LSU Spanish 2101 Final

Examples of Transitive verbs

- Félix {divirtió} a los invitados con sus chistes. (Felix amused the guests with his jokes) RV: Félix {se divirtió} en la fiesta. (Felix had fun at the party.) - Ana {acostó} a los gemelos antes de las nueve. (Ana put the twins to bed before nine.) RV: Ana {se acostó} muy tarde. (Ana went to bed very late.)

2.3 Reflexive verbs

- In a reflexive construction, the subject of the verb both performs and receives the action. Reflexive verbs (verbos reflexivos) always use reflexive pronouns (me, te, se, nos, os, se). - Many of the verbs used to describe daily routines and personal care are reflexive. - In Spanish, most transitive verbs can also be used as reflexive verbs to indicate that the subject performs the action to or for himself/herself. A transitive verb is one that takes a direct objects. (ex. Mariela compró dos boletos. {Mariela bought two tickets}, Johnny contó un chiste. {Johnny told a joke.} - Many verbs change meaning when they are used with a reflexive pronoun. - Some Spanish verbs and expressions are used in the reflexive even then their English equivalents may not be. Many of these are followed by the prepositions {a, de and en}. - When used with infinitives and present particles, reflexive pronouns follow the same rules of placement as object pronouns.

Uses of Estar

- Location or spatial relationships - Health - Physical states and conditions - Emotional states - Certain weather expressions - Ongoing actions (progressive tenses) - Results of actions (past participles)

1.2 Uses of Ser

- Nationality and place of origin - Profession or occupation - Characteristics of people, animals, and things - Generalizations - Possession - Material of composition - Time, date, or season - Where or when an event takes place

2.1 Object Pronouns Exam Modelo. Me mandaron los boletos por correo. Answer: Me los mandaron por correo.)

- Pronouns are words that take the place of nouns. -Direct object pronouns replace the noun that directly receives the action of the verb. -Indirect object pronouns identify{to whom/what} or {for whom} an action is done.

Conjunctions that require the subjunctive. - Certain conjunctions are followed by the subjunctive because they introduce actions or states that are uncertain or have not yet happened. These conjunctions commonly express purpose, condition, or intent. - If there is no change of subject in the sentence, a subordinate clause is not necessary. Instead, the prepositions {antes de, con tal de, en casa de, para and sin} can be used, followed by the infinitive. - Note that the connecter {que} is not necessary.

- a menos que (unless) - antes (de) que (before) - con tal (de) que (provided that) - en casa (de) que (in case) - para que (so that) - sin que (w/out; unless)

Verbs that change meaning when used w/ a reflexive pronoun

- aburrir (to bore) RP: aburrirse (to ger bored) - acordar {o:ue} (to agree) RP: acordarse (de) {o:ue} (to remember) - comer (to eat) RP: comerse (to eat up) - dormir {o:ue} (to sleep) RP: dormirse {o:ue} (to fall asleep) - ir (to go) RP: irse (de) (to leave) - llevar (to carry) RP: llevarse (to carry away) - mudar (to change) RP: mudarse (to move) residence - parecer (to seem) RP: parecerase (a) (to resemble; to look like) - poner (to put) RP: ponerse (to put on) clothes -quitar(to take away) RP: quitarse (to take off) clothes

Spanish RV aren't used in English. Followed by a, de, and en.

- acercarse (a) to approach - arrepentirse (de) {e:ie} to regret - atreverse (a) to dare (to) - convertirse (en) {e:ie} to become - darse cuenta (de) to realize - enterarse (de) to find out (about) - fijarse (en) to take notice (of) - morirse (de) {o:ue} to die (of) - olvidarse (de) to forget (about) - preocuparse (por) to worry (about) - quejarse (de) to complain (about) - sorprenderse (de) to be surprised (about)

Verbs and Expressions of will and influence *side note* - {Pedir} is used with the subjunctive to ask someone to do something. ex.No te pido que lo hagas ahora. (I'm not asking you to do it now.) - {Preguntar} is used to ask questions and is not followed by the subjunctive. ex.No te pregunto si lo haces ahora. (I'm not asking you if you're doing it right now.)

- aconsejar: to advise - desear: to desire; to wish - es importante: it's important - es necesario: it's necessary - es urgente: it's urgent - exigir: to demand - gustar: to like - hacer: to make - importar: to be important - insistir en: to insist (on) - mandar: to order - necesitar: to need - oponerse a: to oppose - pedir (e:i): to ask for; to request - preferir (e:ie): to prefer - prohibir: to prohibit - proponer: to propose - querer (e:ie): to want; to wish - recomendar (e:ie): to recommend - rogar(o:ue): to beg - sugerir (e:ie): to suggest

Examples Daily Routines and Personal Care

- acostarse (o:ue) to go to bed - afeitarse to shave - bañarse to take a bath - cepillarse to brush (hair/teeth) - despertarse (e:ie) to wake up - dormirse (o:ue) to fall asleep - ducharse to take a shower - lavarse to wash oneself - levantarse to get up - marquillarse to put on make-up - peinarse to comb (one's hair) - ponerse to put on (clothes) - quitarse to take off (clothes) - secarse to dry off - vestirse (e:i) to get dressed

Verbs and expressions of emotion

- alegrarse (de): to be happy (about) - es bueno: it's good - es extraño: it's strange - es malo: it's bad - es mejor: it's better - es ridículo: it's ridiculous - es terrible: it's terrible - es una lástima: it's a shame - es una pena: it's a pity - esperar: to hope/wish - gustar: to like:; to be pleasing - molestar: to bother - sentir (e:ie): to be sorry; to regret - sorprender: to surprise - temer: to fear - tener miedo a/de: to be afraid (of)

- The following five verbs are irregular in the present subjunctive.

- dar: dé, des, dé, demos, den - estar: esté, estés, esté, estemos, estén - ir: vaya, vayas, vaya, vayamos, vayan - saber: sepa, sepas, sepa, sepamos, sepan - ser: sea, seas, sea, seamos, sean

Uses of the preterite and imperfect together. - When narrating in the past, the imperfect describes what was {happening}, while the preterite describes the action that {interrupts} the ongoing activity. The imperfect provides background information, while the preterite indicates specific events that advance the plot. * - The imperfect progressive is also used to describe a past action that was in progress but was interrupted by an event.

- here are some useful sequencing expressions: {primero} - first {al principio} - in the beginning {antes (de)} - before {después(de)} - after {mientras} - while {entonces} - then {luego} - then; next {siempre} - always {al final} - finally {la última vez} - the last time

Example of Reflexive Verbs

- lavarse (to wash) oneself yo me lavo tú te lavo el/ella se lava nosotros/as nos lavamos ellos/as se lavan

Expressions with {para}

- no estar para bromas (to be in no mood for jokes) - no ser para tanto (to not be a big deal) - para colmo (to top it all off) - para que + {subjunctive} (so that) - para que {lo} sepas (just so you know) - para siempre (forever)

Expression with {por}

- por ahora (for the time being) - por allí/aquí (around there/here) - por casualidad (by chance) - por cierto (by the way) - ¡Por Dios! (For God's sake!) - por ejemplo (for example) - por escrito (in writing) - por eso (therefore; for that reason) - por fin (finally) - por lo general (in general) - por lo menos (at least) - por lo tanto (therefore) - por lo visto (apparently) - por más/mucho que (no matter how much) - por otro lado/otra parte (on the other hand) - por primera vez (for the first time) - por si acaso (just in case) - por supuesto (of course)

- Different meanings in the imperfect and preterite - the verbs {querer, saber, and conocer} have different meanings when they are used in the preterite. Notice also the meanings of {no querer and no poder} in the preterite.

- querer imperfect: {Quería} acompañarte. (I wanted to go with you). preterite: {Quise} acompañarte. (I tried to go with you but failed.) No {quise} acompañarte. (I refused to go with you.) - poder imperfect: Ana {podía} hacerlo. (Ana could do it.) preterite: Ana {pudo} hacerlo. (Ana succeeded in doing it.) Ana NO {pudo} hacerlo. (Ana couldn't do it.) - saber imperfect: Ernesto {sabía} la verdad. (Ernesto knew the truth.) preterite: Por fin Ernesto {supo} la verdad. (Ernesto finally discovered the truth.) - conocer imperfect: Yo yo {conocía} a Andrés. (I already knew Andrés.) preterite: Yo {conocí} a Andrés en la fiesta. (I met Andrés at the party.)

*(Side note: Ser, ir, dar, and ver also have irregular preterites. The preterite of ser and ir are identical.)* The preterite of hay is hubo ex: Hubo dos conciertos el viernes. (There were two concerts on Friday.)

- ser/ir: fui, fuiste, fue, fuimos, fueron - dar: di, diste, dio, dimos, dieron - ver: vi, viste, vio, vimos, vieron

Examples of verbs of will and influence in a sentence

- {Necesito} que {consigas} esta pastillas. (I need you to get these pills as the pharmacy.) - El médico siempre me {recomienda} que {deje} de fumar. (The doctor always recommends that I quit smoking.) - {Insisto} en que {vayas} a la sala de emergencias. (I insist that you go to the emergency room.) - {Se oponen} a que {salgas} si estás enfermo. (They object to your going out if you're sick.)

The preterite vs. the imperfect

Although the preterite and imperfect both express past actions or states, the two tenses have different uses, and therefore, are NOT interchangeable.

Conjunctions followed by the subjunctive or the indicative - If the action in the main clause has not yet occurred, then the subjunctive is used after conjunctions of time or concession. - If the action in the main clause has already happened, or happens habitually, then the indicative is used in the adverbial clause.

Conjunctions of time or concession: - a pesar de que (despite) - apenas (as soon as) - aunque (although, even if) - cuando (when) - después (de) que (after) - en cuanto (as soon as) - hasta que (until) - luego que (as soon as) - mientras que (while) - ni/no bien (as soon as) - siempre que (as long as) - tan pronto como (as soon as)

- The indirect object can be repeated with the construction {a + [prepositional pronoun]} to provide clarity or emphasis.

Examples: - ¿Te gusta aquel cantante? ¡{A mí} me fascina! - ¿A quién se lo dieron? Se lo dieron {a ella}.

Indirect (él/ella and ellos/as) commands - The construction {que +[subjunctive]} can be used with a third-person form to express indirect commands that correspond to the English (let someone do something.) If the subject of the indirect command is expressed, it usually follows the verb. - As the other uses of the subjunctive, pronouns are never attached to the conjugated verb, regardless of whether the indirect command is affirmative or negative.

Ex(1). - {Que pase} el siguiente. (Let the next person pass.) - {Que} lo {hago} ella. (Let her do it.) Ex(2). - {Que se lo den} José y Raquel. (Let José and Raquel give it to them.) {Que} no {se lo den} José y Raquel. (Don't let José and Raquel give it to them.) - {Que lo vuelva} a hacer Ana. (Let Ana do it again.) {Que} no {lo vuelva} a hacer Ana. (Don't let Ana do it again.)

Superlatives - Use this construction to form superlatives (superlativos). The noun is preceded by a definite article, and {de} is the equivalent of (in, on, or of). Use {que} instead of {de} when the second part of the superlative construction is a verb or a clause. -el/la/los/las + [noun] + más/menos + [adjective]+ - de + [noun] - que + [verb or clause] - The noun may also be omitted from a superlative construction.

Ex(1). - Ésta es {la playa más bonita de} todas. (This the prettiest beach of all.) - Es {el hotel menos caro que} he visto. (It's the least expensive hotel I've seen.) Ex(2). -Me gustaría comer en {el} restaurante {más elegante} de la ciudad. (I would like to eat at the most elegant restaurant in the city.) Las Dos Palmas es {el más elegante de} la ciudad. (Las Dos Palmas is the most elegant one in the city.)

Using pronouns with commands - When object and reflexive pronouns are used with affirmative commands, they are always attached to the verb. When used with negative commands, pronouns appear between {no} and the verb. - When the pronouns {nos or se} are attached to an affirmative {nosotros/as} command, the final {s} of the command from is dropped.

Ex(1). - Levánten{se} temprano. (Wake up early.) No {se} levanten tarde. (Don't wake up late.) - Di{me} todo. (Tell me everything.) No {me} digas nada. (Don't tell me anything.) Ex(2). -Sentémo{nos} aquí. (Let's sit here.) No {nos} sentemos aquí. (Let's not sit here.) -Démo{selo} mañana. (Let's give it to him/her tomorrow.) No {se lo} demos mañana. (Let's not give it to him/her tomorrow.)

- With most descriptive adjectives either ser or estar can be used but the meaning of each statement is different.

Ex. - Julio {es alto}. (Julio is tall. that is, a tall person) - ¡Qué {alto está} Miguelito! (Miguelito is getting so tall!) - Dolores {es alegre}. (Dolores is cheerful. That is, a cheerful person). - El jefe {está alegre} hoy. ¿Qué le pasa? (The boss is cheerful today. What's up with him?) - Juan Carlos {es} un hombre {guapo}. (Juan Carlos is a handsome man.) - ¡Manuel, {estás} muy {guapo}! (Manuel, you look so handsome!)

Comparisons of equality - Use these constructions to make comparisons of equality (as...as). - tan+ [adjective/adverb] +como - [verb] + tanto como - tanto/a(s) + [singular/plural noun] + como

Ex. - Adjective: El vuela de regreso no parece {tan largo como} el de ida. (The return flight doesn't seem as long as the flight over.) - Adverb: Se puede ir de Madrid a Sevilla {tan rápido} en tren {como} en avión. (You can get from Madrid to Sevilla as quickly by train as by plane.) - Noun: Cuando viaja a la ciudad, llevo {tantas maletas como} tú. (When I travel to the city, I take as many suitcases as you do.) - Verb: Guillermo {disfrutó tanto como} yo nuestro última viaja a Honduras. (Guillermo enjoyed out last trip to Honduras as much as I did.)

Ser and estar with adjectives: - Ser is used with adjectives to describe inherent, expected qualities. Estar is used to describe temporary or variable qualities or a change in appearance or condition.

Ex. - ¿Cómo {son} tus padres? (What are your parents like?) - ¿Cómo {estás}, Miguel? (How are you, Miguel?) - La casa {es} muy pequeña. (The house is very small.) - ¡{Están} tan enojados! (They're very angry!)

Irregular comparatives and superlatives: - adjectives: bueno/a (good) malo/a (bad grande (big) pequeño/a (small) viejo/a (old) joven (young) - comparative form: mejor (better) peor (worse) mayor (bigger) menor (smaller) mayor (older) menor (younger) - Superlative form: el/la mejor (best) el/la peor (worst) el/la mayor (biggest) el/la menor (smallest) el/la mayor (oldest) el/la menor (youngest) - When {grande} and {pequeño/a} refer to size and not age or quality, the regular comparative and superlative forms are used. - When {mayor} and {menor} refer to age, they follow the noun they modify. When they refer to quality, they precede the noun. - The adverbs {bien} and {mal} also have irregular comparative, {mejor} and {peor}.

Examples - Ernesto es {mayor} que yo. (Ernesto es older than I am.) - Ese edificio es {el más grande} do todas. (That building is the biggest of them all.) - María Fernanda es mi hermana {menor}. (She is my younger sister.) - Hubo un {menor} número de turistas. (There was a smaller number of tourists.)

- The preterite tense of regular verbs are formed by dropping the infinitive ending (-ar, -er, -ir) and adding the preterite endings. Note that the endings of regular -er and -ir verbs are identical in the preterite tense. - The preterite of all regulare and some irregular verbs requires a written accent on the preterite endings in the {yo, usted, él, and ella) forms.

Examples: - Ayer {empecé} un nuevo trabajo. (Yesterday I started a new job.) - Mi mamá {preparó} una cena deliciosa. (My mom prepared a delicious dinner.)

- The adjective {mismo(s)/a(s)} is usually added to clarify or emphasize the relationship between the subject and the object.

Examples: - José se lo regaló a {él}. (José gave it to him {someone else}.) - José se lo regaló a {sí mismo}. (José gave it to himself).

- These prepositions are used with {tú} and {yo} instead of {mí} and {ti}: - entre - excepto - incluso - menos - salvo - según

Examples: - Todos están de acuerdo {menos tú} y {yo}. (Everyone is in agreement except you and me.) - {Entre tú} y {yo}, Juan me cae mal. (Between you and me, I don't get along well with Juan.

Nosotros/as commands - Nosotros/as commands are used to give orders or suggestions that include yourself as well as other people. In Spanish, {nosotros/as} commands correspond to the English {let's + [verb]}. - Affirmative and negative {nosotros/as} commands are generally identical to the {nosotros/as } forms of the present subjunctive. - The {nosotros/as} commands for the {ir and irse} are irregular: {vamos and vámonos}. The negative commands are regular: {no vayamos and no nos vayamos}.

Examples: - bailer: AC: bailemos NC: no bailemos - beber: AC: bebamos NC: no bebamos - abrir: AC: abramos NC: no abramos

Verbs that end in -car, -gar, -zar have a spelling change in the {yo} form of the preterite. -car to qué -gar to gué -zar to cé All other forms are regular.

Examples: - buscar {yo busqué} - llegar {yo llegué} - empezar {yo empecé}

{Caer, creer, leer, and oír} change -i- to -y- in the third person forms (él/ella and ellos/ellas) of the preterite. They also require a written accent on the -i- in all other forms.

Examples: - caer: caí, caíste, cayó, caímos, cayeron - creer: creí, creíste, creyó, creímos, creyeron - leer: leí, leíste, leyó, leímos, leyeron - oír: oí, oíste, oyó, oímos, oyeron

Verbs with infinitive endings in -uir change -i- to -y- in the third person forms of the preterite.

Examples: - construir: construí, construiste, construyó, construimos, construyeron - incluir: incluí, incluiste, incluyó, incluimos, incluyeron

- When {mí, ti, and sí} are used with {con}, they become {conmigo, contigo, and consigo}.

Examples: - ¿Quieres ir {conmigo} al parque de atracciones? (Do you want to go on the amusement park with me?) - Laura siempre lleva su computadora portátil {consigo}. (Laura always brings her laptop with her.)

- Prepositional pronouns function as the objects of prepositions. Except for {mí, ti, and sí,} these pronouns are the same as the subject pronouns.

Examples: - ¿Qué piensas de {ella}? Ay, mi amor, sòlo pienso en {ti}. - ¿Lo compraron para {mí} o para Javier? Lo compramos para {él}

Uses of the imperfect - To describe an ongoing past action without reference to beginning or end - To express habitual past actions - To describe mental, physical, and emotional states or conditions - To tell time

Examples: 1. - {Se acostaba} muy temprano. (He went to bed early today.) - Juan siempre {tenía} pesadillas. (Juan always had nightmares.) 2. - Pedro {jugaba} al fútbol los domingos por la mañana. (Pedro liked to play soccer on Sunday mornings.) - Los jueves {solían} comprar verduras en el mercado. (On Thursdays they used to buy vegetables in the market.) 3. - En aquel entonces José Miguel sólo {tenía} quince años. (At that time José Miguel was only fifteen.) - {Estaba} tan hambriento que me comí medio pollo yo solo. (I was so hungry that I ate half a chicken, all by myself.) 4. - {Eran} las ocho y media de la mañana. (It was 8:30 AM). - {Era} la una en punto. (It was exactly 1:00.)

In the plural, reflexive verbs can express reciprocal actions done to one another.

Examples: Los does equipos {se saludan} antes de comenzar el partido. (The two teams greet each other at the start of the game.) ¡ Los entrenadores {se están peleando} otra vez! (The coaches are fighting again!)

- Stem-changing -ir verbs also have a stem change in the third-person forms of the preterite. Stem-changing -ar and -er verbs do NOT have a stem change in the preterite. - Other -ir stem-changing verbs include: - conseguir (get) - consentir (consent) - hervir (boil) - morir (to die) - preferir (prefer) - repetir (repeat) - seguir (follow) - sentir (feel) - servir (to serve)

Preterite of -ir s-c verbs examples: - pedir: pedí, pediste, pidió, pedimos, pidieron - dormir: dormí, dormiste, durmió, dormimos, durmieron

- A number of -er and -ir verbs have irregular preterite stems. Note that NONE of those verbs takes a written accent on the preterite endings. - Note that the stem of {decir[dij-]} not only ends in j but the stem vowel e changes to i. In the él/ella form of {hacer [hizo]}, c changes to z to maintain the pronunciation. Most verbs that end in -cir have j- stems in the preterite.

Preterite of irregular verbs: *u-stem* - andar: anduve, anduviste, anduvo, anduvimos, anduvieron - estar: estuve, estuviste, estuvo, estuvimos, estuvieron - poder: pude, pudiste, pudo, pudimos, pudieron - poner: puse, pusiste, puso, pusimos, pusieron - saber: supe, supiste, supo, supimos, supieron - tener: tuve, tuviste, tuvo, tuvimos, tuvieron *i- stem* - hacer: hice, hiciste, hizo, hicimos, hicieron - querer: quise, quisiste, quiso, quisimos, quisieron - venir: vine, viniste, vino, vinimos, vinieron *j- stem* - conducir: conduje, condujiste, condujo, condujimos, condujeron - decir: dije, dijiste, dijo, dijimos, dijeron - traer: traje, trajiste, trajo, trajimos, trajeron

- The imperfect tense is Spanish is used to narrate past events without focusing on their beginning, end, or completion. - The imperfect tense of regular verbs is formed by dropping the infinitive ending (-ar, -er, -ir) and adding personal endings. - Ar verbs take the endings (-aba, -abas, -aba, -àbamos, -aban). -Er and -ir verbs take ( -ía, -ías, -ía, -íamos, ían).

The imperfect of regular verbs examples: - caminar: caminaba, caminabas, caminaba, caminábamos, caminaban - deber: debía, debías, debía, debíamos, debían - abrir: abría, abrías, abría, abríamos, abrían

4.1 The subjunctive in noun clauses Forms of the present subjunctive - The subjunctive {el subjuntivo} is used mainly in the subordinate (dependent) clause of multiple-clause sentences to express will, influence, emotion, doubt, or denial. The present subjunctive is formed by dropping the -o from the "yo" form the present indicative and adding these endings.

The present subjunctive examples: - hablar: hable, hables, hable, hablemos, hablen - comer: coma, comas, coma, comamos, coman - escribir: escriba, escribas, escriba, escribamos, escriban

3.1 The preterite - Spanish has two simple tenses to indicate actions in the past: - the preterite (el pretérito): used to describe actions or states that began or were completed at a definite time in the past - the imperfect (el imperfecto).

The preterite of regular -ar, -er, and -ir verbs: - comprar: compré, compraste, compró, compramos, compraron - vender: vendí, vendiste, vendió, vendimos, vendieron - abrir: abrí, abriste, abrió, abrimos, abrieron

Verbs of emotion - When the main clause expresses emotion like hope, fear, joy, pity, or surprise, the verb in the subordinate must be in the subjunctive if its subject is different from that of the main clause. - The infinitive, not the subjunctive, is used with verbs and expressions of emotion if there is no change of subject in the sentence. - The subjunctive is also used with expressions of emotion that begin with {¡Qué....! } -(what a...!/Its so...!) - The expression {ojalá} -(I hope/wish) is always followed by the subjunctive. The use of {que} with {ojalá} is optional.

ex(1). - Espero que {te recuperes} pronto. (I hope you recover quickly.) - Es terrible que Ana {tenga} esa enfermedad. (Its terrible that Ana suffers from that illness.) ex(2). - No me gusta {llegar} tarde. (I don't like to arrive late.) - Es mejor que lo {hagas} ahora. (Its better that you do it now.) ex(3). - ¡Qué pena que él no vaya! (What a shame he's not going.) ex(4). - Ojalá (que) no llueva. (I hope it doesn't rain.) - Ojalá (que) no te enfermes. (I hope you don'e get sick.)

Verbs of doubt or denial - When the main clause implies doubt, uncertainty or denial, the verb in the subordinate clause must be in the subjunctive if its subject is different from that of the main clause. - The infinitive, not the subjunctive, is used with verbs and expressions of doubt or denial if there is no change in the subject of the sentence. - The subjunctive is also used after {quizá(s)} and {tal vez}( maybe; perhaps) when they signal uncertainty, even if there is no change of subject in the sentence.

ex(1). - No creo que él nos {quiera} engañar. (I don't think that he wants to deceive us.) - Dudan que el jarabe {sea} un buen remedio. (They doubt that the syrup will be a good remedy.) ex(2). - Es imposible {viajar} hoy. (It's impossible to travel today.) - No es seguro que él {viaje} hoy. (It's not certain that he will travel today.) ex(3). - Quizás vengan a la fiesta. (Maybe they'll come to the party.)

Familiar (tú) commands - Familiar commands are used with people you address as {tú}. - Affirmative {tú} commands have the same form as the él/ella/ud. form of the present indicative. - Negative {tú} commands have the same form as the tú form of the present subjunctive. - These verbs have irregular affirmative tú commands. Their negative forms are still the same as the tú form of the present subjunctive.

ex(1). - viajar: Aff com: viaja Neg com: no viajes - empezar: Aff com: empieza Neg: no empieces - pedir: Aff com: pide Neg com: no pidas ex(2). - decir > di - hacer > haz - ir > ve - poner > pon - salir > sal - ser > sé - tener > ten - venir > ven

Comparisons of inequality - With adjectives, nouns, and verbs, use these constructions to make comparisons of inequality (more than/less than) - más/menos+ [adjective, adverb, noun] + que - [verb] + más/menos que - When the focus of a comparison is a noun and the second term if the comparison is a verb or a clause, used these constructions to make comparisons of inequality. más/menos+ [noun] + del/de la que/ de los/las que + [verb or clause}

ex. - Adjective: Este hotel es {más elegante que} aquél. (This hotel is more elegant than that one.) - Adverb: ¡Llegaste {más tarde que} yo! (You arrived later than I did!) - Noun: Juan tiene {menos tiempo que} Ema. (Juan has less time than Ema does.) - Verb: Mi hermano {viaja menos que} yo. (My brother travels less than I do.) ex(2). - Había {más} asientos {de los que} necesitábamos. (There were more seats than we needed.) - La ciudad tiene {menos} ruinas {de las que} esperábamos. (The city has fewer ruin than we expected.)

Double Object Pronouns - The indirect object pronoun preceded the direct object pronoun when they are used together in a sentence. - {Le} and {les} change to {se} when they are used with {lo, la, los and las}.

ex. {Me} mandaron {los boletos} por correo. - {Me los} mandaron por correo. {Te} pedí {un álbum} de Juanes. - {Te lo} pedí el lunes. ex. {Le} da {los libros} a Ricardo. - {Se los} da. {Le} enseña {las invitaciones} a Elena. - {Se las} enseña.

Formal (Ud. and Uds.) commands - Formal commands (mandatos) are used to give order or advice to people you address as {usted or ustedes}.

ex. Formal commands -tomar Affirmative command: tome (usted) tomen (ustedes) Negative command: no tome (usted) no tomen (ustedes) - volver Affirmative command: vuelva vuelvan Negative command: no vuelva no vuelvan - salir Affirmative command: salga salgan Negative command: no salga no salgan

- The indicative is used to express actions, states, or facts that the speaker considers to be certain. - The subjunctive expresses the speaker's attitude towards events, as well as actions or states that the speaker views as uncertain. - Verbs that end in -car, -gar, and -zar undergo spelling changes in the present subjective - The present subjunctive form of {hay} is {haya}.

ex: - sacar: saque - jugar: juegue - almorzar: almuerce ex of {haya}: No creo que haya una solución. (I don't think there is a solution.)

- The imperfect of {hay} is {había}.

ex: - {Había} tres cajeras en el supermercado. (There were three cashiers in the supermarket.) - Sólo {había} un mesero en el café. (There was only one waiter in the cafe.)

- The imperfect tense narrates what was going on at a certain time in the past. It often indicates what was happening in the background.

example: - Cuando yo {era} joven, {vivía} en una ciudad muy grande. Todas las semanas, mis padres y yo {íbamos} al centro comercial. (When I was young, I lived in a big city. Every week, my parents and I went to the mall.)

Verbs of will and influence: - a clause is a group of words that contains both a conjugated verb and a subject (expressed or implied). In a subordinate noun clause {oración subordinate sustantiva), a group of words functions together as a noun. - When the subject of the main (independent) clause of a sentence exerts influence or will on the subject of the subordinate clause, the verb in the subordinate clause takes the subjunctive. - The infinitive, not the subjunctive, is used with verbs and expressions of will and influence if there is no change of subject in the sentence. The {que} is unnecessary in this case.

example: yo quiero que tù vayas al médico. main clause: yo {quiero} connecter: que subordinate clause: tú {vayas} al médico. ex (3). - Quiero {ir} a Bogotá en junio. (I want to go to Bogotá in June.) - Prefiero que {vayas} en agosto. (I prefer that you go in August.)

Uses of {para} - Destination (toward; in the direction of) - Deadline or a specific time in the future (by; for) - Goal (para + infinitive) (in order to) - Purpose (para + noun) (for; used for) - Recipient (for) - Comparison with others or opinion (for; considering) - Employment (for)

examples of the uses:

Uses of the Preterite - To express actions or states viewed by the speaker as completed - To express the beginning or end of a past action. - To narrate a series of past actions.

examples: 1. - {Compraste} esos muebles hace un mes, ¿no? (You brought that furniture a month ago, right?) - Mis amigas {fueron} al centro comercial ayer. (My girlfriends went to the mall yesterday). 2. - La telenovela {empezó} a los ocho. ( The soup opera began at 8:00.) - Esta mañana se nos {acabó} el café. (We ran out of coffee this morning.) 3. - {Me levanté, me vestí y fui} a clase. (I got up, got dressed and went to class.) - {Lavamos} la ropa, {pasamos} la aspiradora y {quitamos} el polvo. (We did the laundry, vacuumed, and dusted.)

Position of object pronouns - Direct and indirect object pronouns {los pronombres de complemento directo e indirecto} precede the conjugated verb. (side note: {lo} can be used to refer to a thing or idea that has no gender.) - When the verb is an infinitive construction, object pronouns may either be attached to the infinitive or placed before the conjugated verb. - When the verb is progressive form, object pronouns may either be attached to the present participle or placed before the conjugated verb. (side note: it is standard usage in Spanish to repeat the indirect object.)

examples: - Indirect Object: Carla siempre {me} de entradas para el teatro. (Carla always give me theater tickets.) No {le} voy a comprar más libros. (I'm not going to buy him any more books.) - Direct Object: Ella {las} consigue gratis. (She gets them for free.) Nunca {los} lee. He never reads them. - Indirect Object: Inf. Vamos a dar{le} un regalo. {Le} vamos a dar un regalo. Tienes que hablar{nos} de la película. {Nos} tienes que hablar de la película. - Direct Object: Inf. Voy a hacer{lo} enseguida. {Lo} voy a hacer enseguida. Van a ver{la} mañana. {La} van a ver mañana. - Indirect Object: PP Pedro está cantándo{me} una cancíon. Pedro me está cantando una cancían. Direct Object: PP Está cantándo{la} muy mal. {La} está cantando muy mal.

Verbs with irregular "yo" forms show that same irregularity in all forms of the present subjunctive.

examples: - conocer: conozca - decir: diga - hacer: haga - oír: oiga - poner: ponga - seguir: siga - tener: tenga - traer: traiga - venir: venga - ver: vea

- Verbs with stem changes in the present indicative show the same changes in the present subjunctive. Stem-changing -ir verbs also undergo a stem change in the {nosotros/as} forms of the present subjunctive.

examples: - pensar (e:ie): piense, pienses, piense, pensemos, piensen - jugar (u:ue): juegue, juegues, juegue, juguemos, jueguen - mostrar (o:ue): muestre, muestres, muestre, mostremos, muestren - entender (e:ie): entienda, entiendas, entienda, entendamos, entiendan - resolver (o:ue): resuelva, resuelvas, resuelva, resolvamos, resuelvan - pedir (e:i): pida, pidas, pida, pidamos, pidan - sentir (e:ie): sienta, sientas, sienta, sintamos, sientan - dormir (o:ue): duerma, duermas, duerma, durmamos, duerman

There words and expressions are often used the imperfect because they express habitual or repeated actions: {de niño/a} - as a child {todos los días} - everyday {mientras} - while {siempre} - always

examples: - {De niño, vivía} en un barrio de Madrid. (As a child, I lived in a Madrid neighborhood.) - {Todos los días iba} a la casa de mi abuela. (Everyday I went to my grandmother's house.) - {Siempre escuchaba} música {mientras corría} en el parque. (I always listened to music while I ran in the park).

To {get or become} is frequently expressed in Spanish by the reflexive ver (ponerse + [adjective]. Hacerse and volverse can also mean {to become}.

examples: Pilar {se pone} muy nerviosa cuando habla en público. (Pilar gets very nervous when she speaks in public). Si no duermo bien, {me pongo insoportable}. (If I don't sleep well, I become unbearable.) examples pt 2: {Se ha hecho} cantante. (Ha has become a singer.) ¿{Te has vuelto} loco/a? (Have you gone crazy?)

- Ir, ser, and ver are the only verbs that are irregular in the imperfect.

ir: iba, ibas, iba, ibamos, iban ser: era, eras, era, éramos, eran ver: veía, veías, veía, veíamos, veían

5.3 The subjunctive in adjective clauses - When an adjective clause describes an antecedent that is known to exist, use the indicative. - When the antecedent is unknown or uncertain, us the subjunctive. - When the antecedent of an adjective clause is a negative pronoun {nadie, ninguno/a}, the subjective is used in the subordinate clause. - Do not use the personal {a} with first objects that represent hypothetical persons. - Use the personal {a} before {nadie, ninguno/a, and alguien}, even when their existence is uncertain. - The subjunctive is commonly used in questions with adjective clauses when the speaker is trying to find out information about which he/she is uncertain. If the person who responds knows the information, the indicative is used.

main clause: Busco una ciudad connecter: que subordinate clause: {tenga} playa. - Antecedent certain> indicative - Antecedent uncertain> subjunctive

Indirect object pronouns

me te le nos les

Direct object pronouns

me te lo/la nos los/las

Prepositional pronouns

mí - me, myself ti - you, yourself él - him, it ella - her, it sí - himself, herself, itself nosotros/as - us, ourselves ellos - them ellas - them sí - themselves

- Some adjectives have two different meanings depending on whether they are used with ser or estar. (Sidenote: Estar, not ser, is used with muerto/a.)

{ser + [adjective]} -La clase de contabilidad {es aburrida}. (Accounting class is boring.) - Ese chico {es listo}. (That boy is smart). - No {soy rico}, pero vivo bien. (I'm not rich, but I live well). - La actriz {es buena}. (The actress is good). - Este coche {es seguro}. (The car is safe). - Los aguacates {son verdes}. (Avocados are green.) - Javier {es} muy {vivo}. (Javier is very bright.) - Pedro {es} un hombre {libre}. (Pedro is a free man.) {estar + [adjective]} - {Estoy aburrida} de la clase. (I am bored with the class.) - {Estoy listo} para todo. (I'm ready for anything.) - ¡El pan {está} tan {rico}! (The bread is so delicious.) - La actriz {está buena}. (The actress is good-looking). - Juan no {está seguro} de sí mismo. (Juan isn't sure of himself.) - Esta banana {está verde}. (The banana is not ripe.) - ¿Todavía {está vivo} el author? (Is the author still alive) - Esta noche no {estoy libre}. ¡ Lo siento! (Tonight I am not available. Sorry!)

The reflexive pronoun precedes the direct object pronoun when they are used together in a sentence.

¿{Te} comiste el pastel? (Did you eat the whole cake?) Sí, {me lo} comí. (Yes, I ate it all up.)