Lymphatic System

Which of the following statements is true?

Cell-mediated, innate, and/or antibody-mediated immunity usually work together when reacting to an antigen

Check all that occur during inflammation.

-Blood flow is decreased to the area -Vascular permeability is decreased

Place the events regarding B cell proliferation in the correct order.

...

Lymphatic vessels recover about ______________ of the fluid filtered by capillaries.

15%

A person who is HIV-positive and has a helper T (TH) cells count lower than ____________ has AIDS.

200 cells/μL

stimulating B cells to divide

Destroy

Passive natural immunity:

An infant acquire antibodies through the mother's milk

Check all that are a way that antibodies affect antigens.

Antibodies affect antigens indirectly

Passive artificial immunity:

Antibodies from an animal are removed and injected into a human

1. Lymph capillaries are in bone marrow.

False

1. Lymphatic capillaries are similar to blood capillaries in that they both have a basement membrane.

False

1. Passive immunity generally has longer-lasting effects than active immunity.

False

2. After recognizing an antigen, B cells increase in number, causing an increase in helper T cells.

False

3. Inguinal lymph nodes are located in the axillary region.

False

3. The likelihood of a reaction to a hapten decreases with subsequent exposure.

False

4. If immediate immunity is required, active immunity is preferred.

False

Each B cell can react to many different types of antigens.

False

Fragments of foreign proteins are antibodies.

False

A pyrogen is a substance that causes

Fever

Foreign substances that elicit an immune response are termed

Antigens

Vaccination stimulates

Artificial, active immunity

When type B blood is given to a person with type A blood

B antigen from the donor reacts with anti-B antibody in the recipient

MHC molecules are __________ found on the surfaces of cells that bind to antigens.

glycoproteins

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) targets mainly

helper T cells

Histamine released by mast cells leads to all of the following symptoms except

high fever

Each immunoglobulin (Ig) has ______________ antigen-bonding site(s).

two

One characteristic of the immune response is specificity. This means that

immunity is directed against a particular pathogen.

_______________ is not a cardinal sign characteristic of inflammation.

impaired use

When an antigen binds to an antibody on a mast cell or a basophil, it causes ___________.

inflammation Phagocytosis

In ________ immunity, the body's reaction to foreign substances is the same each time it is exposed, but in _________ immunity, the body's reaction to foreign substances is faster and stronger each time it is exposed.

innate, adaptive

Macrophages secrete ________ which then activates ________ .

interleukin-1 ; helper T cells

Lymph is composed of ____________ and enters the lymphatic system through _____________.

interstitial fluid, lymphatic capillaries

Most common allergies are the result of

type I (acute) hypersensitivity.

Special lymphatic vessels called lacteals absorb dietary ______________ that are not absorbed by the blood capillaries.

lipids

Antigen-presenting cells usually display processed antigens to T cells in

lymph nides

Helper T (TH) cells recognize antigens when they are bound to a(n)

major histocompatibility complex (MHC) protein.

An antigen presenting cell presents antigen to a T helper cell

on its surface on a class II MHC

Cytotoxic T cells produce

perforin, which makes holes in cell membrane of infected cells

Before B cells secrete antibodies they differentiate into

plasma

Antibodies are produced by

plasma B cells.

All antibodies consist of four___________, with _____ identical heavy chains and _____ identical light chains.

polypeptide chains, two, two

Lymphocytes mature in the ___________ and interact with other lymphocytes and antigens in the ___________.

primary lymphatic organs, secondary lymphatic organs

When T helper cells are exposed for the second time to hapten-peptide on antigen presenting cells, they

release cytokines which attract more macrophages

Cytotoxic T (TC) cells are like a natural killer (NK) cell because they both

secrete granzymes and perforin.

Autoimmune diseases are disorders in which the immune system fails to distinguish ____________ from foreign ones.

self-antigens

Foreign antigens presented on class I MHC molecules...

stimulate cell destruction by macrophages.

Helper T cells aid in the immune response by _____________.

stimulating B cells to divide

This is the class of immunoglobulin that provides passive immunity to the newborn.

IgG

_________________ constitutes about 80% of circulating antibodies in plasma.

IgG

Immunotherapy alters the body's ___________ or directly attacks harmful cells.

Immune system

Active natural immunity:

Immunity to the flu virus after becoming ill with it

Active artificial immunity:

Immunity to the flu virus through a vaccination

Chemical mediator

Kill microorganisms, promote inflammation

The lymphatic system absorbs lipids from the digestive system through vessels called

Lacteals

Which is not a function of the lymphatic system?

Lipid absorption

In IgE mediated hypersensitivity, all of the following are needed except

Neutrophils

3. Cells of the immune system:

Phagocytosis, inflammation

Physical barrier

Prevent microorganisms from entering the body

Delayed hypersensitivity T cells

Promote phagocytosis and inflammation

Antibodies are __________ produced in response to an antigen.

Protein

The sequence for the processing of proteins originating outside of the cell is...

Proteins are broken into fragments within a vesicle, which fuses with a Golgi vesicle containing class II MHCs, and this complex is transported to the plasma membrane.

The sequence for the processing of proteins produced within the cell is...

Proteins are broken into fragments, transported to the rough endoplasmic reticulum, combined with class I MHCs, move to the Golgi apparatus, then to the plasma membrane.

Memory T cells

Provides a secondary response and long-lasting immunity

T cells achieve immunocompetence in

the thymus

MHC class II molecules ___________ immune cells.

Stimulate

All of the following can act as antigen-presenting cells except

T cells

Check all that occur to the lymphatic system and immunity with age.

The ability to absorb fats is markedly decreasedThe lymphatic system is much less able to remove excess fluid from tissues

All these forces help lymph to flow except

The lymphatic node pump

This organ shows a remarkable degree of degeneration (involution) with age.

Thymus

Which of the following is not a component of the lymphatic system?

Thyroid gland

1. A primary response occurs when B cells are first activated by an antigen.

True

1. Haptens can stimulate an adaptive immune response.

True

1. Lymphocyte activation depends on the lymphocyte's ability to detect the antigen and increase in number.

True

2. Cervical lymph nodes are located in the neck, inferior to the tonsils.

True

2. Haptens can stimulate an allergic response.

True

2. In a primary response, B cells form plasma cells and memory cells.

True

2. In passive immunity, the individual does not produce his or her own memory cells.

True

2. Lymphatic capillaries are in most tissues of the body.

True

3. A secondary response is slower than a primary response.

True

3. Active immunity can last from a few weeks to a lifetime.

True

3. Inhibition involves the process of tolerance, where lymphocytes are deleted or suppressed.

True

3. Lymphatic capillaries are more permeable than blood capillaries.

True

4. In a secondary response, memory cells form plasma cells and more memory cells.

True

4. Lacteals are located in the lining of the small intestine.

True

4. Lymphatic capillaries join to form lymphatic vessels.

True

4. Most lymphocyte activation involves MHC receptors.

True

4. Penicillin is an example of a hapten.

True

5. Lymphatic vessels do not contain valves.

True

5. Microorganisms are filtered from the blood by the spleen.

True

A T helper cell must become activated before it can stimulate a B cell to produce antibody.

True

Cytotoxic T cells produce cytotoxins which cause apoptosis of infected cells.

True

Helper T cells can stimulate the proliferation of cytotoxic T cells but not that of B cells.

True

Viruses and self-proteins are examples of proteins produced inside of the cell.

True

In __________ immunity, immunity is provided by the individual's own system; in _________ immunity, immunity is transferred from another person.

active, passive

A specific immune response involves ___________ immunity, while a more general response involves __________ immunity.

adaptive, innate

This is the correct sequence of events in the humoral immune response.

antigen recognition → antigen presentation → clonal selection → differentiation → attack

Substances that stimulate adaptive immunity are called __________.

antigens

The serum used for emergency treatment of snakebites stimulates

artificial passive immunity

On first exposure to antigen, T helper cells

become activated and increase in number

People with type AB blood have

both type A and type B antigens on their red blood cells

Cellular (cell-mediated) immunity is effective against

cancer cells

Cytotoxic

causes cell lysis

The secondary immune response to a previously encountered pathogen is swifter and stronger than the primary immune response.

true

Memory T cells can live up to

decades

Antibodies do not

differentiate into memory antibodies, which upon reexposure to the same pathogen would mount a quicker attack.

A(n) ______________ is the region of the molecule that is recognized by antibodies.

epitope

Antibody-mediated immunity is effective against ___________ antigens, while cell-mediated immunity is effective against __________ antigens.

extracellular, intracellular

Cytotoxic T cells recognize

viral antigens and class I MHC