpaste) Rupture = nucleus pulposus breaks through ALL of the fibrous rings & is extruded to the outside. ("toothpaste comes out of tube")

Which side of the sacrum has the "Median Crest"?

Dorsal

Does the Serrates Posterior Interior help with inflation or exhalation?

Exhalation Serrates Posterior Superior & Inferior: These two muscles stabilize the rib cage from above & below and assist in inspiration & expiration respectively. The SUPERIOR is sandwiched between the rhomboids & erector spinae muscles and assists in INSPIRATION. The INFERIOR is deep to the thoracolumbar fascia and assists in EXPIRATION.

Where is the Foramen Magnum?

How the Occiput sits on C1 The odontoid process (dens) of C2 juts up into the anterior part of the ring of the atlas, and is held in place by the tough transverse ligament of the atlas. This allows the atlas (C1) to pivot without slipping anteriorly.

ILS of the Back & Small Miracle Requested

ILS SMR Erector Spinae 1. Iliocostalis 2. Longissimus 3. Spinalis Transversospinalis 4. Semispinalis 5. Multifidus 6. Rotatores

Which erector is the strongest LATERAL FLEXOR of the spine?

Iliocostalis The lateral border of longissimus = "inner" Bladder line (1.5 cun lateral to PML). In the low back, the lateral border of iliocostalis = "outer" BL line.

Which Erector is most Lateral?

Iliocostalis The most lateral of the ES group Flatter and wider than Longissimus Thoracic portion travels under the scapula. Does NOT go to the skull Strongest Lateral Flexor Broken into 3 parts: Lumborum, Thoracis, Cervicis.

Where is GV2? English Name: Lumbar Shu Pinyin Name: Yao Shu Chinese Character: 腰俞

In the hiatus of the sacrum (where you feel a superior ridge where S4 & S5 bones were as a child).

Is the apex of the sacrum superior or inferior?

Inferior

Spinal nerves exit out of which Foremen?

Intervertebral Foreman

What is the difference between Nucleus Pulposis and Annulus Fibrosus?

Intervertebral disks are made up of a series of tough outer rings called Annulus Fibrosus and a soft gelatinous inner Nucleus Puplosus.

Which curves in the back are Primary?

Kyphosis The thoracic and sacral curvatures are the same in adult as they are in fetal life (fetal position) and they are known as primary curvatures. In the thoracic and sacral regions, these curves are oriented concave anterior and each is known as a kyphosis. Kyphotic Curves = Primary Thoracic & Sacrum Tip: Concave = Cavity or Cave

Which Erector goes from Sacrum to Skull?

Longissimus The longissimus is the thickest ("ropy") of the ES group. It is the LONGEST of the ES group: traveling to the skull. It is broken up into 3 parts: Thoracis, Cervicis, Capitis.

Which curves in the back are Secondary?

Lordosis These latter normal curvatures develop during childhood in association with lifting the head (cervical lordosis) and assuming upright sitting (lumbar lordosis) and they are thus known as secondary curvatures. In the lumbar and cervical regions the curves are convex anterior and each is known as a lordosis. Lordotic Curves = Secondary Cervical & Lumbar

Which vertebrae are larger and have more horizontal SP's?

Lumbar Vertebrae The Lumbar Vertebrae are larger and "chunkier" than thoracic vertebrae. The SP of the LV are more horizontal. Z-Joints are more sagittal The Cervical & Lumbar vertebrae have no costal facets which articulate with ribs.

Which transversospinalis muscle is thickest in the SACRUM?

Multifidi The ES group is as wide as your palm, while the transversospinalis group is generally not much wider than your thumb.

Do vertebral disks have their own blood supply?

No Disks do not have their own blood supply, but receive their nourishment from the cartilagenous endplates above and below. Osmosis.

What is scoliosis?

Normally the spine is straight when viewed from the posterior aspect (PML = straight) When a series of vertebrae deviate from the midline in a lateral curvature this is called scoliosis. *If unresolved, scoliosis can effect changes in all of the structures of the spine - vertebral bodies, disks, spinous & transverse processes, etc. The curves in scoliosis are named for the direction of the convexity & the location of the curve. Convex to the left = "left curve", convex to the right = "right curve" If more than one region is involved, the superior region is named first.

Is the Quadrates Lumborum superficial or deep to the Erectors?

O: Iliolumbar ligament, iliac crest (posterior) I: 12th rib, TP's: L1 - L4. *This muscle is wider than erectors and more deep.

Where is the Thoracolumbar Aponeurosis? TCA = Thoracolumbar Aponeurosis TCA = Lumbodorsal Facia

Origin: Posterior sacrum, iliac crest SP's: T11 & 12, L1-5 This thick area of fascia covers the medial half of the lumbar spine and the lower medial thoracic spine. It has at least 2 layers, great tensile strength and little elasticity.

What shape are facet joints?

Plane shaped synovial joints.

Which spinal Ligament helps absorb force of disk when you FLEX your spine?

Posterior Longitudinal Ligament In flexion, the Posterior Longitudinal Ligament absorbs the thrust from the Disc Nuclei (Nucleus Pulposus) towards the back.

Which muscle can "hike the hip"?

Quadrates Lumborum Actions: Laterally flex the spine (ipsilateral) Assists in extension of spine Lifts the posterior iliac crest superiorly. ("Hip-hiker") Fixes the ribs in inhalation and forced exhalation. Palpation: The QL is a strong thick muscle which is often very tight on people. Place thumb just above posterior illiac crest and "hike" up hip. Sidelying: begin laterally at waist level and palpate toward spine to feel lateral edge.

Which Transverspinalis muscle is the smallest and deepest?

Rotatores

Which Transverspinalisis muscle does not go as high as the NECK?

Rotatores? Although they go to the Cervical Vertebra. Is this questions appropriate?

Which (2) bones articulate to make the SI joint?

Sacrum Ilium

Which Transverseospinalis Muscle is thickest in the NECK?

Semispinalis O: TP T10-C4 I: SP T7- C2, to nuchal lines on skull. A: Extension of spine, (especially neck) It is thickest and strongest in the neck and deep to Longissimus. SMR: Small Miracle Requested Semispinalis Multifidi Rotatores

Transversospinalis Group: Deep SMR = Small Miracle Requested

Semispinalis: 3-6 Vertebrae Span Superficial Extension & Lateral Flexion (ipsilateral) Multifidi: 2-4 Vertebrae Span Middle Lateral Flexion (ipsilateral) & Rotation (contralateral) Rotators: 1-2 Vertebrae Span Deep Rotation (contralateral) NOTE: Located in the Lamina Groove Pine Tree Shaped

Which Erector spans from "SP to SP"?

Spinalis

Which muscle is Deeper: semispinalis or spinals?

Spinals

What is Spinal SPONDYLOSIS?

Spondylosis is a general term which refers to degeneration of the spine that occurs with aging.

What are (3) conditions SPONDYLOSIS refers to?

Spondylosis of the Spine (degeneration due to aging) could refer to: 1. Osteoarthritis of the facet joints 2. Degenerative disk disease 3. Spinal stenosis (an abnormal narrowing of the spinal canal)

Which vertebra is directly under the skull?

The Atlas = C1

Which vertebra has the "dens" and what is it's function? Dens = Odontoid Process

The Axis = C2

Resource: Understanding Spinal Anatomy Intervertebral Disks What is Annulus Fibrosus?

The annulus fibrosus is a rugged ring-like structure that might be compared to a tyre. It completely encases the nucleus pulposus. The purpose of the annulus fibrous is to stabilize the disc, assure that the spine can rotate (twist) properly, and resist compression or other stresses put on the spine. The annulus fibrosus is made up of water and strong elastic collagen fibers. The fibers are oriented at different horizontal angles in such a way that it gives the annulus fibrosus extra strength. This fibrous structure has been compared to a radial tyre. The collagen in the annulus fibrosus is made of up of protein bound together by proteoglycan gel into fibrous bundles. Source: http://www.nshdubai.com/intervertebral-discs

Resource: Understanding Spinal Anatomy Intervertebral Disks What is Nucleus Pulposis?

The center portion of the disc, protected by the rugged annulus fibrosus, is a gel-like elastic substance called nucleus pulposus. The purpose of nucleus pulposus is to help transmit and transfer stress and weight placed on vertebrae during movement and activity. The nucleus pulposus is made of the same basic materials as the nucleus fibrosus: water, collagen, and proteoglycans. The main difference between the ring-like annulus fibrosus and the gel-like nucleus pulposus is the relative amounts of these substances. The nucleus pulposus contains more water than the annulus fibrosis. Source: http://www.nshdubai.com/intervertebral-discs

Which (2) erectors use the Thoracolumbar Aponeurosis as part of their origin?

The iliocostalis and longissimus use the TCA as part of their origin. TCA = Thoracolumbar Aponeurosis TCA = Lumbodorsal Facia

Resource: Understanding Spinal Anatomy Intervertebral Disks Nucleus Pulposis and Annulus Fibrosis

The vertebral column consists of a stack of vertebral bodies, one on top of the other. Between each pair of vertebral bodies is a cushion-like structure known as the intervertebral disc or disc. The purpose of the disc is to absorb the stress and shock that is placed on the vertebral column when a person walks, runs, moves, bends, or twists. The discs prevent the vertebral bodies from grinding against each other. The discs are unique structures in the human body. They have no blood supply of their own. In fact, they are the largest structures in the body without their own blood vessel system. They are able to absorb the nutrients they need from circulating blood by means of osmosis. Each disc is made up of two parts: the annulus fibrosus (which means, roughly, the fibrous ring) and the nucleus pulposus (which means the pulpy interior). Source: http://www.nshdubai.com/intervertebral-discs The bodies of adjacent vertebrae are connected by specialized cartilaginous joints known as intervertebral discs. Each disc is composed of a central core of gelatinous material, known as the nucleus pulposus, and a surrounding series of fibrous rings known as the annulus fibrosis. Normally body weight is transmitted through the disc by loading the nucleus pulposus, which is then compressed and transfers its loading to the annulus fibrous. In most individuals, the fibers of the annulus fibrosus effectively resist this load, but in some people they do not and the nucleus pulposus is forced out of the disc, or is herniated. A herniated nucleus pulposus can have a profound effect on the adjacent spinal nerves. Two ligaments connect the vertebral bodies anteriorly and posteriorly and thereby reinforce the intervertebral disc. Source: http://www.emory.edu/ANATOMY/AnatomyManual/back.html

Which vertebrae have Costal Facets?

Thoracic

Which artery passes though the TRANSVERSE foramen?

Vertebral Artery The Vertebral Artery passes though the Transverse Foramine of C6-C1.

Resources: Sources

http://www.nshdubai.com/intervertebral-discs http://www.emory.edu/ANATOMY/AnatomyManual/back.html http://www.precisionnutrition.com/all-about-spinal-health