LUOA Earth Science: Module 3: What's Going on Inside the Earth?

Match the following:

- *Law of Superposition*: Older layers laid down first - *Law of Original Horizontality*: sedimentary rocks laid down in horizontal layers - *Law of Cross-Cutting Relationships*: Igneous intrusions/faults are younger than the layer they're in - *Unconformity*: gap in the record from erosion - *Angular unconformity*: layers that have been laid down horizontally, tilted, eroded, and submerged - *Contact metamorphism*: Igneous intrusions caused rocks to change to metamorphic - *Extrusive igneous layer*: igneous rock layer laid down on Earth's surface - *Nonconformity*: sedimentary layer overlies a non-sedimentary layer with erosion in between - *Law of Intrusions*: Rock in other rocks are older than the rocks that contain them - *Uplifting*: Rock layers that have been pushed up

In the P-wave shadow zone __________. (Choose 3)

- P waves are not found - earthquakes are not recorded - S waves do not penetrate

What are the three types of faults?

- Reverse - Strike-Slip - Thrust

When molten rock flows or erupts through a crack on the Earth's surface, it came come from which structures? (Check all that apply)

- fractured dome - vents in the ground - volcanic cones

What year did Charles Darwin publish his book Origin of Species?

1859

What year is the worldwide Flood?

2348 BC

What is the minimum number of stations required to pinpoint the epicenter of an earthquake?

3

What percent of the Earth does the mantle make up?

84%

Trace fossils mean that the organism has left what behind?

Activity of life

___________ come after the initial earthquake. There can be as many as 1,000. (Choose the BEST answer)

Aftershocks

What is an outcrop?

An exposed layer of bedrock

Who discovered the transition between the crust and mantle?

Andrija Mohorovicic

In the video "The Fossil Record: Proof of Noah's Flood or Evolution" there is a point when a paleontologist is being interviewed at his dig site in Wyoming. What does he believe that the fossil records are showing that does not prove evolution?

Animals appear and stay the same and then go extinct.

The third-largest earthquake from 1900-2004 occurred in _____________. It triggered a tsunami that killed over ______________ people worldwide.

Answer 1: Sumatra Answer 2: 200,000

Index fossils need to have lived for ___________ time and be very ____________ and ___________ to find in that time period.

Answer 1: a short Answer 2: common Answer 3: easy

The Himalayan Mountains are formed by the ________________ convergence, and they are still growing because the _______________ plate is still moving toward China.

Answer 1: continental-continental Answer 2: Indian

Fill in the following blanks. The Grand Staircase in the desert of the Southwest United States includes the Grand Canyon. The __________ of the Grand Canyon is the __________ of Zion National Park. The __________ of Zion is the __________ of Bryce National Park.

Answer 1: top Answer 2: bottom Answer 3: top Answer 4: bottom

Large rocks sometimes break off and get lodged in magma. This is a(an) __________________, which can be affected by __________________ .

Answer 1: xenolith Answer 2: contact metamorphism

Which feature is usually found where oceanic crust converges with continental crust?

Continental arc

Which is the best explanation for the movement of the plates?

Convection currents in the mantle

Tensional stress is associated with which type of plate boundary?

Divergent

What Bible verse(s) tell(s) that God gathered all the land together?

Genesis 1:9-10

Which volcano has continuously erupted since the early 1980s?

Kilauea

The last earthquake waves to arrive are the __________.

L waves or surface waves (remember "L" is for last)

What is the hard, rigid outer layer that floats on top of the asthenosphere?

Lithosphere

Which volcano erupted violently in Washington state 1980?

Mount Saint Helens

An example of an orogenic belt is __________.

North American Cordillera

Which tectonic plate is the densest?

Oceanic

What are the three different seismographs?

One that records the up and down direction, one that records the north to south direction, and one that records the east to west direction

What happens when the P waves and the S waves reach the Earth's core?

P waves move through the core, and S waves do not.

Name the plates and the type of boundary associated with the San Andreas Fault in California.

Pacific plate, North American plate, transform boundary

If rock layers have not been disturbed, the oldest rock layers should be at the bottom. This is called the __________ _____ ___________.

Principle of Superposition

Evidence of fossilized microorganisms were discovered in __________________________.

Quebec, Canada

The __________ measures the amount of energy released in an earthquake.

Richter scale

Where are there a lot of earthquakes and volcanoes?

Ring of Fire

Explain how scientists have determined that the Earth's outer core must be liquid. Use at least two examples to explain it, and use your best grammar.

Scientists have determined that the Earth's outer core must be liquid because they have found that at a depth of 2,900 km, P waves seem to decrease in velocity, and S waves just stop. This happens because S waves cannot travel through liquid, so they just stop at the outer core. Additionally, P waves are refracted once in the mantle and again as they enter and then exit the outer core. The way in which P waves refract in the outer core causes them to form the "shadow zone", or an area in which no seismic waves are detected. This shows that the outer core must be liquid.

The Croatian seismologist, Andrija Mohorovicic', discovered a boundary change in the Earth's layers. Please explain how he discovered this using two to three sentences in your best grammar.

The Croatian seismologist, Andrija Mohorovicic', discovered a boundary change in the Earth's layers by observing seismographs and noticing that P waves and S waves that had traveled faster in certain areas. He concluded that there must be a denser area in which the velocity of waves changed. The denser area he found is now known as the Mohorovicic Discontinuity.

The Earth's __________ is solid, made up mostly of iron. The Earth's __________ is molten, made mostly of iron and nickel, which gives it its magnetism. The semi-solid ___________ is found underneath the solid lithosphere.

The Earth's inner core is solid, made up mostly of iron. The Earth's outer core is molten, made mostly of iron and nickel, which gives it its magnetism. The semi-solid asthenosphere is found underneath the solid lithosphere.

Explain where the North American Cordillera is and what mountain ranges are included in it. Remember to use complete sentences when answering the question.

The North American Cordillera is located in on the western coast of the North American continent. Mountain ranges withing this include the Cordillera Blanca and the Rockies.

Explain how the change in the Earth's magnetic field is recorded in the rock. This should be 5 to 6 sentences long and using your best grammar.

The change in the Earth's magnetic field is recorded in rock, and we can see this in rocks that contain magnetic minerals such as magnetite. When these rocks are still molten hot, they float in any direction. However, as they begin to cool, because they contain magnetic minerals they try to point in the direction of the magnetic North Pole. Once they have cooled and hardened, scientists use a device called a magnetometer to detect the difference in the magnetic field. They do this by towing the device behind a boat, and in this way the change in Earth's magnetic field can be observed after being recorded in rock.

What is the definition of radiometric dating?

The definition of radiometric dating is measuring the amounts of natural radioactive atoms that remain in certain minerals, and using this to determine the elapsed time since they were constituted.

Explain the difference between a reverse fault and a strike-slip fault. Give an example of where you can see each type of fault at work. Remember to use complete sentences when answering the question.

The difference between a reverse fault and a strike-slip fault is that a reverse fault occurs when two rock sides are pushed into each other, while a in a strike-slip fault they are sliding past each other. An example of a reverse fault can be seen in the Rocky Mountains, and an example of a strike-slip fault can be seen in the San Andres Fault in California.

Explain the difference between an unconformity and a disconformity. Please answer using 3 to 5 sentences in your best grammar.

The difference between and an unconformity and a disconformity is that an *unconformity is when part or all of a sedimentary layer has been removed* due to erosion. However, a *disconformity occurs when one sedimentary rock layer lies on top of another sedimentary rock layer* which has been eroded. Both involve erosion, yet they are very different.

What is the rule of simplicity according to Dr. Werner?

The simplest explanation for a series of problems is usually the correct one.

What is the order of undisturbed rock layers?

The youngest rocks are on the top, the oldest are on the bottom

What practical application might geologists have in using index fossils and geologic maps?

They can find natural resources, such as oil and coal in similar rock layers as elsewhere.

In 1999, in Izmit Turkey, an earthquake destroyed a large number of buildings. What was the reason for this?

They didn't enforce their building codes properly.

If you were to compare the consistency of the mantle to a type of food, what would best describe it?

Thick peanut butter

The core of the Earth is divided into two parts. Please describe three differences between the two parts of the core. Please write in complete sentences, and use your best grammar.

Three differences between the outer and inner core include the fact that the outer core is liquid and the inner core is solid. Also, the temperatures are different; the outer core is approximately 9,000 degrees Fahrenheit, and the inner core is almost 13,000 degrees Fahrenheit. The last difference is that the outer core is moving, moving the magnetic field with it, and the inner core is spinning, maybe even faster than the earth itself.

Shear stress is associated with which type of boundary?

Transform

What was the time period that Dr. Humphrey predicted that the magnetic field reversals were happening during the Flood?

Weekly

The Theory of Evolution says that all organisms have evolved from ___________________________.

a single-cell organism

What are the two types of folds?

anticline and syncline

Island arc complexes _______________________.

are mostly andesitic stratovolcanoes formed at active oceanic margins

Divergent boundaries are where two oceanic crusts __________.

are pulling apart from each other

The type of igneous rocks found in dikes are __________ due to the slow cooling under the earth.

coarse-grained

Mountains typically form at which boundary?

convergent

According to the video by Dr. Werner, the fossil record shows that the ____________________.

creatures were buried in order of the Flood

All of the following are examples of outcrops except ___________.

dirt piles from road construction

A volcano that has not erupted in the last 6,000 years is said to be __________.

dormant

Seismograph stations are used to __________.

find the epicenter of an earthquake

Most batholiths are composed primarliy of __________.

granite

Rock is always laid down __________.

horizontally

All of the following are evidence for plate movement except __________.

igneous intrusions

A mold fossil is made by the organism leaving a(n) __________ of their remains as they decay.

impression

The Law of Original Horizontality states that rock layers are going to be deposited __________.

in layers

An evolutionist using the fossils will show that organism changed because of ____________ traits.

inheritable

A continental arc __________.

is formed at active continental margins

You come upon a huge, domed-shaped rock that was evidently revealed by erosion. This rock was most likely a __________.

laccolith

A seismograph _______________________.

measures the vibrations of an earthquake as the plates shift

Scientists believe the Earth's inner core is made of __________.

metal like meteorites to generate a magnetic field

In order to have an organism's parts become fossilized, the bones and teeth get replaced with __________.

minerals

The Appalachian Mountains are made __________.

of ridges and valleys folded from passive continental margins

The largest type of volcano is a __________.

shield volcano

When magma intrudes in horizontal rock layers, forming a large sheet sandwiched in between, it forms a __________.

sill

When the land sinks, it is known as ___________.

subsidence

The Andes Mountains were formed from __________.

the collision of the Nazca Plate and the South American plate

According to the Law of Superposition, rocks are the same horizontally, but __________.

the further down you go, the older the rocks are

Volcanic eruptions help geologists pinpoint __________. (Choose the BEST answer.)

the historical timeline of particular outcrops

There were blood vessels discovered in dinosaur bones in 2007. This proves that the bones were _____________of years old.

thousands

What is another name for a reverse fault?

thrust fault

If a geologist "walks the outcrop" he ____________________.

walks along the actual outcrop matching the layers from one spot to the next

Scientists can tell from the zigzag pattern on a seismograph __________________________.

what type of wave it was and how much energy it released

The Himalayan Mountains formed ___________.

when India crashed into Eurasia