Mamphys ch 16
Insulin, released after a meal is eaten by a person who does not have diabetes, will cause blood glucose levels to: convert to protein. increase far above normal. decrease far below normal. return to normal.
return to normal.
The major metabolic effects of glucagon include: stimulating glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in the liver. stimulating triglyceride synthesis in adipose tissue. stimulating glucose uptake into skeletal muscle cells. stimulating the activity of glycogen synthase in the liver. inhibiting the enzyme glycogen phosphorylase in the liver.
stimulating glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in the liver
When protein is converted to glucose or fat, how is nitrogen eliminated from the body? through feces through spitting or vomiting through sweat through the kidneys
through the kidneys
Which event occurs during exercise but NOT during fasting? increased breakdown of triglycerides increased glycogenolysis increased glucose uptake by muscle increased fatty acid oxidation increased cortisol secretion
increased glucose uptake by muscle
Which of the following contributes to a catabolic state? increased plasma cortisol concentration hypothyroidism increased plasma androgen concentrations increased plasma insulin concentration decreased plasma glucagon concentration
increased plasma cortisol concentration
Which of the following would increase gluconeogenesis? increased plasma insulin levels increased plasma incretin levels increased plasma cortisol levels decreased plasma growth hormone levels decreased plasma glucagon levels
increased plasma cortisol levels
Gluconeogenesis is stimulated by decreased levels of: epinephrine. insulin. glucocorticoids. growth hormone. glucagon.
insulin.
What enzyme converts chylomicron triacylglycerols into fatty acids and monoglycerides?
lipoprotein lipase
The major energy sources for non-nervous tissue during the postabsorptive period are fatty acids and ketones. True False
True
Immediately in response to eating a meal, blood glucose levels: decrease. do not change. increase. disappear.
increase.
If a 180-pound man eats an adequate diet containing 2,220 kcal/day (55% carbohydrate, 30% fat, and 15%protein), approximately what percentage of the ingested protein is used to build muscle? 7% 8% 15% 44%
8%
Fatty acids released by lipolysis of triglycerides in adipose tissue travel in the plasma as VLDL. True False
False
Insulin has no effect on the carrier-mediated transport of glucose in the liver; therefore, insulin does not stimulate the uptake of glucose by that organ. True False
False
Most of the glucose stored after a high-carbohydrate meal is stored in the form of glycogen. True False
False
The chemoreceptors for the reflexes that stimulate sympathetic activity and epinephrine secretion in response to hypoglycemia are located in the carotid and aortic bodies. True False
False
The most important of the glucose counterregulatory controls in normal circumstances is epinephrine. True False
False
Which of the following does NOT characterize the postabsorptive state? Hyperglycemia occurs. Gluconeogenesis occurs. Glucose-sparing reactions occur. Insulin secretion is lower than in the absorptive state. Glucagon secretion is higher than in the absorptive state.
Hyperglycemia occurs.
Which of the following is most descriptive of a state of prolonged fasting? The secretion of insulin, glucagon, ACTH, and cortisol would all be increased. Brain metabolism will shift to increase utilization of glucose and to decrease oxidation of ketones. Muscle protein will be broken down to provide substrates for hepatic and renal gluconeogenesis. The secretion of insulin, glucagon, ACTH, and cortisol will all be decreased. The secretion of insulin and cortisol would be increased, while glucagon and ACTH secretion would be decreased. References
Muscle protein will be broken down to provide substrates for hepatic and renal gluconeogenesis.
Pituitary growth hormone has effects on protein metabolism similar to those of insulin, but its effects on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism are similar to those of elevated cortisol. True False
True
The metabolic events characteristic of the absorptive state can be attributed to the presence of large amounts of insulin in the blood, whereas the events of the postabsorptive state can be attributed largely to decreased insulin levels. True False
True
During the absorptive state of metabolism, amino acids: are used for protein synthesis in most body cells. are used for glycogen synthesis in the liver. may be converted to ketones in the liver. are burned as fuel in muscles, creating urea as a waste product. are mobilized from muscle and other tissues faster than they are taken up by those tissues.
are used for protein synthesis in most body cells.
Which of these is found in chylomicrons and plasma membranes, and is a precursor for bile salts and steroid hormones? amino acids cholesterol phospholipids monoglycerides protein
cholesterol
When a person eats more protein than what his/her body needs, the excess protein is: converted to glucose or fat. passed out of the body in feces . stored and used as protein when it is needed. used to form extra large muscles.
converted to glucose or fat.
Excess dietary protein and amino acids: make hair grow faster. cause weight loss. do not build muscle. build muscle.
do not build muscle.
Increasing protein from 15% to 30% of one's diet, allows more protein to be used for: energy. alcohol. water. muscle.
energy.
In Addison's disease, the adrenal cortices degenerate. Which will result if a patient with this disease undergoes prolonged fasting? hypoglycemia hyperglycemia excessive lipolysis decreased insulin sensitivity excessive liver gluconeogenesis
hypoglycemia
In type 1 diabetes, blood glucose levels remain high after eating a meal because: the kidneys are not working. protein is converted to glucose. no insulin is released. too much insulin is released.
no insulin is released
Cholesterol is a: precursor of steroid hormones. component of DNA. precursor of bile pigments. carbohydrate. vitamin.
precursor of steroid hormones.
