Major Quiz 2 (Culture, Social Structure and Socialization)

On the first day of basic training in the army, a male recruit has his civilian clothes replaces with army "greens," has his hair shaved off, loses his privacy, and finds that he must use a communal bathroom. All these humiliating activities are part of a degradation ceremony face-work. Impression management. becoming a significant other.

A degrading ceremony

In sociological terms, what do we call any two or more people united by a shared sense of identity or purpose, who interact with each other over time in ways that distinguish them from outsiders? An aggregate A society A group A category

A group

A cultural universal is: An object or a belonging of a group. A pattern or trait common to all societies. The ideas, attitudes and beliefs of a particular society. A written document outlining appropriate behavior.

A pattern or trait common to all societies.

The concept anomie can be defined as: A situation in which society no longer has the support of a firm collective consciousness. How strongly a person is connected to his or her social group. A person's beliefs and ideology are in conflict with her best interests. When one or more of an individual's roles clash.

A situation in which society no longer has the support of a firm collective consciousness.

The term language can be defined as: Gestures, signs, objects, signals, and words that help people understand the world. A symbolic system through which people communicate and through which culture is transmitted. The exchange of gestures and signals for the purpose of reaching a consensus. Communication grounded in ideals, norms, and values.

A symbolic system through which people communicate and through which culture is transmitted.

Which theory argues that elderly people have essentially the same need for social interaction as any other group and that those who remain active and socially involved will be best adjusted? Disengagement theory y Activity theory Ageism Activity theory Disengagement theory Institutional discrimination theory Ageism

Activity Theory

____ societies relied on permanent tools for survival, and expanded due to innovations such as crop rotation and fertilizer. Industrial Feudal Agricultural Hunter-gatherer

Agricultural

Which of the following is a characteristic of a bureaucratic organization? Impersonality Written rules and regulations Hierarchy of authority All of the choices are correct.

All choices are correct

As industrialization began to boom, Durkheim believed people were more susceptible to anomie because: Collective norms are weakened. Society no longer has the support of the collective consciousness. Specialization of labor lead to alienation. All of these

All of these

Education is important to society because: It teaches children facts about the world in which they live. It teaches children how to interact with their peers and helps them to gain social graces. It teaches children how to react to authority and how to behave in group and one-on-one situations. All of these

All of these

What type of status does being a college student represent? An ascribed status An achieved status A conflicted status A developmental status

An achieved status

In 1999, Sean Fanning, John Fanning, and Sean Parker invented Napster, a global, free-of-charge, peer-to-peer music sharing program. Prior to Napster, no such program existed. The three men created _____. An innovation A discovery A culture lag A cultural universal

An innovation

What is the definition of a social institution? An integrated and persistent social network dedicated to ensuring that society's core needs are met. a series of social relationships that link individuals directly to others, and through them indirectly to still more people All alliance, whether temporary or permanent, geared toward a common goal. A component of a formal organization that uses rules and hierarchical ranking to achieve efficiency.

An integrated and persistent social network dedicated to ensuring that society's core needs are met.

Ivanka Trump is the daughter of business mogul Donald Trump. Her role as heiress to the Trump fortune is an example of ______. Achieved status The Thomas Theorem Ascribed status The looking-glass self

Ascribes Status

Which of the following is an example of role strain? Derek attends law school and becomes a lawyer, though he dreams of one day becoming the next John Grisham. Becca returns to work after giving birth to her daughter, finding it difficult to act as mother, wife, and executive. Alex takes a sabbatical from his job as a professor of Molecular Biology to raise his two young children. Krista lands a role on Days of Our Lives and begins receiving fan mail from fans across the country.

Becca returns to work after giving birth to her daughter, finding it difficult to act as mother, wife, and executive.

Whose study described the differences in the way that boys and girls view morality? Carol Gilligan Erik Erikson Sigmund Freud Lawrence Kholberg

Carol Gilligan

The Agricultural Revolution is often referred to as "dawn of civilization" because: Cities and towns were established, and humans had more time for leisure activities. Societies began to form where rainfall was plentiful; groups were able to cultivate plants instead of living nomadic lifestyles. Tribes became nomadic, traveling to various locations in search of sustenance. Animals were first domesticated as a resource for survival.

Cities and towns were established, and humans had more time for leisure activities.

Durkheim defined ______ as the communal beliefs, morals, and attitudes of a society. The iron cage Collective conscience Bourgeoisie Anomie

Collective Conscience

What is an invention? Combining existing materials to create something new Making known or sharing the existence of something not known Establishing the legitimacy of a new knowledge claim Introducing a new idea or object to a culture

Combining existing materials to create something new

Mark, whose parents are wealthy, has been socialized to believe that he can be whoever he wants to be. His best friend Matt, whose parents are blue-collar workers, has been socialized to believe that hard work and following instructions is all he needs to support himself. Which sociological paradigm does this story fit? Structural Functionalism Conflict Symbolic Interactionism Feminist Theory

Conflict

Karl Marx's Communist Manifesto is based on the ____ perspective. Functionalism Symbolic Interactionism Institutionalism Conflict Theory

Conflict Theory

Society and culture _____. Could not exist without each other Are unrelated Are the same thing Could not exist together

Could not exist without each other

Terrorist groups are examples of Countercultures core cultures Subcultures all of the choices are correct.

Countercultures

What is the term used when one seeks to understand another culture from its perspective, rather than dismissing it as "strange" or "exotic"? Ethnocentrism Cultural value Cultural shock Cultural relativism

Cultural Relativism

What expression did George Murdock introduce to refer to common practices and beliefs shared by all societies? Cultural practices Cultural universals Norms Folkways

Cultural Universals

_______________consists of everything humans create in establishing our relationships to nature and with each other. Ethnocentrism Society Culture Innovation

Culture

What term do sociologists use to refer to the process by which a cultural item spreads within and between societies? Diffusion Cultural relativism Globalization Innovation

Diffusion

Which of the following terms describes the set of cultural beliefs and practices that help maintain powerful social, economic, and political interests? values Dominant ideology Mores Consensus

Dominant Ideology

What do norms provide for us that we need? A system of shared symbols enabling us to communicate with each other Shared beliefs that unite us as one Established standards of behavior Justification of existing inequality through shared beliefs and practices

Establish standards of behavior

What social institution is considered to be the most important agent of socialization in the United States, especially for children? Family School peer group mass media

Family

What type of society did Ferdinand Tonnies describe as a close-knit community in which members have strong personal bonds? Mechanical organic Gesellschaft Gemeinschaft

Gemeinschaft

_____ describes how any action that is repeated frequently becomes cast into a pattern. Institutionalization Habitualization Industrialization Rationalization

Habitualization

What group defines themselves through a rejection of the mainstream: Beatniks Hepcats Hipsters Hippies

Hipsters

Suppose a clerk tries to appear busier than he or she actually is when a supervisor happens to be watching. Erving Goffman would say this is a form of what? impression management degradation ceremony resocialization looking-glass self

Impression Management

What is the definition of a social institution? Social positions that are within our power to change Formal, impersonal relationships with minimal social intimacy or mutual understanding Intimate, face-to-face association and cooperation. A series of relationships that link individuals directly to others and, through them, indirectly to still more people.

Intimate, face-to-face association and cooperation.

Which of the following statements is true according to the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis? Language formation is constrained by cultural universals. Language shapes our perception of reality. Language simply describes reality. Language legitimates existing social, economic, and political interests.

Language shapes our perception of reality

Which of the following is NOT an example of a formal norm within the United States? Driving on the right hand side of the road Crossing streets on cross-walks Paying taxes Making eye contact while speaking

Making eye contact while speaking

Which of the following terms describes the variety of technologies that provide the capacity to easily transmit large quantities of information to large groups of people. Mass media Print Material culture The internet

Mass Media

What type of norms are deemed highly necessary to the welfare of a society, often because these norms embody the most cherished principles of a people? formal norms informal norms folkways mores

Mores

It is parent-teacher conference day at Littleton Elementary School. Jimmy's teacher is anxious to meet his parents and discuss his habit of disrupting the class. When the teacher expresses her concern that Jimmy is not being socialized properly, his dad insists that he was the same way at Jimmy's age and that disrupting the class is natural for the children in his family. Jimmy's teacher and father are arguing about which fundamental sociological theory? Kohlberg's theory of Moral Development George Herbert Mead's theory of self-development Nature vs. Nurture Freud's theory of self-development

Nature vs. Nurture

According to Emile Durkheim, which type of solidarity is characterized by extensive division of labor? Postindustrial Mechanical Horticultural organic

Organic

MTV's widely-watched TV series The Jersey Shore is an example of _____, while the obscure works of playwright Sam Shepard are an example of ______. High culture; popular culture Popular culture; high culture High culture; low culture Jersey culture; low culture

Popular culture; high culture

George Herbert Mead's specific path of development for individuals is as follows: Preparatory stage, play stage, game stage, generalized other stage Game stage, play stage, generalized other stage, preparatory stage Preparatory stage, game stage, play stage, generalized other stage Generalized other stage, preparatory stage, play stage, game stage

Preparatory stage, play stage, game stage, generalized other stage

The process of discarding former behavior patterns and taking on new ones is known as Resocialization Impression management. Anticipatory socialization the

Resocialization

What do sociologists call the symbolic representations of major change in a person's status throughout his or her life course? Rites of passage Anticipatory socialization impression management Role taking

Rites of Passage

Which type of society is held together by a collective conscience, with most people having similar values, lifestyles, and beliefs? Urban societies None of the choices are correct Rural societies Postindustrial societies

Rural Societies

Janet is visiting her childhood friend in the Hamptons. Janet wears ripped jeans and Chuck Taylors to an infamous "White" party. The majority of party-goers refuse to socialize with her. Janet is experiencing a form of ____. Formal sanction Xenocentricism Social control Ethnocentricity

Social Control

Babies learn to imitate the sounds of the language they hear even before they know the words. What term do sociologists use to describe the process of internalizing culture? Socialization Cuturalization Symbolization Degradation

Socialization

During her first day of kindergarten, Marie does not understand how the lunch line in the cafeteria works. She hesitates and watches as the older kids pick up their trays and silverware and then get in line. She follows their lead and successfully buys herself lunch. Marie's experience in the lunchroom is an example of _____. Socialization The looking glass self Resocialization Anticipatory socialization

Socialization

Joseph and Paula are excited to welcome their child into the world. They cannot wait to pass on all their knowledge, insight, and rich culture. Just as their parents gave them guidance and showed them how to live, Joseph and Paula will continue the chain by handing down their societal values and thus, sustain the society they love so much. Which sociological paradigm does this story fit? Structural Functionalism Conflict Symbolic Interactionism Feminist Theory

Structural Functionalism

Baby Marla is always well dressed. She has ribbons, bows, and frills all over her dresses and even in her hair. Her mother, who is worried that people might mistake Marla for a little boy, is determined to communicate to the world that she has a baby girl. Which sociological paradigm does this story fit? Structural Functionalism Conflict Symbolic Interactionism Exchange Theory

Symbolic Interactionism

A judge and her gavel. A cop and his gun. A lawyer and her power suit. A ____ would be most concerned with the parts these objects play in impression management. Functionalist Symbolic interactionist Feminist Conflict theorist

Symbolic interactionist

Which of the following is an example of an informal sanction? The football team throwing a slushy in Finn's face because he tried to join the Glee club. Lilly being sent to prison because she failed to pay her taxes. Brett illegally downloading the new Black Keys album because he couldn't afford to buy it. Sarah buying Lady Gaga tickets from a scalper because the show sold out.

The football team throwing a slushy in Finn's face because he tried to join the Glee club.

What term does George Herbert Mead use to refer to the attitudes, viewpoints, and expectations of society as a whole that a child takes into account in his or her behavior? the generalized other Play Role taking Dramaturgical analysis

The generalized other

Ahmed has been trying to change his schedule so that he can take one more AP class his senior year in high school. He keeps running between the guidance office and the administration office to sort out the problem. Ahmed's interaction with the school's bureaucracy is an example of: The influences of a total institution The generalized other The influences of one's peer groups The hidden curriculum of schools

The hidden curriculum of schools

Which of the following is an example of a counterculture? The yuppie craze of the 1980's The Kardashian obsession of the 2010's The hippie movement of the 1960's The disco invasion of the 1970's

The hippie movement of the 1960's

Which of the following terms does Charles Cooley use for his model of the self as a product of how we imagine others see us? the looking-glass self Socialization the I and the Me internalization

The looking-glass self

Parents often socialize their children to: Understand and follow different norms from what they themselves follow Understand and follow the same norms that they themselves follow Ignore society and create their own norms and follow them regardless of consequences Ignore society and live alone without much interaction with other people

Understand and follow the same norms that they themselves follow

What occurs when incompatible expectations arise from two or more social statuses held by the same person? Role staying role conflict role strain

role conflict

In the United States, we expect that cab drivers know how to get around a city. This expectation is an example of which of the following? role strain social role status In-group

social role