MADM 429 - Chapter 4

Generalization

A trainee's ability to apply learned capabilities to on-the-job work problems and situations that are similar but not identical to problems and situations encountered in the learning environment.

goal orientation

A trainee's goals in a learning situation.

whole practice

A training approach in which all tasks or objectives are practiced at the same time.

part practice

A training approach in which each objective or task is practiced individually as soon as it is introduced in a training program.

spaced practice

A training approach in which trainees are given rest intervals within the practice session.

massed practice

A training approach in which trainees practice a task continuously without resting.

theory of identical elements

According to the ________, transfer will be maximized when the tasks, materials, equipment, and other characteristics of the learning environment are similar to those encountered in the work environment.

Generalizing

Adapting learning for use in similar but not identical situations.

Practice

An employee's demonstration of a learned capability; the physical or mental rehearsal of a task, knowledge, or skill to achieve proficiency in performing the task or skill or demonstrating the knowledge.

All types of training and environments.

Appropriate Conditions of Cognitive Theory

Training focuses on closed skills. Work environment features are predictable and stable. Example: Training to use equipment.

Appropriate Conditions of Identical Elements Theory

Training focuses on open skills. Work environment is unpredictable and highly variable. Example: Training in interpersonal skills.

Appropriate Conditions of Stimulus Generalization Theory

Apply generalizable concepts and rules to solve problems and generate novel products. Example: Design and code a computer program that meets customer requirements

Describe a Capability of Intellectual skills learning outcome

Execute a physical action with precision and timing. Example: Shoot a gun and consistently hit a small moving target.

Describe a Capability of Motor skills learning outcome

State, tell, or describe previously stored information. Example: State three reasons for following company safety procedures.

Describe a Capability of Verbal information learning outcome

• Mutual planning and collaboration in instruction. • Use learner experiences as a basis for examples and applications. • Develop instruction based on learners' interests and competencies. • Provide opportunities for immediate application. • Ensure training is problem centered vs. subject centered.

Describe the implications adult learning for training design and delivery.

self-management

A person's attempt to control certain aspects of his or her decision making and behavior.

past accomplishments

A system of allowing employees to build a history of successful accomplishments.

goal setting theory

A theory assuming that behavior results from a person's conscious goals and intentions.

reinforcement theory

A theory emphasizing that people are motivated to perform or avoid certain behaviors because of past outcomes that have resulted from those behaviors.

social learning theory

A theory emphasizing that people learn by observing other persons (models) who they believe are credible and knowledgeable.

near transfer

A trainee's ability to apply learned capabilities exactly to the work situation.

theory is based on the following assumptions: • Adults have the need to know why they are learning something.• Adults have a need to be self-directed. • Adults bring more work-related experiences into the learning situation • Adults enter into a learning experience with a problem-centered approach to learning • Adults are motivated to learn by both extrinsic and intrinsic motivation..

Describe the principles of adult learning theory

it relates to an individual's belief that he/she can successfully learn new knowledge and skills.

Describe what are meant by self-efficacy beliefs

learner-learner interaction

Discussion between learners with or without an instructor.

learner-instructor interaction

Discussion between the learner and the expert (trainer).

content, enhance self-awareness and self-assessment, gain an appreciation for different opinions, and implement ideas on the job.

Discussions can help learners understand

Meaningful material and coding schemes enhance storage and recall of training content.

Emphasis of Cognitive Theory

Training environment is identical to work environment.

Emphasis of Identical Elements Theory

General principles are applicable to many different work situations.

Emphasis of Stimulus Generalization Theory

self-efficacy

Employees' belief that they can perform their job or learn the content of a training program successfully.

Overlearning

Employees' continuing to practice even if they have been able to perform the objective several times.

Instrumentality

In expectancy theory, a belief that performing a given behavior is associated with a particular outcome.

expectancy

In the context of expectancy theory, ________ relates to trainees' beliefs that they can perform the trained skill.

instrumentality

In the context of expectancy theory, the belief that performing a given action is associated with a particular outcome is called ________.

providing learning guidance to individuals, such as the use of diagrams and models to show relationships among concepts

In the learning process, semantic encoding typically involves ________.

Feedback

Information that employees receive while they are performing about how well they are meeting objectives.

apply generalizable concepts and rules to solve complex problems

Intellectual skill as a learning outcome primarily includes the capability to ________.

increase the employees' self-efficacy

Juan, an operations manager, has been assigned to train a group of older employees in the logistics department. He has to train them to use new computer software. He begins by reminding them that they were quick in learning the old software. Juan is trying to ________.

acquire personal knowledge based on experience.

Learner-learner interaction is most appropriate when learners have to ________

learning orientation

Learners who focus on increasing their ability or competence in a task.

performance orientation

Learners who focus on task performance and how they compare to others.

self-regulation

Learners' involvement with the training material and assessing their progress toward learning.

perceiving a relationship between a new task and a task already mastered

Logical verification to increase self-efficacy typically involves ________.

Automatization

Making performance of a task, recall of knowledge, or demonstration of a skill so automatic that it requires little thought or attention.

external conditions

Processes in the learning environment that facilitate learning.

internal conditions

Processes within the learner that must be present for learning to occur.

Boosters

Short multiple-choice, short-answer quizzes, or other activities that can help learners consider training information as important and help retain it.

Lapses

Situation in which a trainee uses previously learned, less effective capabilities instead of trying to apply capabilities emphasized in a training program.

cognitive strategies

Strategies that regulate the learning processes; they relate to the learner's decision regarding what information to attend to, how to remember, and how to solve problems.

Perception

The ability to organize a message from the environment so that it can be processed and acted upon.

Learning

The acquisition of knowledge by individual employees or groups of employees who are willing to apply that knowledge in their jobs in making decisions and accomplishing tasks for the company; a relatively permanent change in human capabilities that does not result from growth processes.

semantic encoding

The actual coding process of incoming memory.

Expectancy

The belief about the link between trying to perform a behavior (or effort) and actually performing well; the mental state that the learner brings to the instructional process.

Instruction

The characteristics of the environment in which learning is to occur.

mental requirements

The degree to which a person must use or demonstrate mental skills or cognitive skills or abilities to perform a task.

physical requirements

The degree to which a person must use or demonstrate physical skills and abilities to perform and complete a task.

overall task complexity

The degree to which a task requires a number of distinct behaviors, the number of choices involved in performing the task, and the degree of uncertainty in performing the task.

Fidelity

The extent to which a training environment is similar to a work environment.

Gratifying

The feedback that a learner receives from using learning content.

Retrieval

The identification of learned material in long-term memory and use of it to influence performance.

learner-content interaction

The learner interacts with the training content such as reading text on the web or in books, listening to multimedia modules, and engaging in activities that require the manipulation of tools or objects such as writing and completing case studies.

concrete experience

The learning cycle for a trainee begins with a(n) ________.

intellectual skills

The mastery of concepts and rules.

training context

The physical, intellectual, and emotional environment in which training occurs.

Maintenance

The process of continuing to use newly acquired capabilities over time.

Objective

The purpose and expected outcome of training activities.

working storage

The rehearsal and repetition of information, allowing it to be coded for memory.

Andragogy

The theory of adult learning.

Valence

The value that a person places on an outcome.

theory of identical elements

Theory that proposes transfer of training occurs when what is being learned in training is identical to the tasks the trainee has to perform on the job.

Reflection

Trainees spend a short amount of time, such as 15 minutes, reviewing and writing about what they learned and how they performed.

far transfer

Trainees' ability to apply learned capabilities to the work environment even though it is not identical to the training session environment.

transfer of training

Trainees' applying to their jobs the learned capabilities gained in training.

climate for transfer

Trainees' perceptions about a wide variety of characteristics of the work environment; these perceptions facilitate or inhibit use of trained skills or behavior.

Microlearning

Training delivered in small pieces or chunks designed to engage trainees, motivate them to learn, and help facilitate retention.

error management training

Training in which trainees are given opportunities to make errors, which can aid in learning and improve trainees' performance on the job.

open skills

Training objectives linked to general learning principles.

closed skills

Training objectives that are linked to learning specific skills that are to be identically produced by the trainee on the job.

cognitive theory of transfer

Transfer of training is enhanced through increasing trainees' storage and page 528retrieval of information through providing meaningful material and cognitive strategies for coding learned capabilities in memory.

stimulus generalization approach

Transfer of training occurs when the training emphasizes the most important features of a task or general principles that can be used to solve a task or complete a problem.

Verbal information, Intellectual skills, Motor skills, Attitudes, Cognitive strategies

Type of Learning Outcome

Near and far

Type of Transfer in Cognitive Theory

Near

Type of Transfer in Identical Elements Theory

Far

Type of Transfer in Stimulus Generalization Theory

behavior is based on three factors—expectancy, instrumentality, and valence.

What are the three components of expectancy theory

Emphasized by the stimulus generalization approach the best way to promote transfer is to teach general principles that are applicable to many work situations.

What is far transfers implications for training design?

more likely to occur when the trainee works on tasks during training that are very similar, if not identical, to the work environment. Trainers should incorporate identical elements, where the training environment is as close as possible to the real work environment.

What is near transfers implications for training design?

intellectual skills

"Design and code a computer program that meets customer requirements" is an example of which of the following learning outcomes?

extinction

"Not allowing trainees to take an extra break because they were disruptive" is an example of ________, in the context of reinforcement theory.

negative reinforcement

"Not micromanaging trainees working in groups after the group demonstrates it can remain on task" is an example of ________, in the context of reinforcement theory.

Manage one's own thinking and learning processes. Example: Use three different strategies selectively to diagnose engine malfunctions.

Describe a Capability of Cognitive strategies learning outcome

Metacognition

A learning strategy whereby trainees direct their attention to their own learning process.

Need

A deficiency that a person is experiencing at any point in time.

communities of practice (COP)

A group of employees who work together, learn from each other, and develop a common understanding of how to get work accomplished.

Rehearsal

A learning strategy focusing on learning through repetition (memorization).

Elaboration

A learning strategy requiring the trainee to relate the training material to other more familiar knowledge, skills, or behavior.

Organizing

A learning strategy that requires the learner to find similarities and themes in training materials.

social learning theory

Behavior modeling is a training method that is primarily based on ________.

reinforcement theory

Behavior modification is a training method that is primarily based on ________.

Attitudes

Combination of beliefs and feelings that predispose a person to behave in a certain way.

training administration

Coordination of activities before, during, and after a training program.

motor skills

Coordination of physical movements.

Choose a personal course of action. Example: Choose to respond to all incoming mail within 24 hours.

Describe a Capability of Attitudes learning outcome

converger learning style

Good decisiveness, practical application of ideas, and hypothetical deductive reasoning are characteristics of individuals with a(n) ________

Modeling

Having employees who have mastered the desired learning outcomes demonstrate them for trainees.

reading text on the web or in books, listening to multimedia modules, performing activities that require the manipulation of tools or objects, completing case studies and worksheets, or creating new content based on learned information.

How can employees learn through learner-content interaction?

by presenting, demonstrating, and reinforcing content. By providing support, encouragement, and feedback.

How can employees learn through learner-instructor interaction?

observing and sharing experience with peers, may be especially useful for training interpersonal skills, acquiring personal knowledge based on experience, context-specific knowledge, and learning to cope with new situations.

How can employees learn through learner-learner interaction?

Learner-content interaction (with training content) Learner-learner interaction (with other learners) Learner-instructor interaction (with the trainer)

Name the ways employees can learn through interaction.

verbal information

Names or labels, facts, and bodies of knowledge.

verbal persuasion

Offering words of encouragement to convince others that they can learn.

key behaviors

One of a set of behaviors that is necessary to complete a task; an important part of behavior modeling training.

advance organizers

Outlines, texts, diagrams, and graphs that help trainees organize information that will be presented and practiced.

logical verification

Perceiving a relationship between a new task and a task that has already been mastered.

allowing trainees to experiment with new knowledge and skills

Which of the following creates a learning orientation in trainees?

value work-life balance

Which of the following examples best reflects an attitude as a learning outcome?

Participation is often voluntary, so some employees may not share their knowledge unless the organizational culture supports participation.

Which of the following is a disadvantage of communities of practice (COPs)?

recall of training content

Which of the following is an example of the internal conditions necessary for learning?

They refer to skills that are to be identically produced by the trainee on the job.

Which of the following statements is true of closed skills?

It requires the learner to find similarities and themes in the training material.

Which of the following statements is true of organizing as a learning strategy?

B) For training to be effective, both learning and transfer are needed.

Which of the following statements is true? A) In general, mistakes should be avoided in a training context. B) For training to be effective, both learning and transfer are needed. C) Transfer of training is to be considered only after the completion of training. D) Most of what is learned during training is successfully transferred to the workplace.

providing detailed checklists for trainees to follow

Which of the following strategies is least appropriate for supporting the transfer of open skills?

encouraging on-the-job experimentation

Which of the following strategies is not appropriate for supporting the transfer of closed skills?

Retrieval

________ is a learning process that involves identifying learned material in long-term memory and using it to influence performance.

Self-efficacy

________ is a person's judgment about whether he or she can successfully learn new knowledge and skills.

Metacognition

________ refers to individual control over one's thinking.

Massed practice

________ refers to practicing a task continuously without breaks.

Self-regulation

________ refers to the learner's involvement with the training material and assessing their progress toward learning.

Cognitive strategy

________ relates to the learner's decision regarding what information to attend to, how to remember, and how to solve problems.

Divergers

________ use concrete experience and reflective observation and are good at generating ideas and seeing a situation from multiple perspectives.