MAN 320F Exam 3

Employee turnover is

the loss of employees who voluntarily choose to leave the company.

Functional turnover is

the loss of poor-performing employees who voluntarily choose to leave a company.

Procedural justice focuses on

the procedures used to make reward allocation decisions.

Employee separation is

the voluntary or involuntary loss of an employee.

Achievers are motivated by

-Achievable standards (not too hard or difficult) -Delineated roles and responsibilities -Concrete, timely feedback

The three categories in McClelland's Theory of Needs

-Achievers -Affiliators -High power

Ways to apply motivational theories

-Employee involvement programs -Theoretical support -Employee Recognition Programs -Pay for performance/Skill based pay plans -Stock option programs

Contemporary Motivation Theories (5)

-Equity theory -Goal-setting theory -Reinforcement theory -Expectancy Theory -Job design

Alderfer's ERG Theory

-Existence -Relatedness -Growth

Behavior

-Function of its consequences -Learned through experience -Taught by making rewards contingent on behaviors

High power people are motivated by

-Having an impact -Impressing those in power -Beating competitors

Elements of culture

-Hero -Story -Artifact

Early theories of Motivation (2)

-Herzberg's Motivational-Hygiene Theory -McClelland's Three Needs Theory

What three pay structures decrease feelings of teamwork among employees?

-Hierarchical -Performance based -Piecework systems

Examples of employee involvement programs

-Participative management -Quality circles/total quality improvement -Shared/Self governance, work councils

Maslow's Need Category

-Physiological -Safety -Belongingness -Esteem -Self-actualization.

Lower-order needs

-Physiological, safety, and existence needs

The two kinds of sexual harssment are

-Quid pro quo -Hostile work environments

Three key themes to motivations

-Requires a relationship -True change/learning comes from inside a person -Change in behavior is as much emotional as it is intellectual

Applying reinforcement theory includes (4 things)

-Shaping the behavior -Timing (Consequences should follow behavior closely) -Avoid punishment: ignored unwanted behavior, don't ignore person -Reinforcement schedules (Continuous and variable)

Goal Setting Theory

-Specific goals with feedback lead to increased performance -Difficult goals, when accepted, result in higher output than easy goals.

Extrinsic rewards are

-Tangible and visible to others -Given to employees contingent on performance of tasks or behaviors.

What should you do when you are getting sexually harassed?

-Tell a manager (not immediate supervisor who may be causing sexual harassment) -Get HR involved

Intrinsic rewards are

-The natural rewards associated with performing a task or activity for its own sake

4 steps of learning process

-Unconscious Incompetence -Conscious Incompetence -Conscious Competence -Unconscious Competence

Affiliators are motivated by

-Working with people they trust

Direction of effort involves

the decisions employees make in regards to which work assignments to focus their efforts on.

Distributive justice involves

the degree to which outcomes and rewards are fairly distributed.

Herzberg's Motivational-Hygiene Theory

2 Factors: -Hygiene: things that will make us leave the job if they are not satisfied. -Motivators: related to the work itself. Satisfaction is caused by different factors.

A hostile work environment is

A form of sexual harassment in which unwelcome and demeaning sexually related behavior creates an intimidating and offensive work environment.

Consistency

Actively teaching culture.

Behavioral Addition

Adding a new behavior

A Bona fide occupational qualification is

An exception in employment law that permits sex, age, religion, and the like to be used when making employment decisions, but only if they are "reasonably necessary to the normal operations of that particular business".

A variable interval reinforcement schedule is

An intermittent schedule in which the time between a behavior and following consequences varies around a specified average.

Sensory disabilities

Blindness or Deafness

Structured interviews make especially good predictors of job success when paired with a ___ test.

Cognitive ability test

A ___ plan is good for dealing with all sorts of turnover.

Commission

A ___ pay structure tends to build employee perceptions of fairness and team spirit.

Compressed

___ motivation should be used for simple, straightforward tasks

Extrinsic

Two kinds of rewards

Extrinsic and Intrinsic

Self-care disabilities are

Disabilities that prevent people from caring for their grooming needs, impair their motor skills.

Adaptability

Effective response to environmental change

Quid pro quo sexual harassment

Form of sexual harassment which employment outcomes depend on whether an individual submits to sexual harassment

What kind of motivational theory is bound in USA/Canada's culture?

Goal Setting Theory

Job Characteristics Model

High and low between 5 factors: -Skill variety -Task Identity -Task significance -Autonomy -Feedback

Artifacts

Physical objects that represent an aspect of an organization's culture.

Expectancy Theory

Individual's willingness to put forth effort is driven by the expectation that effort will be followed by outcomes that are attractive.

Performance feedback

Information about the quality or quantity of past performances that indicates whether progress is being made toward the accomplishment of a goal.

Equity Theory

Input is weighted against output and compared with others.

Job Performance =

Motivation * Ability * Situational Constraints

Reinforcement Theory is also known as

Operant Conditioning

What is Motivation?

Processes that account for your willingness to: -Exert high levels of effort -Research organizational goals -Conditioned by satisfaction of a need

Americans with Disabilities Act

Prohibits discrimination based on physical and mental impairments and requires that people with impairments be provided "reasonable accommodations".

What sort of questions are illegal to ask about in interviews?

Questions relating to: -Martial status -National origin -Religion

Extinction

Reinforcement in which a positive consequence is no longer allowed to follow a previously reinforced behavior.

Behavioral substitution

Replacing one action with another

Reinforcement Theory is

Rewarding behavior to encourage it to be repeated and punishing or ignoring behavior to discourage it.

Slogans

Sayings that capsulize key attitudes in a single phrase.

Procedural justice is

The perceived fairness of the process used to make reward allocation decisions.

Human Resource Management

The process of finding, developing, and keeping the right people to form a qualified work force.

Expectancy

When an employee believes hard work allows them to perform their job successfully.

Stories

When people share tales about things that have been done in the past.

Valence

When rewards are attractive

Instrumentality

When rewards are linked to performance in a clear and understandable way.

A disability, according to the law, must

be substantially limiting in one or more major life activities.

Stock options are

a compensation system that gives employees the right to purchase shares of stock at a set price.

Wrongful discharge is

a legal doctrine that requires employees to have a job-related reason to terminate employees.

Job evaluations are

a process that determines the worth of each job in a company by evaluating the market value of the knowledge, skills, and requirements needed to perform it.

An Intermittent reinforcement schedule is

a schedule in which consequences are delivered after a specified or average time has elapsed or after a specified or average number of behaviors has occurred.

A schedule of reinforcement is

a set of rules that specify which behaviors will be reinforced, which consequences, and the schedule by those consequences will be delivered.

Ceremonies are ritualized

activities that underscore what is important in an organization by giving it formal recognition.

A work sample test requires

an applicant to demonstrate their knowledge and skill by doing job-related tasks.

Structured interviews give you information about

an applicant's interpersonal skills.

Physical tests measure

an applicant's strength and agility.

The Family and Medical Leave Act mandages

an employer allow and employee to take up to 12 weeks of unpaid leave to deal with medical issues for themselves and their immediate families. It also allows time off for childbirth.

Paying above market wages can help and organization ___.

attract and keep better employees. Overall costs will not increase and profitability will increase.

Negative reinforcement is also known as

avoidance learning.

With a Variable ratio schedule,

consequences follow a different number of behaviors that vary around an average number of behaviors.

The pay gap between men and women has __ over the years.

decreased

Profit sharing

distributes the company's profit for the year to the employees.

Disparate treatment is

intentionally treating members of a protected class different from members of a nonprotected class.

Unstructured interviews are

interviews in which the interviewer is free to ask the applicant anything he or she wants.

Bio data tests ask questions about

life events.

Internal environment of the organization consists of the company's ___, ___, and ___.

management, employees, and culture.

Assessment center tests are typically used for

managerial selection.

Subjective performance measures are

measures of job performance that require someone to judge or assess a worker's performance.

Cognitive ability tests measure

mental capabilities.

Researches have found that people with disabilities are __ likely than people without disabilities to be absent from work.

not more

The Uniformed Services Employment and Reemployment Rights Act of 1994 protects

people from discrimination on the basis of military service and guarantees that civilian employers will hold and restore civilian jobs and benefits for those who have completed military service.

Honesty/Integrity tests try to

predict whether an employee will engage in behaviors that harm the company.

The most frequently brought charges of unfair discrimination are based on

race/ethnicity

A compressed pay structure ___.

reduces wage differentials between employees.

To be effective, an organization's culture must ___ to the external environment.

respond

Negative reinforcement that a person is rewarded for

stopping something bad.

Persistence of Effort is

the choice an employee makes in regards to how long to put forth effort on a work assignment before reducing or eliminating those efforts.

Initiation of effort involves

the choices employees make when deciding how much effort to put forth in their jobs.

Personality tests measure an applicant's

traits and characteristics.

In times of layoffs and low perceptions of distributive justice __(definition)__, employees have been found to seek constructive ways when ____ is high

unfair compensation rates, restore equity

Assessment center tests

use multiple exercise to measure managerial aptitude, including in-basket tests, leaderless group discussions, and role playing.