M1 Exam 1 Prep (Leifer)

Which theorist is credited with the core concept of child development? > Freud > Darwin > Maslow > Galton

Core concepts of development originated in the 1800s with Charles Darwin being credited with their development. Darwin's "Biographical Sketch of an Infant" detailed how his own son communicated his physical, emotional, and reasoning abilities and is the basis of all child development. Freud is credited with identifying emotions and emotional disorders. Maslow described the hierarchy of needs, and Galton focused on developmental and intelligence testing.

According to Kohlberg, which tasks are needed in early childhood for moral development? > Self-control and sharing > Magical thinking and pretend play > Concrete thinking and egocentrism > Inductive logic and reasoning

According to Kohlberg, learning self-control and sharing with others are moral development tasks in early childhood. Magical thinking, pretend play, egocentrism, and concrete thinking are characteristics of Piaget's preoperational stage of cognitive development. Inductive logic and reasoning occur in Piaget's concrete operations stage in school-age children.

Which theorist focused on the development of thinking? > Piaget > Jung > Rogers > Watson

Cognitive theories focus on the development of thinking. Jean Piaget was a psychologist who described cognitive milestones in development and developed the Four Stages of Development. Jung believed the past culture of the family unconsciously molded the way a person perceived experiences as an adult. Carl Rogers believed people naturally form their own positive destiny. James Watson believed the environment and experiences molded the personality.

Which maternal assessment finding requires that the nurse discourage breastfeeding? SATA. > Active HIV status > Receiving chemotherapy > Has never breastfed before > Returning to the workplace > Presence of breast lesions

Contraindications for breastfeeding are rare; however, women with active HIV, active tuberculosis, active herpes lesions on the breast, and those receiving chemotherapy or medications that may pass into the breast milk causing adverse effects on the newborn should not breastfeed. The woman who has never breastfed before can still breastfeed, and may benefit from instruction from the nurse or lactation consultant. The woman returning to the workplace can still breastfeed and pump milk for her infant.

Which guideline for exercise should the nurse teach to the parent of a preschool child? > 30 minutes 3 days weekly > 30 minutes daily > 60 minutes three times weekly > 60 minutes daily

National health guidelines recommend that children engage in at least 60 minutes of physical activity each day. Exercising for 30 minutes daily, 30 minutes each day, and 60 minutes three times per week do not meet the national requirements and offer too little time for the child to engage in physical activity.

Which term will the nurse use to document the diet of a patient who consumes a diet that excludes animal products and eggs but includes dairy products? > Vegan > Octo-vegetarian > Lacto-vegetarian > Lacto-ovo-vegetarian

A lacto-vegetarian diet excludes animal flesh and eggs but includes dairy products. A vegan diet excludes animal flesh and products produced by animals. An ovo-vegetarian diet excludes animal flesh and dairy products but includes eggs. A lacto-ovo-vegetarian diet excludes animal flesh but includes eggs and dairy products.

Which action helps a 3-month-old infant learn how to focus? > Hang a black and white mobile above the infant's crib. > Play peek-a-boo with the infant. > Engage the infant in playing with push toys. > Give the infant a chew toy to hold.

A newborn must learn to focus and follow with the eyes. Hanging a black and white mobile above the crib within sight of the infant can promote this type of development. At 3 months of age, an interactive mobile that is activated by kicking helps to develop the cause-effect understanding. Playing peek-a-boo can be helpful in developing object permanence around 6-7 months of age. Engaging the infant with push toys is helpful around 12 months of age. Chew toys are helping for mouth exploration, yet do not directly foster focusing.

Which phrase defines the cognitive development of a school-age child? > Unable to think logically > Lacks understanding of rules > Deficits impede success in school > Unprepared for hands-on learning

A phrase which describes the cognitive development of a school-age child is that deficits impede success in school and must be assessed and addressed. According to Piaget, a school-age child is a concrete thinker capable of thinking logically and understanding rules and does not lack the ability to think logically and understand rules. A school-age child is prepared, not unprepared, for hands-on learning and learns best when provided with an opportunity to see and handle objects.

Place the levels of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs in order of achievement. > Safety and protection > Activity > Self-actualization > Esteem > Love and belonging > Physiological needs

1. Physiological needs such as air, water, food, elimination, and rest, form the base of the triangle as these are all considered basic needs. 2. Activity is the next level and is where the need for stimulation, novelty, and change is met. 3. Safety and protection from harm. 4. Love and a feeling of belonging to someone, or some group is achieved. 5. Esteem is defined by the need to respect oneself and be respected by others. 6. Self-actualization where the state of becoming a complete person and fulfilling one's greatest potential is accomplished.

Which response should the nurse give to a parent who asks about spanking as a form of punishment for a preschooler? SATA. > "Spanking can be an effective form of punishment." > "Aggressive behavior is modeled when spanking is used." > "It uses pain to control behavior." > 'Spanking increases the potential for child abuse.' > "When used with time-outs, spanking is effective."

> "Aggressive behavior is modeled when spanking is used." > "It uses pain to control behavior." > 'Spanking increases the potential for child abuse.' Spanking (corporal punishment) models aggression and uses pain to control behavior. If children become used to spanking, the parent may hit harder, increasing the risk of child abuse. Spanking is not an effective form of punishment, even when used with time-outs.

Which communication skill does the nurse associate with a school-age child? > Grammatical rules are recognized. > Rehearsing memorization is important. > Understanding words is goal of reading. > Problem-solving ability is present by age 7 > Language is used effectively in relationships. > Writing outcome is spelling and penmanship.

> Grammatical rules are recognized. > Rehearsing memorization is important. > Language is used effectively in relationships. A school-age child recognizes grammatical rules, and rehearsing memorization is important for cognitive development. A school-age child uses language effectively in relationships with others. Understanding content, not only understanding words, is a goal of reading for a school-age child. Problem-solving ability is present between 8-10 years of age, not by age 7, in a school-age child. The writing outcome for a school-age child is composition, not only spelling and penmanship, for a school-age child.

Which statement explains Freud's Oedipus complex? SATA. > The Oedipus complex occurs when children compete for the attention of the same sex parent. > Successful resolution of the Oedipus complex is the basis for the development of mature sexual identity. > Successful resolution of the Oedipus complex results in the formation of the eventual adult personality. > The Oedipus complex occurs during the preschool years when the child identifies with the opposite sex parent. > The experiences of the individual over their lifetime combine to play a role in forming the adult personality.

> Successful resolution of the Oedipus complex is the basis for the development of mature sexual identity. > The Oedipus complex occurs during the preschool years when the child identifies with the opposite sex parent. Successful resolution of the Oedipus complex and Electra anxiety were thought to be the basis of the development of a mature sexual role and identity. Freud believed that the Oedipus complex arises during the phallic stage of development (age 3-6 years) and suggested that little boys compete with their fathers for the mother's love and attention. The Electra anxiety and Oedipus complex occurs when children compete with the same sex parent for the attention of the opposite sex parent. Successful resolution of the Oedipus complex and Electra anxiety were thought to be the basis of the development of a mature sexual role and identity, not the adult personality. Freud believed that personality grows, develops, and changes during the lifespan, but experiences in the early phases of development have a strong impact on the formation of the eventual adult personality. Freud believed that the experiences of children play a role in forming adult personality, but Freud did not view the adult as a developing being.

Which type of milk is appropriate to give to a 12-month-old infant? > 2% milk > Whole milk > Goat milk > Skim milk

> Whole milk At 12 months old, an infant should be placed on cow's milk (not goat milk) or a plant-based alternative. Low-fat milk, such as 2% or skim, is not appropriate because fats are necessary for nervous system development.

Which behavior by a 15-month-old requires follow-up for a potential communication disorder? > Does not ask "why" > Uses one-word phrases > Unable to imitate sounds or words > Speech is not understandable

A 15-month-old who does not imitate sounds or words should be evaluated for a communication disorder. A 15-month-old is not developmentally ready to ask "why," use two-word phrases, or use understandable speech.

Which of Piaget's stages of development describes the cognitive abilities of a 28-month-old child? > Sensorimotor > Preoperational > Concrete operations > Formal operations

A 2-year-old child is at Piaget's preoperational stage of development. The sensorimotor stage describes the abilities from birth to 2 years, the concrete operations stage spans from 7 to 11 years, and the formal operations stage describes adolescents.

At which age should a child first receive a dental examination? > 6 months > 2 years > 4 years > 6 years

A child's first dental examination should take place by 2 years of age. At 6 months of age, the infant's first tooth may be erupting, but this is too early to have a dental examination. By 4 and 6 years of age, a child should be having dental exams every 6 months, and should have already received their first dental examination.

Which phrase defines a developmental task of middle childhood? > Forms close peer relationships > Focuses more on fantasy than fact > Changes from abstract to concrete thinking > Develops self-esteem from external sources

A key developmental task of middle childhood is the formation of close peer relationships, which enhances the development of maturity. A developmental task of middle childhood is to focus more on fact, not fantasy. Changing from concrete thinking to abstract thinking, not abstract to concrete thinking, is a developmental task of middle childhood. The development of self-esteem from internal sources, not external sources, is a task of middle childhood.

Which physical activity recommendation will the nurse make for a school-age child with asthma? > Avoid team sports due to physical limitations. > Engage in sports involving intermittent activity. > Participate in vigorous sports to build endurance. > Replace sports with activities such as board games.

A physical activity recommendation for a school-age child with asthma is to engage in sports involving intermittent activity, such as baseball or swimming. A recommendation of team sports which involve intermittent activity, not avoidance of team sports due to physical limitations, is recommended for a school-age child with asthma. Activities should be managed to provide exercise which is tolerated by a school-age child with asthma; participation in vigorous sports to build endurance would not be recommended. Replacement of sports with activities such as board games would not be recommended for a school-age child with asthma. Exercise is managed to promote health benefits for a school-age child with asthma and is not abandoned.

Which play activity is appropriate for a 12-year-old child? > Toy cars, dolls, and trucks > Qualitative collecting with costumes > Imaginary drama with costumes > Project involving working with hands

A play activity which is appropriate for a 12-year-old child is a project involving working with their hands. Toy cars, dolls, and trucks are appropriate play activities for children between 6 to 7 years of age, not a 12-year-old child. Qualitative collecting of items, which refers to the quality rather than quantity of an item, is an appropriate play activity for a child between 8 to 10 years of age. Imaginary drama with costumes is an appropriate play activity for a child between 6 to 7 years of age, not a 12-year-old child.

Which type of day care is appropriate for a 3-year-old who needs growth and development activities? > Private babysitter > Family care center > Day care center > Preschool center

A preschool center provides structured activities that promote growth and development. A private babysitter comes to the home to provide personal attention to the child. Family care centers provide care to small groups of children in which parents may take turns providing care. Day care centers provided structured play and rest activities and are supervised by professional staff.

Which action by a preschooler does the nurse recognize as an inability to express feelings or thoughts? SATA. > Tantrums > Magical thinking > Kicking > Pretend play > Egocentrism

A preschooler who cannot understand or express feelings or thoughts may engage in negative behavior, such as tantrums or kicking out at others. Magical thinking, pretend play, and egocentrism are all developmentally appropriate actions for a preschooler.

Which action by the nurse is a priority when discussing sex education during middle childhood? > Discuss normal growth and development > Assess understanding of sexual development > Identify readiness to learn about sex education > Observe level of self-confidence in peer interactions

A priority action by the nurse when providing sex education during middle childhood is to identify the readiness of a child to learn about sex education. Discussion of normal growth and development is a component of sex education during middle childhood which does not have a higher priority over determining readiness to learn. Assessing a child's understanding of sexual development is included in a sex education class and occurs following the determination of readiness to learn. The nurse will observe a child's level of self-confidence in peer interactions to identify the comfort level with discussing sensitive issues, however identifying readiness to learn is the priority action when providing sex education.

Which teaching strategy is appropriate during middle childhood? > Session lasts no more than 60 minutes > Reward at frequent intervals during class > Written feedback to ensure understanding > Hands-on reinforcement provided when possible

A teaching strategy, or technique, which is appropriate during middle childhood is to include hands-on reinforcement when possible. Teaching sessions during middle childhood should last no more than 45 minutes, not 60 minutes. An appropriate teaching strategy during middle childhood is to offer occasional, not frequent, rewards during a class. Verbal feedback, not written feedback, is appropriate when teaching middle childhood students to ensure that the content was not misinterpreted.

Which statement indicates an understanding of the definition of theory? SATA. > "Psychodynamic theories focus on how changes in the environment influence behavior." > "Behavior theories are designed to describe how culture influences behavior." > "Theory is a statement based on research that provides meaning to observations." > "Cognitive theories believe development is progressive, with observable milestones." > "There are multiple variations but only one single theory of development."

A theory is a statement based on scientific research that helps to make observations and facts meaningful. Cognitive theories focus on advancement of the development of thinking, believe development is progressive, and have observable milestones. Psychodynamic theories focus on personality-trait development and psychological challenges at different ages, not on how the environment might influence behavior. Behavioral theories are designed to explain the development of specific behaviors and suggest their relationships to other developing social skills whereas sociocultural theories describe how culture influences behavior. There is no single theory of development.

According to Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, which stage will the nurse expect in a 3-year-old? > Identity vs confusion > Initiative vs guilt > Autonomy vs shame and doubt > Trust vs mistrust

A toddler between the ages of 1 and 4 is in Erikson's stage of autonomy versus shame and doubt. Identity versus confusion occurs in adolescence. Initiative versus guilt occurs in preschool-age children and trust versus mistrust occurs in the infant.

Which statement defines Erickson's Task of Industry in middle childhood? > Praise is essential to build motivation. > Able to work on a task to completion by age 7. > Large goals must be met to achieve satisfaction. > Comprehends concept of delayed reward by age 9.

According to Erickson's Task of Industry in middle childhood, praise is essential to build motivation. A 9-year-old child, not a 7-year-old child, has the attention span required to work on a task to completion. Meeting small goals, not only large goals, promotes a sense of satisfaction during middle childhood. The concept of working toward a delayed reward is comprehended during middle childhood by 11 years of age, not 9 years of age.

According to Rogers Environmental Theory, when does self-actualization happen? > Self-actualization is never achieved as the ideal self continues to evolve. > Once the individual accepts that they will never become the ideal self. > When a person realizes they are able to be like the ideal self. > It occurs when the ideal self and the actual self have different goals.

According to Rogers, self-actualization happens as a person realizes they can do many things to be like the ideal self. Rogers believed every person has an idea of the type of person they would like to be, and they were able to discover their full potential through self-actualization. He believed it was possible to become the ideal self. Rogers acknowledged there may be differences between the idealized self and the actual self, but believed if the ideal self shares a lot in common with the actual self, then that person discovers their full potential and achieves happiness.

Which activity reported by a parent of a preschooler requires follow-up by the nurse? > Touching own genitals during a diaper change > Watching bathroom functions of family members > Acting out sexual intercourse with dolls > Playing mommy and daddy with siblings

Acting out sexual intercourse with dolls or peers may indicate sexual abuse and should be further evaluated. Normal sexual behavior in early childhood includes touching one's own genitals during a diaper change, watching the the bathroom functions of others, and assigning the roles of mommy and daddy to peers while playing house.

Which moderate intensity exercise will the school nurse recommend during middle childhood? SATA. > Hiking > Bicycling > Swimming > Tug-of-war > Skateboarding > Tackle football

Activities requiring moderate intensity exercise which are appropriate during middle childhood include hiking, bicycling, and skateboarding. Swimming is an example of a vigorous, not moderate intensity, activity which is recommended during middle childhood. Tug-of-war is an example of a muscle and bone-strengthening activity recommended during middle childhood, not a moderate intensity exercise. Tackle football is an impact sport, not a moderate intensity exercise, and is not recommended during middle childhood as skeletal immaturity increases the risk of injury.

Which statement indicates an understanding of the social learning theory? > Aggressive behavior is not addressed in this theory due to the age of the child. > A child mimics behavior because of curiosity or the desire for positive reinforcement. > Social learning models are the child's peers at each stage in development. > The child's social learning is influenced primarily by inborn personality traits.

Albert Bandura and Walter Mischel were theorists who believed that social learning formed the basis for personality development. The social-learning theory involves exposure to and imitation of a behavior. Children often mimic what they see and may do so because of curiosity or the desire for positive reinforcement. The age of the child does not impede the development of aggressive behaviors. A child's social learning models can include parents, peers, and teachers. Jung was most recognized for describing personality traits, including the introvert and the extrovert, which are not part of Bandura and Mischel's social learning theory.

Which pair of theorists expanded upon similar theories? SATA. > Jung and Freud > Galton and Darwin > Erikson and Levinson > Piaget and Baldwin > Simon and Binet > Pavlov and Skinner

All BUT Jung and Freud and Galton and Darwin. Daniel J. Levinson was a theorist who elaborated on Erik Erikson's theories. James Baldwin studied the area of sensation and perception and influenced Jean Piaget in the expression of the theory of cognitive development. Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon developed a scale, the Binet-Simon test, which is used to identify normal behavior versus slow behavior. Ivan Pavlov and B.F. Skinner's theories describe learning and interaction with the environment as the center of development. Carl Jung studied with Freud but did not believe as Freud did that sexuality was the basis of behavior development. Frances Galton was Darwin's cousin. Darwin's description of his son's development became the core of concepts of child development today, whereas Galton studied and designed developmental and intelligence testing.

Which point should the nurse include in an education program on toilet training for parents of preschool-age children? SATA. > Bladder control occurs before bowel control. > Expect nighttime accidents. > Sphincter control is needed for toilet training. > Communication of the need to use the toilet is needed. > Accidents should not be punished.

All BUT bladder control occurs before bowel control. The nurse teaching a program on toilet training to preschool children should tell the parents that nighttime accidents are common in the preschool-age child, sphincter control is needed for successful toilet training, the child needs to be able to communicate the need for toileting, and accidents should not be punished. Bowel control occurs before the child has achieved full bladder control.

Which instruction will the nurse include when teaching a new parent about car safety? SATA. > "By age 4, a child can sit in the front seat." > "By age 2, a child may be placed in a front-facing car seat." > "Before age 2, a child should sit behind the driver." > "At 40 pounds, a child can sit in a front-facing car seat." > "The lap belt on an older child should fit snug across the thighs."

All BUT by age 4, a child can sit in the front seat. By age 2, a child may be placed in a front-facing car seat. Prior to age 2, a child should sit in a rear-facing seat behind the driver. A child who weighs more than 35 to 40 pounds can sit in the middle of the back seat in a front-facing car seat. A child should not sit in the front seat until age 13.

Which behavior is associated with Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development? SATA. > Gains developmental understanding of object permanence > Develops principles that may overrule social laws or customs > Begins to use logic to understand rules > Seeks to avoid punishment by obeying rules > Conforms to rules to gain recognition or reward

All BUT gains developomental understanding of object permanence and begins to use logic to understand rules. Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development consists of three levels that are closely related to Piaget's views. These levels include the postconventional stage of the older adult where the development of one's own set of principles that may overrule social laws or customs may occur. The preconventional stage contains the toddler and early childhood ages where the individual learns to obey rules in order to avoid punishment. During the conventional stage the school age child learns to conform to rules in order to gain reward or recognition. The ability to understand object permanence and use logic to understand rules fall within Piaget's Four Stages of Development in the sensorimotor and preoperational stages respectively.

Which consequence does the nurse anticipate when a school-age child has a long-term illness? SATA. > Anxiety related to illness > Social isolation from peers > Decrease in cognitive learning > Inability to understand cause of illness > Alteration in growth and development

All BUT inability to understand cause of illness. Anxiety related to the illness, as well as factors such as falling behind in school, is experienced by a school-age child with a long-term illness. A school-age child with a long-term illness will experience social isolation related to separation from peers and decreased social activities during times of illness or treatment. School absences can result in the consequence of a decrease in cognitive learning. Alterations in growth and development are a consequence of long-term illness and the nurse must develop interventions which foster normal development. A school-age child has an ability, not an inability, to understand the cause of a long-term illness.

Which information will the nurse provide to a parent to explain intelligence tests? SATA. > Predictive of school performance > Meant to determine intelligence level > Administered by licensed professional > Identifies if a child requires assistance > Are available for specific clinical issues > Published in 1905 in United States

All BUT meant to determine intelligence level and published in 1905 in US. Intelligence tests are predictive of school performance and are administered by a licensed professional. Intelligence tests identify if a child requires assistance, as well as if a child would benefit from additional challenges. Intelligence tests are available for children with specific clinical issues. The intent of intelligence tests is to identify children in need of assistance or who have challenges, not to determine their general intelligence level. The Stanford-Binet intelligence test was published in 1905 in France, not the United States, and was then brought to the United States.

Which purpose of discipline will the nurse include in an education program for parents of preschoolers? SATA. > Teach acceptable behavior. > Punish the child. > Correct negative behavior. > Learn self-control. > Develop positive self-esteem.

All BUT punish the child. The purpose of discipline is to teach the child acceptable behaviors, correct negative behaviors, learn self-control, and build self-esteem. The purpose of discipline is not to punish the child.

Which benefit of electronic media use does the nurse associate with a school-age child? SATA. > Development of eye-hand coordination > Exposure to people who are different > Improvement in access to health information > Reduction in amount of personal interaction > Promotion of sedentary physical activity habits > Streamlined collaboration of group school projects

All BUT reduction in amount of personal interaction and promotion of sedentary physical activity habits. A benefit associated with electronic media use by a school-age child is the development of eye-hand coordination. Electronic media, such as downloaded books and character-focused media, benefits a school-age child through exposure to people who are different from themselves. Electronic media use, such as social media, benefits a school-age child by improving access to health information. Streamlined collaboration on group school projects is a benefit of electronic media for a school-age child. A reduction in the amount of personal interaction is a disadvantage of the use of electronic media by a school-age child. The promotion of sedentary physical activity habits is a disadvantage, not a benefit, of the use of electronic media by a school-age child.

Which instruction will the nurse provide to the parents of a school-age child who ask when a booster seat is no longer needed? SATA. > "The car seat belt should fit flat across the chest." > "The knees should bend over the edge of the seat when child is against the seatback." > "The booster seat is no longer needed by age 12." > "The car lap belts should fit low and snug on the thighs." > "The booster seat is not needed in a child over 40 pounds."

All BUT the booster seat is no longer needed by age 12 and the booster seat is not needed in a child over 40lbs. Older children should use booster seats until the seat belt lays flat across the chest, the lap belt is low and snug over the thighs, and the legs end at the knee over the seat edge when sitting up against the seatback. Proper fit of the car seat belt determines when a child no longer needs a booster seat, not age or weight.

Which scenario is an example of Skinner's operant conditioning? SATA. > A parent rewards their child with praise and money for each A+ they receive on their report card. > The school holds an assembly where the team's win is recognized in front of the entire school. > At halftime, the coach passes out orange slices while offering praise and words of encouragement. > The coach makes the team run hills after practice because of the team's loss this past Saturday. > An individual receives praise from their peers after completing their first 5K race.

All BUT the coach makes the team run hills Skinner attributed learning to operant conditioning, which involves behavioral consequences such as reward or punishment. Reinforcing positive behavior with rewards including praise, recognition, and special attention can result in positive health practices. Occasional material rewards such as money, can help to motivate good behavior such as demonstrated with the parent paying their child for good grades. The team's accomplishment is recognized by their peers and community resulting in pride and the drive to continue the behavior. The coach seeks to motivate the team by providing positive words and a healthy snack. The individual completing the 5k also receives praise and recognition from her peers. The coach uses exercise as a punishment, by making the team run hills after a bad performance resulting in exercise being perceived as a negative activity.

Which statement regarding latchkey children will the nurse question? SATA. > Limited to low-income families > Trending downward in United States > May negatively impact school performance > Grant-funded programs must be used if available > Use of electronic media prevents risk of isolation > Extended family provide care while parents work

All BUT trending downward in US and may negatively impact school performance. Latchkey children are those who are unsupervised at home after school. Latchkey children are from all income levels and it is not limited to low-income families. Grant-funded after-school programs have expanded however a family is not mandated to take advantage of this service if it is available. The use of electronic media by a latchkey child promotes, not prevents, a risk of isolation. The term latchkey children refers to extended family being unable, not able, to provide care while parents work. The number of latchkey children in the United States trending downward is an accurate statement, however some children are still left alone due to a lack of availability of after-school services. An accurate statement regarding latchkey children is that they may experience negative impacts on school performance due to a lack of assistance with homework, a focus on electronic media or games, or a combination of both factors.

Which component will the nurse include when discussing sex education as a class for school-age children? SATA. > Normal anatomy and physiology > Parental and teacher participation Verbal instead of written information > Culturally relevant content for participants > Teaching strategies that involve asking questions > Review of sexual development and body changes

All BUT verbal instead of written information. Normal anatomy and physiology is a component of a sex education class for school-age children. Values can be added and influenced by parental and teacher participation during a sex education class. Culturally relevant content will be included in a sex education class for school-age children to promote cultural sensitivity and to be consistent with cultural norms. Teaching strategies which include questions are an important component of a sex education class for school-age children as this leads to discussions. Review of sexual development and body changes is an important component of a sex education class for school-age children. Information will be provided in a written, as well as verbal, format in a sex education class for school-age children.

Which statement is true of Piaget's Four Stages of Development? SATA. > As one grows older, the ability to process information more efficiently improves. > It was developed by a Swiss psychologist who placed an emphasis on cognitive milestones. > With age comes the ability to make quick decisions without having to stop to process the information. > Piaget's development model solely focuses on qualitative changes in thought. > Sensory and motor interactions with the environment are critical to processing information.

All BUT with ago comes the ability to make quick decisions without having to stop to process the information and sensory and motor interactions with the environment are critical to processing information. The information-processing theory is believed to be the basis of problem-solving and critical-thinking abilities. The basic technique of information processing does not change with age, however, speed and efficiency of the processing improves with age. Jean Piaget was a Swiss psychologist who focused on cognitive development milestones. Piaget described four stages of development involving sensory and motor interactions with the environment resulting in the understanding needed to process information. With age, the individual is able to process information faster and more efficiently however the process does not change; information continues to be processed mentally before an output of judgment and decision are made. Piaget's stages involve both qualitative and quantitative changes in thought.

Which safety interventions will the nurse teach to parents of preschool-age children? > Provide appropriate footwear for the activity. > Don a helmet when riding a bicycle. > Inspect play surfaces for wear and tear. > Use shin guards when playing soccer. > Offer frequent hydration.

All are correct. Parents can keep children safe during physical activity by providing appropriate footwear for the activity, wearing a helmet when riding a bicycle, inspecting play surfaces for wear and tear, protecting the shins by wearing shin guards while playing soccer, and offering hydration before, during, and after play.

Which factor has the ability to impact psychological growth and development? SATA. > Socioeconomics > Cultural beliefs > Religion > Poverty > Gender

All are correct. Psychological growth occurs through all stages of the life cycle. Socioeconomic status can impact access to resources. Poverty can deprive the child of nutrition needed for brain and body development as well as decrease experiences available to the child. Cultural beliefs, religious practices, and gender differences all have the ability to affect development as they can impact how the child is treated by others. Children may be treated differently in different environments and those differences may have an effect on a child's understanding of himself or herself.

Which statement regarding discipline during middle childhood is accurate? > Incorporates reward as well as punishment > Culturally traditional techniques are avoided > Method of discipline must be designed by parent > Corporal punishment is advocated by many experts

An accurate statement regarding discipline during middle childhood is that it incorporates reward as well as punishment. Positive reinforcement of good behavior promotes the social and emotional development of a school-age child. If punishment is used following misbehavior, it must be prompt, consistent, and fair. Culturally traditional disciplinary techniques are often relied on by parents and these should be explored, not avoided, to determine if they are optimal disciplinary measures. Corporal punishment is discouraged, not advocated, by many child experts. Physical punishment, such as spanking, can be construed as child abuse and it can result in negative outcomes such as violent behavior and decreased self-esteem. The method of discipline may be designed by the parent and child, not only the parent, and fosters the moral development and autonomy of a child.

Which peer relationship behavior of a school-age child will the nurse classify as age-appropriate? > 6-year-old gives possessions to friends > 8-year-old shifts toward egocentric thinking > 10-year-old makes friends to be admired > 12-year-old increases reliance on family

An age-appropriate peer relationship behavior of a school-age child is a 10-year-old making friends to be admired. An age-appropriate behavior of a younger school-age child, such a 6-year-old, is to protect possessions from friends, not give possessions to friends. An age-appropriate behavior for an 8-year-old child would be to shift away, not toward, egocentric thinking. A developmental task for a school-age child is to shift from an egocentric, or self-centered, view to understanding how others see them and appreciating the thoughts of others. An age-appropriate behavior of a 12-year-old child is a decrease, not an increase, in reliance on family as other relationships develop.

Which assessment finding regarding an infant born at 20 inches (51 cm) of length is considered appropriate health maintenance at 1 year of age? SATA. > 22 inches > 24 inches > 26 inches > 28 inches > 30 inches

An infant's birth length increases by approximately 50% by 1 year of age. For an infant born at 20 inches (51 cm) long, 50% is 10 more inches (25 cm). Therefore, 30 inches (76 cm) is the expected length that demonstrates health maintenance. Anything less than this is below expected length for health maintenance. Close measurements do not indicate that the infant is automatically compromised; this simply reflects that the average expected growth may not be quite met. Measurements that deviate further from the expected length may indicate health concerns, so the infant must be further assessed.

Which assessment finding for an infant born at 7 pounds (3.2 kg) is considered to be appropriate health maintenance? SATA. > 10 pounds (4.5 kg) at 6 months of age > 14 pounds (6.4 kg) at 6 months of age > 18 pounds (8.2 kg) at 12 months of age > 21 pounds (9.5 kg) at 12 months of age > 29 pounds (13.2 kg) at 12 months of age

An infant's birth weight doubles by 6 months of age, and triples within 1 year. For a 7 pound (3.2 kg) infant, doubling at 6 months equals 14 pounds (6.4 kg), and tripling within 1 year equals 21 pounds (9.5 kg). Findings of 10 pounds (4.5 kg) at 6 months of age and 18 pounds (8.2 kg) at 12 months of weight demonstrates that the infant is below expected weight for health maintenance. A finding of 29 pounds (13.2 kg) at 12 months of age demonstrates that the infant is above expected weight for health maintenance. Close measurements do not indicate that the infant is automatically compromised; this simply reflects that the average expected weight may not be quite met. Measurements that deviate further from the expected weight may indicate health concerns, so the infant must be further assessed.

Which statement is true of both Robert Havighurst and Robert Peck? > Identified four developmental stages in the older adult related to retirement > Encouraged early retirement in order to adapt to physiological decline > Focused on the need for acceptance of inevitable health decline > Developed theories related to the developmental tasks of late adulthood

Both theorists developed theories based on the developmental tasks faced by the older adult. Robert Atchley described five developmental stages in the older adult related to retirement, not Havighurst or Peck. Robert Peck's theory is based on the developmental tasks of the older adult, which include coping with retirement from work, adapting to the normal physiological decline because of aging, and facing the inevitability of death; however, he did not encourage early retirement as a means to adapt to physiological decline. Peck's theory involved meeting the challenges of aging with positivity to maintain generativity and to avoid despair. Havighurst's theory focused on adjusting and adapting to changes that occur with aging.

The nurse would expect a vocabulary size of which number of words in a 2-year-old? > 1 > 4 - 6 > 15 > 100

By 2 years of age, a child has a vocabulary of over 100 words. By age 1, a toddler usually speaks the first word. A 15-month-old may say four to six words and by 18 months may speak 15 words.

Which statement is an example of expected language development of a 30-month-old child? > Verbalizing possession of a toy > Using the past tense > Expressing future events > Speaking a sentence with five words

By 30 months, a toddler is able to express possession of an object, such as "my book." Expression of the past tense is developed by age 4 and the future tense is used by age 5. The typical sentence of a preschooler is equal to the child's age; therefore, a 2.5-year-old would not be using a sentence with five words.

Which statement made by a patient's parent requires further questioning and assessment? > Picking up and eating finger-foods is a favorite activity for my 1-year-old. > My 4-year-old can't touch the thumb to each finger in order. > Copying a straight line on paper is one skill my 3-year-old hasn't mastered. > My 2-year-old has a preference for the left hand.

By age 2 years, a child should be able to copy a straight line on paper; therefore, a 3-year-old who has not accomplished this task needs further assessment. By age 1, a child can use a pincer grasp (using thumb and forefinger to pick up small objects). Preference for the right or left hand develops between 18 months and 5 years of age. Since the ability to touch the thumb to each finger sequentially develops by age 5, it is not uncommon to find a 4-year-old who has not accomplished this skill.

By which age does an infant discover their hands and feet? > 2 months old > 4 months old > 6 months old > 8 months old

By the age of 4 months, infants discover their hands and feet. This is around the same time that they begin to become more aware of their surroundings and observe activity happening in the room. This phenomenon does not happen by 2 months old; by 6 and 8 months old, the infant should have already discovered their hands and feet.

Which theorist created the theory of the looking-glass self? > Watson > Rogers > Peck > Cooley

Charles Horton Cooley created the theory of the looking-glass self, which believed that the creation of the self-image involves three steps: (1) imagining how we portray ourselves to others; (2) imagining how others evaluate us; and (3) combining these impressions to formulate a self-concept. Watson created the Behaviorist Theory, Rogers created the Environmental Theory, and Peck created a theory based on the developmental tasks of the older adult.

Which phrase is associated with a subjective sense of gender identity during middle childhood? > Identification of child with same-sex parent > Use of term "boy" or "girl" to describe gender > Traditional gender role mandated to be followed > Clothing differs from cultural norms for biological sex

Clothing which differs from cultural norms for biological sex, such as a biological boy wearing a dress, is associated with subjective gender identity during middle childhood. Identification of a child with the same-sex parent is associated with Freud's period of sexual latency, not a subjective sense of gender identity. The use of the term "boy" or "girl" to describe gender is associated with traditional gender roles, not subjective gender identity. Mandating that traditional gender roles be followed is an example of perpetuating gender stereotypes, not subjective gender identity.

Which information will the nurse question regarding cognitive style during middle childhood? > It refers to pattern of thought and reasoning. > Learning and problem-solving methods vary. > Mnemonic techniques are not comprehended. > Knowledge is grouped to promote remembering.

Cognitive style refers to thought and reasoning and the nurse will question the statement that mnemonic techniques are not comprehended in middle childhood. The nurse understands that mnemonic techniques, such as the use of rhyming to remember the number of days in each month of the year, are comprehended by school-age children who are in middle childhood. The statement that cognitive style refers to a pattern of thought and reasoning is accurate and would not be questioned. The statement that learning and problem-solving methods vary among school-age children is accurate. Grouping knowledge in a certain way to promote remembering is an accurate description of cognitive style during middle childhood.

Which statement reflects an understanding of Mead's Development of Self-Image theory? > Mead expanded upon Cooley's theory by presenting four stages in the development of self. > Self-image begins to develop during the toddler years as the child pretends to be a superhero. > The child is able to understand their own role and how it affects the role of others. > Cooley's third stage begins when the child is ready to experience the world of language.

During middle childhood, the child begins to understand their own role and the way it affects the role of others. George Herbert Mead furthered Cooley's theory by presenting three stages in the development of the self. Self-image begins to develop with imaginative play during the preschool years. Cooley's second stage begins when the child is ready to experience the world of language, video, and books.

Which action is associated with egocentric behavior in a 1-year-old infant? > Being fed from a bottle > Receiving a pacifier placed into the mouth > Feeding food bites to self > Laughing while having diaper changed

Egocentric behavior, in which the infant does something for self, is evident in 1-year-olds. They will often drink from a cup, feed themselves bites of food, or demonstrate proper use of a toy (such as placing a toy phone to their ear). Being fed from a bottle, receiving a pacifier placed in the mouth, and laughing while having a diaper changed are actions that involve the caregiver doing something for the infant; these are not egocentric behaviors.

Which statement accurately describes a phase of Erikson's Stages of the Life Cycle? SATA. > Learns to know oneself and develops a career goal > Able to contribute to society in a meaningful way > Imitates peers and tests boundaries by rebelling against rules > Ability to depend on oneself to meet personal needs > Achieves a sense of life achievement

Erikson's theory involves generativity which can be seen within his Stages of the Life Cycle. During the identity vs. role confusion stage, the adolescent learns to know oneself, what one believes and develops a career goal. During middle adulthood and the generativity vs. self-absorption stage, the individual contributes to society in a meaningful way. Erikson's final stage, integrity vs. despair, sees the older adult gain a sense of life achievement and absence of deep regret. During initiative vs. guilt, the preschooler learns to imitate role models and follow rules, not rebel against them. In the trust vs. mistrust stage, the infant develops trust of others to meet personal needs of self and, as a result, begins to trust others and oneself.

Which of the three interacting parts of a person's psychological functioning did Freud attribute with producing anxiety? > Oral > Superego > Id > Ego

Freud believed that conflict occurs when society provides mixed messages, resulting in anxiety produced by the Id. Oral is not one of the three interacting parts of Freud's psychological functioning, instead, it is the first stage of Freud's psychosexual development theory. Superego emerges between ages 3 and 5, serving as a moral guide, or the conscience, but is not associated with producing anxiety. Ego is the image the individual wants to convey. As anxiety rises to the surface, the ego allows the individual to become aware of their feelings and behaviors, but the ego is not credited with producing anxiety.

Which behavior by the parent of a preschool-age child requires follow-up by the nurse? > Affirms child's feelings > Does not correct child's speech > Does not offer positive statements about child > Engages child in conversation

Further assessment is needed when a parent does not offer any positive statements about the child. Appropriate interactions with a preschooler include helping a child recognize and express feelings, not correcting the child's speech, and stimulating positive communication.

Which action is appropriate if an infant accidentally loses a primary tooth? > None, because a permanent tooth will come in later > A small spacer must be inserted by a dentist in the empty place > Food should be placed on the opposite side of the mouth > Larger bites are given since there are fewer teeth to chew

If an infant accidentally loses a primary tooth, a spacer should be inserted by a dentist to preserve the space for the later eruption of the permanent tooth. This helps to avoid expensive orthodontic care which can arise if no action is taken. Food should not be placed on the opposite side of the mouth as this develops favoritism to one side. Larger bites should not be given as this increases the risk for choking.

Which statement by a child's parent reflects understanding of education regarding children's vulnerability to life-threatening infections? > "My child is susceptible because they cannot receive immunizations until 1 year of age." > "The immunity that was passed to my child through the placenta only lasts 9 to 12 months." > "My child is at risk for serious infections because the immune system is still immature." > "These life-threatening infections are dangerous because my child cannot produce antibodies until 6 months of age."

In infants and young children, the immune system is immature, and the child is vulnerable to life-threatening infections. An active immunization program begins at 2 months of age. An infant receives immunity from the mother via the placenta during pregnancy that provides protection for a few months; immunity from the mother does not last 9-12 months, nor is it the reason infants are susceptible to life-threatening infections. Infants are capable of producing their own antibodies around 2 months of age.

Which statement explains Pavlov and Skinner's theories? > Pavlov and Skinner's theories focused on differences in treatment. > Pavlov and Skinner's theories focused on differences in treatment. > Pavlov and Skinner believed that experiences helped mold the adult personality. > Classical conditioning occurs as a result of reward or punishment.

Ivan Pavlov and B.F. Skinner's theories describe learning and interaction with the environment as the center of development and believed each experience helped mold the adult personality. Bronfenbrenner's theory offers insight into how children may be treated differently in different environments. Pavlov and Skinner believed that personality and behavior are learned, therefore there are no identifiable stages of personality. Pavlov developed the theory of classical conditioning which has to do with associating things to the environment. Skinner attributed learning to operant conditioning, which involves behavioral consequences such as reward or punishment.

Which theorist's model of development did Loevinger expand upon? > Levinson > Kegan > Erikson > Piaget

Jane Loevinger extended Piaget's model of development into the stages of adulthood, believing ego development was progressive with observable milestones throughout adulthood. Daniel J. Levinson was a theorist who elaborated on Erik Erikson's theories believing that interaction among environment, culture, and the individual was the 'fabric of life.' Robert Kegan expressed a constructive developmental theory similar to Piaget's which focused on reciprocal relationships with others and the need to maintain independence. Erikson's theory involves generativity, further refining theories first presented by Freud.

Which statement is true regarding the theorist John Watson? > Believed personality derived from past culture > Known as the father of behaviorism > Basis of his theory lies with inborn traits and drives > Believed personality was the result of destiny

John Watson was known as the father of behaviorism. He believed the environment and experiences molded the personality. Jung believed the roots of personality reflected the past culture of the family. Inborn traits or drives are not the basis of Watson's theory. Carl Rogers believed people naturally form their own positive destiny.

Which statement explains Carl Jung's psychodynamic theory about behavior? > Development is fully realized by adulthood and cannot be changed at this point. > Sexuality is the basis of all behavioral development and begins within the first year of life. > Recognizing one's own talents and abilities allows for resolution of the Oedipus complex. > Past culture of the family serves to unconsciously mold the roots of personality.

Jung believed the roots of personality reflected the past culture of the family, which unconsciously molds the way a person perceives experiences as an adult. Jung believed development extended into adulthood and that the 'noon of life' occurred at age 40, and that personality could continue to evolve. Freud, not Jung, believed that sexuality was at the core of all development and began with the oral phase during the first year of life. The Oedipus complex is also part of Freud's theory. Jung defined the process of recognizing one's own talents and abilities as self-actualization.

Which theorist's work is thought to have excluded women? > Vygotsky > Kohlberg > Freud > Piaget

Kohlberg's stages of moral development remains a respected theory today, although modification of the postconventional stage has been suggested as a result of research findings. Carol Gilligan's work challenged Kohlberg's description of postconventional moral thought in addition to believing Kohlberg's research excluded women. Vygotsky's theory focused on language, not gender, in relation to growth and development. Freud was a psychoanalytic theorist who focused on both genders. Kohlberg's theory of moral development consists of three levels that are closely related to Piaget's views; however, no claims of excluding women were made.

Which theorist believed language was the major force in the growth and development of the personality? > Bronfenbrenner > Rogers > Maslow > Vygotsky

Lev Vygotsky believed that physiological maturation of the brain enabled language development, which influenced how a child thinks and behaves. His theory suggested that language was a major force in the growth and development of the personality. Urie Bronfenbrenner presented a combination of social and economic factors that influence growth and development. Carl Rogers believed people naturally form their own positive destiny and theorized that mastery over the environment and positive relationships helped form self-concept. Abraham Maslow described a hierarchy of needs where once basic needs are met, the individual can move to higher levels of thought and self-fulfillment.

Which stage does Levinson identify as being at the "height of vigor and vitality"? > Pre-adult > Early adult > Middle adult > Late adult

Levinson believed that each person enters an orderly sequence of events or structures in life and described the early adult years (ages 22-45 years), as being at the height of vigor and vitality. Levinson defined the preadult years (ages 17-22) as the period that serves as the bridge between adolescence and independent adulthood. Ages 45-65 years, middle adult, is the transition phase where mental and physical functioning begins to gradually decrease. The late adult years, ages 65-80, involves defining new goals and levels of involvement with family, friends, and communities.

Which statement does the nurse classify as a physiologic change of middle childhood? > Myelinization of the brain increases. > Physical growth slows just before puberty. > Loss of primary teeth begins at about age 6. > Height increase on averages 1 inch (2.5 cm) annually.

Loss of primary teeth begins at about age 6 during middle childhood, usually with the lower central incisor. Myelinization of the brain decreases, not increases, during middle childhood. Physical growth increases with a growth spurt, not a decrease in growth, just before puberty. The average height increase during middle childhood is 2 inches (5 cm) annually, not 1 inch (2.5 cm).

Which nutritional recommendation will the nurse explain to the parents of a 3-year-old child? > 60% of calories should be from carbohydrates. > 52% of calories should be from simple carbohydrates. > 50% of calories should be from protein. > 30% of calories should be from fat.

Macronutrients (carbohydrates, fats, and proteins) are required to fuel the body. The U.S. Department of Agriculture recommends that carbohydrates should make up 52% of calories, with the majority being complex carbohydrates; 30% should be from fat; and 18% should come from protein.

Which response will the nurse make when asked to describe the moral behavior of a 5-year-old child? > Enjoys making own rules for a game > Rules always followed once learned > May show frustration if peer breaks a rule > Lacks cognitive ability to understand rules

Moral reasoning develops during middle childhood as cognitive function matures. A 5-year-old child comprehends rules and may show frustration if a peer breaks a rule. A 10-year-old child, not a 5-year-old child, enjoys making their own rules for a game. A 5-year-old child may break a rule once it is learned. Breaking rules by lying, cheating, or stealing are common behaviors in middle childhood and reflect the need for continued adult modeling as moral behavior is learned. A 5-year-old child has the cognitive ability, not a lack of cognitive ability, to understand rules.

Which disciplinary technique used by a parent is an example of negative operant punishment? > Restricting a child's privileges for unwanted behavior > Rewarding a child for positive behavior > Removing restrictions for positive behavior in a child > Ignoring unwanted behavior in a child

Operant conditioning occurs when a child repeats a behavior that results in positive outcomes and ceases behaviors that result in negative outcomes. Negative operant punishment occurs when the parent ignores an unwanted behavior in a child. Restricting privileges for unwanted behavior and removing restrictions for good behavior are examples of negative operant reinforcement. Rewarding a positive behavior is an example of positive reinforcement.

Which explanation of time-out will a nurse provide to parents who ask about disciplining their preschooler? > Which explanation of time-out will a nurse provide to parents who ask about disciplining their preschooler? > Limit a time-out to 2 minutes for each year of age. > Time-out is a form of punishment only used in preschoolers. > Time-out is a form of punishment only used in preschoolers.

Parents may use time-out in response to a child's unacceptable behavior. The child should be given a brief explanation of why time-out is being used. A time-out may be used in children aged 1 to 6 for unacceptable behavior; it is not a punishment. A time-out should be limited to 1 minute for each year of age, not 2 minutes.

Which quality did Peck believe was essential to making a healthy transition between stages? > Coping with decreased income > Maintaining a positive self-image > Adjusting to the death of a spouse > Adapting to changes in living arrangements

Peck believed that maintaining a positive self-image and feelings of self-worth, despite changing abilities and increasing limitations, was essential to making healthy transitions between stages. Havighurst's developmental tasks included adjusting to decreased income, adjusting to the death of a spouse, and adapting to changing living arrangements.

Which statement regarding physical activity defines a child between 5 to 7 years of age? > Ready for activities that require lessons > Activity is achieved through vigorous play > Understands competitive nature of sports > Uses coping strategies to manage team conflict

Physical activity for a child between 5 to 7 years of age is vigorous play, such as running games. A child between 8 to 10 years of age, not 5 to 7 years of age, is ready for activities which require lessons, such as dancing. An understanding of the competitive nature of sports develops around 9 years of age, not between 5 to 7 years of age, with mastery occurring around 12 years of age. A child uses coping strategies to manage team conflict after 7 years of age, not between 5 to 7 years of age.

Which dietary factor related to temperament and infant feeding is included in Healthy People 2030? > Obesity prevention > Increasing calcium > Reduce added sugar > Minimizing sodium intake

Prevention of obesity is a Health People 2030 goal; overfeeding during infancy, which may be driven by infant temperament, is thought to contribute to obesity later in life. Increasing calcium, reducing added sugar, and minimizing sodium intake are Healthy People 2030 goals that relate to people aged 2 and over.

Which assessment finding is most closely associated with shaken baby syndrome? > Failure to thrive > Reddened skin > Dirty clothes and diapers > Blood spots in eyes

Retinal hemorrhage - blood spots in the eyes - is the finding that is most closely associated with shaken baby syndrome. This is due to the acceleration and deceleration forces associated with the head being shaken. It may also be associated with direct head trauma acquired during the shaking process. Failure to thrive, reddened skin, and dirty clothes and diapers may be findings associated with infant neglect but are not indicative of shaken baby syndrome. It is also possible that failure to thrive and reddened skin are physiological findings associated with a medical condition. Dirty clothes and diapers may be associated with an overly tired caretaker, a caretaker with postpartum or major depression disorder, or a caretaker's lack of understanding of how frequently an infant should be bathed and changed.

In Atchley's Stages of Retirement, during which developmental stage would someone experience boredom? > Stability > Terminal > Disenchantment > Preretirement

Robert Atchley identified five developmental stages of retirement stage. During the disenchantment stage, the older adult designs new priorities as a result of boredom. The individual begins to feel needed and respected during the stability stage. Changes can occur during Atchley's terminal stage due to the need for reemployment or decline in health. Dreams of retirement occur during the preretirement stage.

Which phrase is defined by the development of social cognition in a school-age child? > Understands rules > Emulates role models > Desires to master skills > Seeks opinion of others

Seeking the opinion of others is associated with the development of social cognition, or the understanding of how actions affect others, in a school-age child. Understanding rules is associated with the development of moral reasoning in a school-age child, not social cognition. Emulating role models and a desire to master skills are associated with Erickson's stage of industry in a school-age child, not social cognition.

Which finding alerts the nurse to further assess for abuse of an infant? SATA. > Wearing layers of clothes in hot weather > Irritation of the genitalia > Reddened outline of hand on buttocks > Multiple bruises in various stages of healing > Injuries noted on the front and right side of body

Signs of potential abuse include (all of the above): wearing too many clothes especially in hot weather, genital irritation, imprints or outlines on the infant's skin (such as the outline of a hand), multiple bruises or injuries - especially in various stages of healing, and injuries noted in more than 1 of 4 planes of the body (front, back, right side, left side).

Which patient in a pediatric clinic will the nurse recognize needs further evaluation? SATA. > 16-month-old who is not walking > 18-month-old with bowed legs > 18-month-old with knocked-knees > 26-month-old with an exaggerated lumbar spine > 3-year-old with an erect posture

Since most children walk between 12 and 15 months, a 16-month-old who is not walking should be further evaluated. Normal findings include a bowed-leg appearance appearing between 12 and 18 months, a knock-knee appearance developing between 18 months and 2 years, an exaggerated lumbar curve by age 2, and an erect posture by age 3.

Which statement describes the independent stage of Erikson's parenting behavior? > Motivation of the child becomes important as the child becomes more independent. > The parent relates to the child as they prepare to leave home and face the future. > As the child begins to gain autonomy, parenting skills are questioned. > The parent must learn to balance support of the teen while maintaining authority.

Stage 4 of Erikson's Stages of Parenting Behaviors is the independent stage where the parent learns how to support the teen while maintaining their authoritative role. During stage 3, Integrative, the child becomes more independent, and the parent feels responsible to motivate the child. The final stage, Departure, is where the parent is able to relate to the child as they prepare for the future and to leave home. In the Authority stage, parental skills are questioned as the child becomes autonomous.</p>

Which strategy by the nurse promotes normal growth and development of a school-age child with diabetes? > Teaches child to test blood sugar and administer insulin > Obtains parenteral consent to educate child's class on diabetes > Manages treatment regimen to allow child to focus on academics > Withholds diagnosis from teacher to maintain confidentiality of child

Teaching a school-age child with diabetes to test their blood sugar and administer insulin is a strategy which promotes normal growth and development. Obtaining parental consent to educate the class on diabetes benefits peers, however this strategy does not promote the normal growth and development of a child with diabetes. Managing the treatment regimen for a child will not foster independence, which is necessary for normal growth and development. Withholding the diagnosis from the teacher to maintain confidentiality prevents collaboration with the school nurse on strategies to promote the growth and development of a child with diabetes and could be dangerous.

Which newborn length does the nurse identify as being considered average? > 19 inches > 20 inches > 21 inches > 22 inches

The average newborn length is about 20 inches (50 cm). Newborns with a length of 19 inches (48 cm) are slightly under the average length, while newborns with a length of 21 inches (53 cm) or 22 inches (56 cm) are above the average length.

Which newborn weight does the nurse identify as being considered average? > 5.5 pounds > 6.5 pounds > 7.5 pounds > 8.5 pounds

The average newborn weighs approximately 7.5 pounds (3.4 kg). Newborns weighing 5.5 pounds (2.5 kg) and 6.5 pounds (2.9 kg) are considered under average, while newborns weighing 8.5 pounds (3.9 kg) are considered above the average.

Which information will the nurse discuss with parents in a community program on family physical activity? > Exercise in childhood has no effect on preventing adult illnesses. > Physical activity and proper nutrition are important for weight control. > Childhood nutrition does not affect the risk of diabetes in adults. > Healthy habits formed in young children are not continued into adolescence.

The combination of healthy eating and physical activity during childhood can control weight and prevent adult-onset illnesses, such as diabetes, heart disease, and high blood pressure. Healthy habits formed in childhood can lead to healthy habits in adolescents and adulthood.

Which statement does the nurse include when providing patient education regarding gastrointestinal system changes in middle childhood? SATA. > Sense of taste sharpens. > Less caloric intake is required. > Stomach capacity decreases. > Snacks more than in early childhood. > Rate of stomach emptying increases. > Preferences for specific foods develop.

The gastrointestinal system is more developed in middle childhood than in early childhood. The sense of taste sharpens in middle childhood and less caloric intake is required than during early childhood. The rate of stomach emptying increases during middle childhood and preferences for specific foods develop. Stomach capacity increases, not decreases, during middle childhood. Children snack less, not more, in middle childhood than during early childhood.

Which behavior will the nurse expect to observe in an infant who is 9 months old? SATA. > Has fear of unfamiliar people > Creeps to move from place to place > Uses finger to explore what the eyes see > Exhibits hand-to-mouth coordination > Recognizes self as separate from the caregiver

The infant who is 9 months old should exhibit (all of the above) behaviors such as fear of strangers, creeping, using the finger to explore what the eyes see, having hand-to-mouth coordination, and recognizing self as separate from the caregiver.

Which action will the nurse take when a school-age child reports a minor health problem without evidence of pathology? > Restrict from returning to health office. > Inform teacher of refusal to attend class. > Assess for presence of psychosocial problems. > Send home for the remainder of the school day.

The nurse will assess for the presence of psychosocial problems when a school-age child reports a minor health problem without evidence of pathology. The nurse will not restrict a child from returning to the health office after reporting a health problem without evidence of pathology, as this will not address the concern. The nurse will collaborate with a teacher in efforts to identify if a child has psychosocial concerns, not inform the teacher that a child is refusing to attend class. The nurse will not send a child home for the remainder of the day, as this does not address the cause for the child reporting a health problem when symptoms are not present.

What will the nurse discuss with parents to best meet their childcare needs for their 2-year-old? > The student-staff ratio should have limits and be clearly established. > Accreditation does not exist for preschool centers. > Daycare centers do not need to be licensed if staff is properly trained. > Staff should be licensed in kindergarten through grade 12 education.

The nurse will discuss that daycare centers have established student-to-staff ratios with clear limits. The center should meet accreditation standards set by the National Association for Education of Young Children and be properly licensed, regardless of staff training. Staff should have school preparation in early childhood education, not kindergarten through grade 12 education.

Which intervention by the nurse will promote adaptation of a school-age child to the expectations of a teacher? > Teach constructive and positive feedback. > Facilitate parent-teacher-child interaction. > Maintain consistency in expectations and discipline. > Provide suggestions for identifying strengths and weaknesses.

The nurse will facilitate parent-teacher-child interaction to promote adaptation of a school-age child to the expectations of a teacher. Teaching constructive and positive feedback is an intervention by the nurse that assists a school-age child to accept criticism without losing self-confidence, not adapting to the expectations of a teacher. Maintaining consistency in expectations and discipline is a task of the parents, not the teacher, in assisting a school-age child to adapt to the expectations of a teacher. Providing suggestions for identifying strengths and weaknesses is a nursing intervention related to assisting a school-age child to find satisfaction in school achievements, not adapting to the expectations of a teacher.

Which statement regarding team sports during middle childhood will the nurse question? > Fosters emerging social skills > Repeated failure impacts self-esteem > Less physically talented should be excluded > Requires coping strategies to manage losing

The nurse will question the exclusion of a less physically talented child from team sports during middle childhood. All children should be included in team sports during middle childhood as competition promotes the development of physical, emotional, and social skills. Team sports foster emerging social skills during middle childhood and would not be questioned by the nurse. The nurse understands that repeated failure during team sports impacts self-esteem during middle childhood. The nurse agrees that team sports require coping strategies to manage losing and that this ability is developed by 7 years of age in middle childhood.

In Bronfenbrenner's Social Theory of Growth and Development, which group of social contacts addresses the child's self-worth? > Political community > School, neighborhood, community > Parents, siblings > Teachers, babysitters

The parents and siblings' group of social contacts influences the child's perception of self-worth. Funding for school community centers and other programs influence the ability of the child to experience social opportunities in the political community. Within the school, neighborhood, and community a coach may value an athletically talented child over the academically talented child. Teachers' and babysitters' perceptions of the child influence the child's sense of self.

Calculate the potential adult height of a male infant born to a father who is 5 feet 11 inches tall, and a mother who is 5 feet 6 inches tall. Round to the nearest tenth.

The potential adult height of a male infant is calculated according to this formula: Father's height in inches + mother's height in inches + 2.5 inches, divided by 2. Therefore, the father's height is 71 inches and the mother's height is 66 inches. 71' + 66' + 2.5' = 139.5 divided by 2 = 69.75' (69.8', rounded to the nearest tenth).

Which item does the nurse classify as a phase of moral behavior development in a school-age child? SATA. > Knowledge > Emotion > Honesty > Behavior > Fairness

There are three phases to the development of moral behavior in a school-age child. The first phase is knowledge, which refers to a child knowing what is right. The second phase is emotion, which refers to a child feeling good or bad about what is right. The third and final phase is behavior, or action, in which a child behaves according to the rule of what is right. Honesty and fairness need to be modeled by adults as a child learns moral behaviors and are not phases in the development of moral behavior.

Which safety instruction will the nurse give to the parent of a toddler? > Use child-resistant caps even on medications kept out of reach. > Refer to medication as candy to encourage a toddler to take the pills. > Use childproof locks on cabinets once a toddler starts walking. > Fill bathtub to no more than 2 inches to prevent drowning.

To prevent accidental poisoning, all medications should have child-resistant caps and packaging. Referring to a medication as candy may encourage a young child to ingest the drug. Childproof locks should be in place before a child starts walking since older infants can be mobile and open cabinet doors and drawers. A child should always be supervised when near water since a young child can drown in a small amount of water.

Which communication skill recognized in middle childhood develops between 8 and 10 years of age? > Telling a joke > Using sarcasm > Verbal counting > Fill-in-the-blank

Verbal counting, as opposed to finger counting, is a communication skill which develops in middle childhood between 8 and 10 years of age. Verbal counting is an important communication skill as it is related to success in later grades. Communication skills including the ability to tell a joke, use sarcasm, and complete fill-in-the-blank questions are developed between 7 and 8 years of age, not between 8 and 10 years of age.