Ls Chapter 22

The diversification of Drosophila species in the originally vacant niches and frequently isolated habitat patches of the Hawaiian Islands is an example of which of the following?

Adaptive radiation

How do postzygotic isolating mechanisms prevent successful interspecies hybridization?

Although fertilization is successful, the resulting hybrid is unable to develop or reproduce.

Which of the following best describes the general trend in global species diversity over time?

An overall increase, but with some some sharp declines occurring at certain times

How can natural selection play a role in speciation?

As species adapt to different environments, they can accumulate differences that lead to speciation.

The idea that species are defined based on the ability to interbreed with each other and exchange genes is the basis of which species concept?

Biological species concept

Which of the following is a process in which natural selection favors individuals with traits that allow them to use resources differently than other individuals, and over time the species diverges in phenotype and resource use?

Character displacement

When populations are only partially reproductively isolated, which of the following may occur?

Despite prezygotic and postzygotic isolating mechanisms, some individuals may survive and reproduce.

Identify the two main prezygotic isolating mechanisms between lions and tigers in India.

Ecological Behavioral

What type of isolation occurs when members of one species are unable to successfully interbreed with members of another species?

Reproductive

The concept of suggests that each new species evolves continuously over long spans of time.

Second set of functioning jaws

When little or no evolutionary change in a species occurs for a long time, that time period is known as which of the following?

Stasis

Which of the following is the habitat of the scrub oak in California?

The chaparral

If reproductive isolation is the criterion used to define species, then the process of speciation is equivalent to which of the following?

The evolution of reproductive isolating mechanisms

Outside of mass extinctions, how has the rate of speciation compared to the rate of extinction over the past 600 million years?

The rate of speciation has surpassed the rate of extinction.

In Michigan, two different species of gray treefrogs, Hyla versicolor and Hyla chrysoceles, can exist in the same pond at the same time. The two species are anatomically very similar, but their mating calls differ. How would you describe the existence of such similar species in the same location?

They are sympatric species.

True or false: Populations of a single species that connect those that are more geographically separated are often intermediate phenotypically when compared to the separated populations.

True

Select all of the following that contributed to the adaptive radiation of Darwin's finches on the Galápagos Islands.

Vacant ecological niches Geographic isolation Lack of many types of mainland birds

Research regarding the pace of evolution in well-documented groups of species has shown that the pace of evolution does which of the following?

Varies depending on the group of species

Although the biological species concept can be useful when distinguishing among species, it is not as effective when pertaining to organisms that commonly undergo --- with other species and produce viable offspring.

reproduction

`Although the biological species concept can be useful when distinguishing among species, it is not as effective when pertaining to organisms that commonly undergo --- with other species and produce viable offspring.

reproduction

What type of isolation occurs when members of one species are unable to successfully interbreed with members of another species?

reproductive

When members of populations do not mate with each other or cannot produce fertile offspring, they are

reproductively isolated

True or false: The pace of speciation in most species is slow and gradual.

false

Darwin's --- likely evolved after an ancestral species colonized the Galapagos Islands and underwent character displacement as they adapted to the vacant ecological --- available.

finches, niches

Speciation is more likely in geographically isolated populations because which of the following does not occur?

gene flow

The concept of --- suggests that each new species evolves continuously over long spans of time.

gradualism

Populations of a single species that are quite distinct from one another phenotypically may be connected by populations that have which characteristics?

Exhibit intermediate phenotypes

What types of conditions may lead to adaptive radiation?

Formation of islands through volcanic activity and subsequent colonization A species occurs in an environment with few other species and many resources A catastrophic event leading to mass extinction

What process can promote speciation through random changes between isolated populations?

Genetic drift

Which of the following concepts suggests that each new species evolves continuously over long spans of time?

Gradualism

The evolution of these organisms is an example of adaptive radiation because populations were isolated and adapted to newly formed islands or habitat patches formed by lava flows.

Hawaiian Drosophila

What is the cause of the sixth mass extinction?

Human activity

Identify the feeding behavior and habitat of lions.

Hunt in groups in open grassland areas

Which of the following are limitations of the biological species concept?

Interspecies hybridization occurs in nature more often than was thought. It is difficult to determine whether geographically isolated species would interbreed in nature as they do in artificial settings. Reproductive isolation cannot explain speciation in organisms that reproduce asexually.

Geographic isolation can accelerate speciation due to which of the following reasons?

It restricts gene flow.

How does the biological species concept define a species?

Members of a species are able to interbreed in nature and are reproductively isolated from members of other species.

Which of the following statements is true in regard to how scientists define species based on the biological species concept?

Members of different species may be able to successfully hybridize under artificial conditions, but don't do so in the wild.

Which of the following situations are consistent with partial reproductive isolation?

Members of two populations live in the same habitat, but they do not breed due to differences in their mating rituals. Members of two populations mate primarily with members of their own population, but occasionally hybridize. Hybrid offspring have lower fitness than non-hybrid offspring, but some hybrids survive and reproduce.

What process may lead to speciation when a population adapts to its environment in such a way that it becomes reproductively isolated from other populations?

Natural selection

What is meant by the term allopatric?

Occurring in geographically separated areas

The extinction of the dinosaurs led to adaptive radiation in what group of animals?

Placental mammals

Which of the following correctly links geographic isolation to speciation?

Populations living in geographically separated areas can undergo allopatric speciation

Select the two main types of reproductive isolating mechanisms based on when they act relative to the production of a zygote.

Postzygotic isolating mechanisms Prezygotic isolating mechanisms

The formation of small islands by volcanic activity and subsequent colonization may lead to --- --- , evolution of a closely related group of species adapted to different parts of the environment.

adaptive, radiation

The toads, Bufo woodhousei and Bufo americanus have overlapping ranges. They usually do not interbreed because B. --- breeds in rainwater puddles and B. --- breeds in stream.

americanus, woodhousei

Polyploid individuals can arise in two ways. In --- , all of the chromosomes come from a single species and in --- two species may hybridize.

autopolyploidy, allopolyploidy

According to the --- species concept, species are distinguished by whether gene flow occurs between populations.

biological

The --- species concept defines a species as a group of individuals that is able to interbreed, producing viable and fertile offspring.

biological

The process by which natural selection produces a divergence in traits and resource use among sympatric species is called --- displacement.

caracter

Genetic --- leads to random changes between populations that may result in reproductive isolation.

drift

--- isolation is another term for environmental isolation.

ecological

Reproductive --- is the key to the process of speciation.

isolation

β-catenin, Bmp4, PtchI, and Lbh are genes that determine the size and shape of the cichlid ---

jaw

--- is the state of a cell or organism having more than two paired sets of chromosomes.

polyploidy

In --- isolating mechanisms a hybrid zygote is formed, but it is unable to survive or reproduce due to developmental or genetic problems.

postzygote

Hybrid inviability and hybrid infertility are two examples of

postzygotic isolating mechanisms.

There are two main types of reproductive isolating mechanisms, depending on whether or not a zygote is formed when two individuals attempt to mate. Behavioral, temporal, and mechanical isolation and prevention of gamete fusion are examples of --- isolating mechanisms whereas hybrid inviability and infertility are --- isolating mechanisms.

prezygote postzygote

Ecological isolation, behavioral isolation, and temporal isolation are examples of --- isolating mechanisms.

prezygotic

The formation of an interspecies hybrid zygote is prevented by --- isolating mechanisms, whereas --- isolating mechanisms prevent the successful development of hybrid zygotes once they are formed.

prezygotic postzygotic

One consequence of mass extinctions is that dominant species may go extinct, allowing other species to undergo adaptive --- to use the newly freed resources.

radiation

A long period of little or no evolutionary change in a species is known as

stasis

Species that are --- species can occur in the same location and are phenotypically different.

sympatric

True or false: Some populations that are considered to be separate species can interbreed and produce fertile offspring.

true

True or false: The Earth is currently experiencing a sixth mass extinction as a result of human activity.

true