MAN2021: Chapter 5-8 (full midterm set)

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In your new job, which of the following should you be prepared for? (Check all that apply.)

-A relatively high level of conflict, meaning a lot of time spent in meetings to resolve differences -The ability to bring up issues with the people who can help resolve them

Which decision-making style is the most people-oriented of the four styles? Directive Behavioral Opinion Analytical

Behavioral

What problem might the CEO expect if the company switches to a team-based structure?

Decentralized decision making may reduce economies of scale, making the company less efficient.

The machinery that Daesun buys is much more efficient than Cedric's machinery, so Daesun often has downtime while he waits for Cedric to shear more sheep.

Drawback

What are common results of groupthink? Ideas that are too ambitious or unorthodox Infighting and conflict Failure to consider new information Loss of new ideas

Failure to consider new information Loss of new ideas

A broad definition of the organization's values, aspiration and reason for being, along with a recognition of the scope and operations that distinguishes the organization refers to a business plan.

False

Rosa was promoted into a management position from her specialist role. Her previous job let her experience firsthand the pros and cons of specialization. Which action could Rosa take as a manager to overcome the biggest disadvantage of specialization for those reporting to her?

Implement teams to provide greater challenges for employees.

Which of these is true about the dog division?

It has a small share of a slow growth market.

In a __________ effort, Hallmark reimagined and redesigned the way in which it brought new cards to market, cutting the time from three years to less than one year.

Reengineering

skunkwork

a separate small, informal, highly autonomous, and often secretive group that focuses on breakthrough ideas for the business.

Creative organizations:

are loosely structured

Ford's decision to completely redesign its Ford Taurus can be classified as a:

business level strategy.

All of the following are characteristics of creative organizations except:

centralilzation

A manager is engaged in ----- if he seeks to persuade other managers to support a certain course of action.

coalition building

A(n) _____ is a choice made from available alternatives.

decision

Stephanie works in one of seven research and development departments at Tara's Terrace, Inc. This would suggest that Tara's Terrace has a:

divisional structure

Managers who use evidence-based decision making rely on --- rather than on -----

facts, rules of thumb

The _____ stage involves the use of managerial, administrative, and persuasive abilities to ensure that the chosen alternative is carried out.

implementation

Bagley's decision tree is specifically designed for use when _____. forecasting sales figures developing production schedules coordinating employee schedules making ethical choices

making ethical choices

Programmed decisions are made in response to _____ organizational problems.

recurring

_____ is the radical redesign of business processes to achieve dramatic improvements in cost, quality, service, and speed.

reengineering

_____ is characterized by intangible outputs.

service technology

A type of OD intervention that enhances the cohesiveness of departments by helping members learn to function as a team is called _____.

team building

All of the following are advantages of a divisional structure, except:

there is little duplication of services across divisions

A change agent is an OD specialist who contracts with an organization to facilitate change

true

A person who sees the need for and champions productive change within the organization is called an idea champion.

true

Organizational development involves the application of behavioral science techniques to improve an organization's effectiveness and success.

true

In the _____ approach of structural design, departments are independent, contracting services to the central hub for a profit

virtual network

Melissa is a manager at InStylez Clothing. Her job is very complex and she feels that she does not have enough time to identify and/or process all the information she needs to make decisions. Melissa's situation is most consistent with which of the following concepts? a. Bounded rationality b. The classical model of decision making c. Satisficing d. Brainstorming e. Scientific management

a.Bounded rationality

The _____ model of decision making describes how managers actually make decisions in difficult situations, such as those characterized by nonprogrammed decision, uncertainty, and ambiguity

administrative

The _____ model of decision making describes how managers actually make decisions in difficult situations, such as those characterized by nonprogrammed decision, uncertainty, and ambiguity.

administrative

An AI application that learns from human inputs in order to assist humans in making better decisions is known as intelligence.

augmented

_____ is the formal and legitimate right of a manager to make decisions, issue orders, and allocate resources to achieve organizationally desired outcomes.

authority

Alabama Airlines has three planning specialists who help division managers develop their own division plans. Serving as consultants to the divisions, the planning specialists give advice about strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. Alabama Airlines is utilizing what approach to the planning function? a. Centralized planning department b. Decentralized planning staff c. Planning task force d. Centralized planning committee e. TQM

b. Decentralized planning staff

Creative organizations: a. are characterized by an unusually high number of routine jobs. b. are loosely structured. c. have little ambiguity. d. have too many layers of management. e. use a centralized decision making approach.

b. are loosely structured

Explain the use of selective implementation tactics to overcome employee resistance to change.

basically: communication and education

Managers with a(n) _____ style may make decisions that help others achieve their goals.

behavioral

As an organization becomes more organic, its span of management becomes __________________

broader

To remain competitive, companies should develop strategies that focus on core competencies, providing synergy, and creating value for

customers

_____ schedule materials to arrive at a company just as they are needed on the production line. a. Mass customization systems b. LIFO systems c. First-in, first-out systems d. Just-in-time inventory systems e. Last-in, first-out systems

Focusing manager and employee efforts on activities that will lead to goal attainment is a benefit of what management method? a. Tactical planning b. Contingency planning c. Single-use planning d. Management by objectives e. Management by walking around

d. Management by objectives

During the fallout of the global financial crisis of the late 2000s, finance companies had to make important decisions in a highly ambiguous environment. The decision to buyout failed banks could best be described as what type of decision? a. Bounded b. Programmed c. Conventional d. Wicked decision problem e. Irrational decision

d. Wicked decision problem

Which of the following provides a safe harbor where ideas from employees throughout the company can be developed without interference from company bureaucracy or politics? a. An idea champion b. A sponsor c. A new-venture team d. An idea incubator e. An inventor

d. an idea incubator

Examples of nonprogrammed decisions would include the decision to

develop a new product or service

Jackson likes to hear the facts of a situation and make a quick decision based on these facts. His employees say he likes to focus on the here and now and doesn't consider future repercussions of his decisions. What type of decision-making style does Jackson use? behavioral analytical directive conceptual

directive

Which style is used by people who prefer simple, clear-cut solutions to problems?

directive

People change starts with training everyone in the organization

false

_____ is important because decision making is a continuous, never ending process

feedback

The _____ function recruits selects, trains, transfers, promotes, and lays off employees to achieve strategic goals.

human resource

The _____ step in the decision making process involves using managerial, administrative, and persuasive abilities to translate the chosen alternative into action.

implementation

Which of the following typically is NOT considered a staff department?

manufacturing

The _____ combines aspects of both functional and divisional structures simultaneously, in the same part of the organization

matrix approach

"We respect our employees and value their diversity" is an example of a statement you are most likely to find in the organization's _____.

mission

When managers base decisions on what has worked in the past and fail to explore new options, they are:

perpetuating the status quo

A blueprint specifying the resource allocations schedules, and other actions necessary for attaining goals is referred to as a(n) _____.

plan

A(n) _____ is a person who is responsible for coordinating the activities of several departments for the completion of a specific project.

project manager

Feedback

reward informs person whether behavior was appropriate and should be used again

______ means that decision-makers choose the first solution alternative that satisfies minimal decision criteria.

satisficing

All of the following are cognitive biases that can affect manager's judgment, except:

seeing what you don't want to see

Based on data on how long people wait before hanging up, the manager decides the maximum time on hold should be 90 seconds.

setting a goal

Employees have heard that their company is merging with another company, but management has not made any announcements about how the merger is expected to affect what products the company makes and how it makes them or what the likely effect on the bottom line will be. Employees aren't sure whether the merger will be positive for the firm or not.

uncertainity

Bobby, a product manager, wants to increase the market share of his product. He is unsure about how to go about it, not knowing for sure how costs, price, the competition, and the quality of his product will interact to influence market share. Bobby is operating under a condition of:

uncertainty

The first stage in achieving behavioral and attitudinal change is:

unfreezing

The matrix structure violates which of the following principles of management?

unity of command

Kendall is frustrated with her co-worker Jill. She feels that Jill doesn't care that their manager seems to be showing favoritism toward the two other members of their team. Jill just focuses on the work she is supposed to do, which demonstrates her _____. value orientation benchmarking SWOT analysis people concerns

value orientation

Which of the following characteristics would you expect GardenGrow to have? (Check all that apply.)

-Decision making in this company occurs lower in the chain of command, with product managers responsible for problem solving. -Certain functions within the company will be duplicated within each division. -By bringing employees together to make a single product, this company breaks down barriers between departments.

Advantages of this structure include: (Check all that apply.)

-High flexibility with regard to labor costs -Adaptability with regard to workers' skills

Which of the following was NOT an obstacle that needed to be overcome by Colorado Springs?

Acceptance from the local community

__________ is involved when your manager reviews your performance and evaluates your outcomes.

Accountability

In an organization, the CEO has the __________ that the position of CEO gives her, and she has the right to make decisions to be carried out by subordinates.

Authority

________ is the process of studying large amounts of data of a variety of types to uncover hidden patterns, unknown correlations, and other useful information. Mega research Super market data mining Cyber-age research New age computing Big Data analytics

Big Data analytics

to innovation depends on getting new ideas from a company's existing employees, as do internal innovation contests

Bottom-Up Approach

Bounded rationality

____ refers to what sets the organization apart from others and provides it with a distinct edge.

Competitive advantage

A small Internet start-up in California has contracted with a web designer in the U.K., a manufacturing company in China, a customer-service provider in India, and a legal team in New York. What is the largest benefit of this organizational structure?

Concentrating on what the core employees do best

Which decision-making style is characterized by a high tolerance for ambiguity and the consideration of many options together with a willingness to take risks? Analytical Behavioral Directive Conceptual

Conceptual

Which of these are described by mission statements?

Corporate values, Product quality, Location of facilities

Which of the following pertains to the organization as a whole?

Corporate-level strategy

What type of competitive strategy is an organization using when it tries to become more efficient and can reduce its costs below that of its major competitors?

Cost-Leadership strategy

As department manager, Aoki worked out a plan with her team and help set goals for each of her employees. Each employee ended up with at least fifteen goals. This process violated which criteria for effective goal setting?

Covers key result areas

reverse innovation

Creating innovative, low-cost products for emerging markets and then quickly and inexpensively repackaging them for sale in developed countries.

_____ enables firms to cope with unexpected events that are so sudden and devastating that they have the potential to destroy the organization if managers aren't prepared with a quick and appropriate response.

Crisis planning

_____ teams consist of employees from various functional departments who are responsible to meet as a team and resolve mutual problems.

Cross-functional

What type of team is composed of workers from different functional departments of the organization who meet together in an attempt to solve an important organizational problem?

Cross-functional teams

Which of the following are examples of what can function as the first stage in rational decision making by managers? Low staff turnover Customer complaints Sales shortfalls Poor product quality

Customer complaints Sales shortfalls Poor product quality

A trend in business today is to __________ authority and responsibility to the lowest level possible in the organization; this frees up time for upper management to focus on strategic issues.

Delegate

In their article, Leaders as Decision Architects, Beshears and Gino recommend an approach to structuring an environment in which decisions are made so that people are more likely to make choices that lead to good outcomes. Their approach consists of five basic steps. Which one of these is NOT one of their five steps:

Develop action plans to reach goals and objectives.

Fire Chief McGuire could see the problem from a mile away. Flames were leaping out of the old barn, blown by a west wind. Arriving at the scene, he noticed a young firefighter heading toward the back of the building. The fire chief yelled, "Stop!" but the rookie kept going. McGuire knew that the kid was putting his life in danger by going out of sight. There was no time to waste. Best conflict to use?

Dominating

Jake becomes extremely bored with hauling blankets to market over and over, and he misses getting to herd and shear the sheep.

Drawback

What problem might the CEO (C & J Construction) expect if the company switches to a virtual network structure (from Matrix)?

Employees may feel less loyalty to the reorganized company. Explanation: Because virtual networks are made up of many companies, many employees in the network are likely to feel greater loyalty to the company they directly work for than to the client company that is contracting for their services. Also, if employees of the central company believe their jobs may be outsourced—as so much of the work already is—they may feel less loyalty to the company.

What were the eight change steps recommended by Professor Kotter?

Establish a sense of urgency > Form a powerful coalition of managers > Create a vision > Communicate the vision > Empower others > celebrate short-term improvements > reassess and make necessary adjustments > Articulate

What is the third stage of the rational model of decision making? Evaluate alternatives and select a solution. Identify the problem or opportunity. Develop alternative solutions. Implement and evaluate the chosen solution

Evaluate alternatives and select a solution.

What is the third stage of the rational model of decision making? Evaluate alternatives and select a solution. Develop alternative solutions. Implement and evaluate the chosen solution. Identify the problem or opportunity.

Evaluate alternatives and select a solution.

Aspects of both functional and divisional structures simultaneously in the same part of the organization are combined in the virtual network approach.

False

Certainty in the environment is usually associated with decentralization.

False

Collaboration refers to the managerial task of adjusting and synchronizing the diverse activities among different individuals and departments.

False

Competitive advantage refers to the set of decisions and actions used to formulate and implement strategies.

False

Confrontation, authoritarianism, and disciplined exploration are characteristics of the creative individuals.

False

Cost leadership is a type of competitive strategy with which the organization seeks to distinguish its products or services from that of competitors.

False

Defining operational goals and plans occurs in the execution phase of the organizational planning process.

False

Executives acquire information about external opportunities and strengths from a variety of reports, including budgets, financial ratios, profit and loss statements, and surveys of employee attitudes and satisfaction.

False

Survey feedback enhances the cohesiveness and success of organizational groups and teams.

False

The BCG (Boston Consulting Group) matrix evaluates SBUs with respect to their business growth rate and geographical location.

False

The CEO of Andre's Autos, Inc. must do all of the planning for the company because that is the way to do things in today's workplace.

False

The behavioral style is often adopted by managers who like to consider complex solutions based on as much data as they can gather.

False

The essence of formulating strategy is choosing how the organization will conform to become like its key competitors in the industry.

False

The most effective managers are consistent in using their own decision style rather than shifting among styles.

False

The principle of unity of command suggests that managers within an organization should reach agreement on the goals and objectives of the organization.

False

When you examine the organizational chart of a __________ , you find that managers have wide spans of control and fewer layers of reporting relationships between frontline supervisors and senior executives.

Flat Structure

Employees in each unit tend to be focused on their work specialty rather than on the customer, so the organization can be slow to respond to changes in the business environment.

Functional Structure

Employees who do a particular type of work, such as sales or accounting, have more opportunity to develop in-depth expertise.

Functional Structure

People in manufacturing communicate mostly with other manufacturing employees and relatively little with people in engineering and sales.

Functional Structure

The managers and employees in the manufacturing unit share a common outlook and find it easier to communicate with each other because they have similar training and experience.

Functional Structure

The organization achieves economies of scale because units like customer service, shipping, and legal that serve the entire organization are relatively large.

Functional Structure

When a decision requires coordination between two or more units, such as between sales and logistics, it needs to go to the top of the organization and decision making can be slow.

Functional Structure

In his performance evaluation, Deandre heard his supervisor criticize him for settling for satisficing solutions, rather than maximizing solutions. Which action can Deandre take in making future decisions in order to change his supervisor's opinion?

Get some solid criteria for what constitutes a maximizing solution

According to Kotter's article, Why Transformation Efforts Fail, how does one "Empower others to act on the vision?"

Getting rid of obstacles to change . Changing systems or structures that seriously undermine the vision . Encouraging risk taking and nontraditional ideas, activities, and actions. ALL OF THE ABOVE IS RIGHT

The new CEO is a strong believer in relational coordination. He achieved that in his own career as he moved from department to department, up the ladder, but always keeping his networking active. Which major contribution could he make to ensure that his new company moves from emphasizing departmental goals to shared goals?

Give employees freedom from strict work rules, for increased flexibility

Sally-Jo, a long-standing director of marketing, believes that her company should acquire another company, a current competitor. Which outcome indicates that Sally-Jo has successfully built a coalition that supports that decision?

Managers commit to supporting the acquisition

Which of these is(are) primarily concerned with tactical goals/plans?

Middle management

The trend recently has been for organizations to adopt __________ structures, in which employees lower in the hierarchy have more decision-making authority.

More Decentralized

Which step is not part of the process of electronic brainstorming?

Participants identify themselves

Evidence-based management attempts to introduce which factor into the decision-making process? Idealism Self-interest Rationality Speed

Rationality

Semway, a regional bank, recently announced that it would soon begin offering financial planning services. This is an example of which of these?

Related diversification

What term is used to indicate that a decision maker chose the first solution alternative that satisfied minimal decision criteria?

Satisficing

____ are the broad statements of where the organization wants to be in the future.

Strategic goals

Which of the following refers to the planning and decision making that lead to the establishment of the organization's goals and of a specific strategic plan?

Strategy formulation

Which of the following factors is NOT associated with larger span of control?

Subordinates are located at various different locations

Answer Mode Multiple Select QuestionYour Answer incorrect Which of the following are examples of Big Data? Surveillance data Social network communications Web-browsing data trails Data in corporate databases Unrecorded customer interactions

Surveillance data Social network communications Web-browsing data trails Data in corporate databases

Which type of goals is middle management primarily concerned with?

Tactical

Federated Investors has a __________, with each mutual fund being managed by several portfolio managers who together take responsibility for the fund's performance.

Team-Based Structure

The planning process begins with which of these?

The development of a mission statement

Which of the following strategies would be appropriate when the need for both national responsiveness and global integration is low?

Transnational

Brainstorming uses a face-to-face interactive group to spontaneously suggest a wide range of alternatives for decision making.

True

Recruiters are now viewing the profiles and pictures of candidates on social networking sites such as Facebook.

True

Satisficing is the tendency of people to see events based on what has happened in the past. people to view events as being more predictable than they really are. decision makers to be influenced by the way a situation or problem is presented to them. a group to settle on a decision that is "good enough." group members to agree for the sake of unanimity and thus avoid accurately assessing the decision situation.

a group to settle on a decision that is "good enough."

a programmed decision

new-venture team

a unit separate from the rest of the organization and is responsible for developing and initiating a major innovation.

_____ is lack of information about future events.

a. Uncertainty

Bierderlack has a policy that states that more than three absences in a six-month period shall result in a suspension. Colleen, the manager, has just decided to suspend one of her shift employees for violating this policy. This is an example of: a. a programmed decision. b. a nonprogrammed decision. c. an insignificant decision d. poor management. e. personal grudge.

a. a programmed decision

Which of the following defines a technique that uses a face-to-face group to spontaneously suggest a broad range of alternatives for decision making? a. Brainstorming b. Groupthink c. Point-counterpoint d. Brainwriting e. Devil's advocate

a. brainstorming

"Having the bikinis made in New York has made sense so far, but now that our sales volume has grown, it may make sense to export fabric to another country and then import the finished bikinis to the United States. I know what the respective costs are, but I have no idea what quality control will be like if I offshore production. Which decision style is most appropriate for choosing a course of action?"

"Use the conceptual style so as to weigh a broad range of alternatives and include qualitative information from people in your creative problem solving."

Advantages of this structure include: (Check all that apply.)

-High focus on the customer -Strong coordination across functional areas

What is the the six-step decision-making process

1. Recognition of Decision Requirement 2. Diagnosis and Analysis of Causes 3. Development of Alternatives 4. Selection of Desired Alternative 5. Implementation of Chosen Alternative 6. Evaluation and Feedback

List the five characteristics of effective goals.

1. Specific 2. Measurable 3. Achievable 4. Realistic 5. Timely

During the diagnosis step of the decision-making process, managers might use the _________________ to uncover the root cause of a problem.

5 Whys method

Scott says about his employees, "They might not always make the choice that I would make. Sometimes they make a better one." From this statement, you can infer that Barcelona is:

A decentralized organization

Point-Counterpoint

A decision-making technique in which people are assigned to express competing points of view.

need for change

A disparity between existing and desired performance levels

What is a fast cycle team?

A fast-cycle team is a multifunctional, and sometimes multinational, team that works under stringent timelines and is provided with high levels of resources and empowerment to accomplish an accelerated product development project.

Which of the following structures works best in an uncertain organizational environment?

A horizontal structure

After every quarterly board meeting, Bernice's Bracelets, Inc. announces big changes. They usually do not follow through on these changes. What is causing this lack of enthusiasm? a. Disagreements about the benefits b. Self-interests c. A lack of trust d. Goals and assessments e. Competitors

A lack of trust

According to the information in the table, which of the following conclusions is most likely to be true?

A mass production design is likely to be effective if your bakery is operating in a stable environment without a lot of competition.

unfreezing

A step in the diagnosis stage of organizational development in which participants are made aware of problems in order to increase their willingness to change their behavior

refreezing

A step in the reinforcement stage of organizational development in which individuals acquire a desired new skill or attitude and are rewarded for it by the organization

survey feedback

A type of OD intervention in which questionnaires on organizational climate and other factors are distributed among employees and the results

team building

A type of OD intervention that enhances the cohesiveness of departments by helping members learn to function as a team

You work for a company whose mobile apps help children with various kinds of learning disabilities complete schoolwork more easily. Your company markets its products primarily to parents, but it is beginning to approach school system administrators and teachers about using the software in the classroom. Currently, the research department determines what kinds of apps to make, the software development department makes the apps, and the marketing department sells the apps. To be competitive, it is necessary to constantly update products to reflect the latest learning science research and users' preferences. Your boss has read about the horizontal linkage model, shown above, and asks you how it might help the company innovate more effectively. If the company uses the horizontal linkage model, how can the software development department expect to do its work? Check all that apply. A. Software development employees will receive customer feedback about whether the products are helpful to students. B. Software development employees will have opportunities to tell the research and marketing departments if a new product idea cannot be brought to market in a timely or cost-effective manner. C. Instead of getting orders from the top management about what products to make, based on what the research department recommends, software development employees will participate on teams that collect data and make decisions. D. The software development department will not have contact with people and ideas outside the organization, such as educational think tanks and open source app developers.

A, B, C

Which of the following characteristics would you expect C & J Construction to have?

ALL OF THE BELOW: -Departments in this organization do not have formal leaders. -In this structure, a vertical hierarchical structure provides accountability, while horizontal reporting relationships improve communication. -This structure violates unity of command, because employees report to more than one manager. -For employees, human relationship skills are particularly important, since they must work with senior managers to make decisions. Explanation: C & J Construction has a matrix structure. In a matrix organization, employees have both a functional and a product (divisional) manager. Although this can create a politically charged environment, it is particularly effective in a project-based environment in which employees need to have communication across functions.

In new venture teams and skunkworks, managers remove employees from the main body of the company in order to give them:

Additional time, space, and freedom for innovation

Which of the following is a characteristic of the large-group intervention model? a. Results in incremental change b. Learning for the small group c. Addresses the entire system d. Gradual time frame e. Limited distribution

Addresses the entire system

Which model of decision making is associated with satisficing, bounded rationality, and uncertainty?

Administrative

_____ means that the goals to be achieved or the problem to be solved is unclear, alternatives are difficult to define, and information about outcomes is unavailable.

Ambiguity

change agent

An OD specialist who contracts with an organization to facilitate change

large-group intervention

An approach that brings together participants from all parts of the organization (and may include key outside stakeholders as well) to discuss problems or opportunities and plan for major change

Descriptive

An approach that describes how managers actually make decisions rather than how they should make decisions according to a theoretical ideal.

For the back of the house, where many employees from dishwasher and prep cook to sous-chef and head chef work to prepare dishes to order, which structure is the best fit?

An organic, decentralized structure

For the front of the house, where employees interact directly with customers to produce a dining experience, which structure is the best fit?

An organic, decentralized structure

Given Barcelona's emphasis on innovation and a fine dining experience customers can find nowhere else, as well as a dynamic environment of constantly changing food prices and dining trends, which structure is the best fit overall for this company?

An organic, decentralized structure using teams

When making decisions for her department, Ellie tends to take a long time because she takes into consideration a large amount of information. What type of decision-making style does Ellie demonstrate? Behavioral Analytical Directive Conceptual

Analytical

How does different assessments and goals make employees resistant to change?

Another reason for resistance to change is that people who will be affected by an innovation may assess the situation differently from an idea champion or new-venture group. Critics frequently voice legitimate disagreements over the proposed benefits of a change. Managers in each department pursue different goals, and an innovation may detract from performance and goal achievement for some departments.

Turbine Manufacturing uses artificial intelligence in its factories to automate basic tasks, freeing human employees to perform more high-level finishing and quality assurance tasks. Which area of artificial intelligence does this illustrate? Assisted intelligence Augmented intelligence Applied intelligence Autonomous intelligence

Assisted intelligence

_____ is the formal and legitimate right of a manager to make decisions, issue orders, and allocate resources to achieve organizationally desired outcomes.

Authority

The lead singer of the Painted Rozez and the band's agent think the band should tour more, and they have booked a number of gigs across the country. However, the other band members think they would reach a wider audience and make more money by staying in town and recording another album. a. uncertainty b. different viewpoint c. distrust d. self-interest

When confronted with a decision on an action, managers should utilize ________, which includes these four questions: "Is the proposed action legal? If yes, does the proposed action maximize shareholder value? If yes, is the proposed action ethical? If no, would it be ethical to take the proposed action?" Frank Gilbreth's code of ethical conduct the stakeholder's value statement Bagley's ethical decision tree the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 Maslow's hierarchy of needs

Bagley's ethical decision tree

A partnership of three former teachers started an online resource to help high school teachers teach science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) courses. However, their early success has been overshadowed by new education requirements from both federal and state education departments. Also, many competitors have emerged. The partners agree that they do not have solid non-political information that would help them predict the future of STEM support. Which approach is reasonable for them to take in making decisions?

Be prepared for conflicts over goals and decision alternatives

Stores of data that are so large or complex that it is difficult to process them using traditional data base management applications are known as ______. cloud computing data mining Big Data proscriptive analytics

Big Data

More and more work has been moved into Katie's job, and she has kept up with the workload. During her last two performance evaluations, her manager said she deserved to be in a higher pay grade because her responsibilities had grown, but her manager never followed through. Now another position has been eliminated, and her manager is giving Katie most of that person's work. Katie has decided to give her new tasks a very low priority. a. uncertainty b. different viewpoint c. distrust d. self-interest

Which one of the following best describes the decisions made by a person with an analytical style? Supportive of others and receptive to suggestions Carefully considers lots information and alternatives Autocratic, action oriented, and decisive Frequently rely on intuition and good at finding creative solutions

Carefully considers lots information and alternatives

According to the BCG Matrix, which of the following exists in a mature, slow-growth industry, but is a dominant business in the industry, with a large market share?

Cash cow. According to the BCG Matrix, which of the following exists in a mature, slow-growth industry, but is a dominant business in the industry, with a large market share? Cash Cow

Tyler has never gotten along with his employee Marcus. Although Marcus has been a top performer during his three years with the company, Tyler tends to fixate on the one quarter when Marcus performed poorly. Tyler uses that quarter as an example of Marcus being a "poor fit" with the company. What type of bias is this an example of? Availability Anchoring and adjustment Hindsight Confirmation

Confirmation

You are thinking about starting a new organization to design and deliver fashionable touchscreen accessories. But you want your company to be maximally creative. Which of the following organizational principles would help to make your company more innovative? Check all that apply.

Contact with outsiders: employees regularly meet with people who are not part of the organization Decentralization: letting everyone control their own work and having few layers of management Freedom: the ability to choose which problems to work on and how to address them

Complete the following sentences as they appeared in the textbook: "In the United States and Canada, the trend over the past 30 years has been toward greater __________________ of organizations. __________________ is believed to relieve the burden on top managers, make greater use of employees' skills and abilities, ensure that decisions are made close to the action by well-informed people, and permit more rapid response to external changes."

Decentralization; decentralization

Personal _____ style refers to differences among people with respect to how they perceives problems and make decisions.

Decision

_____ is the process managers use to transfer authority and responsibility to positions below them in the hierarchy.

Delegation

According to psychologist Daniel Kahneman, which of the following characteristics describe System 2 thinking? Deliberate Intuitive Conscious Unconscious Analytical

Deliberate Conscious Analytical

Alli needs to make a quick decision under conditions of high uncertainty. She identified the decision requirements and analyzed the causes of the situation. Which action does she need to take next?

Develop a custom solution that will satisfice for handling the problem

During meetings, Stacy likes to challenge new ideas, even those that she agrees with, in order to make sure that her team has considered every angle. What role is Stacy playing? Silent observer Tireless champion Diplomat Devil's advocate

Devil's advocate

Rolex sells a product that is defined by its quality, craftsmanship, and luxury status. This is an example of which of Porter's competitive strategies?

Differentiation

Because each unit, such as the unit serving New England, is relatively small, it can respond quickly to changes in the business environment.

Divisional Structure

Employees doing different kinds of work, such as research and development, manufacturing, and sales, tend to communicate with one another more and coordinate their activities.

Divisional Structure

Human resources is done separately in each of the seven units serving different geographic areas, and having seven smaller HR departments is less efficient than having one.

Divisional Structure

The accounting department in the Carribbean unit consists of three people, so they do not have the budget for much training and don't interact with a range of colleagues with accounting expertise.

Divisional Structure

When the unit focusing on business-to-business (B2B) customers develops a new, highly effective customer-tracking system, this system is not shared with the unit focusing on individual retail customers.

Divisional Structure

The workers may focus on their own needs and not understand or be concerned with the needs of the four workers doing different jobs.

Drawback

a theory that organizes human needs into the categories of existence, relatedness, and growth > Clayton Alderfer proposed this modification of Maslow's theory in an effort to simplify it and respond to criticisms of its lack of empirical verification.

ERG theoru

Consulting firm Accenture predicts that by 2035 artificial intelligence will have which economic effect? Economic growth will increase by 2 or 3 percent. Economic growth will fall by half. Economic growth will stay roughly the same. Economic growth will double.

Economic growth will double.

What is the most valuable competitive resource for a manager who needs alternative solutions to a problem? Facilities with open space Employees with ideas Money from investors Customers of competitors

Employees with ideas

Genna is collecting data on how well the organization has done since their new strategy was implemented. She is in what stage of the managerial decision making process?

Evaluation and feedback

_____ decision making involves a commitment to making more informed and intelligent decisions based on the best available facts and evidence.

Evidence-based

Psychologists and behavioral economists have identified many cognitive biases that impair our ability to objectively evaluate information, form sound judgements, and make effective decisions. Examples of action-oriented biases are:

Excessive optimism and overconfidence

Affirmative action requires that an employer take positive steps to guarantee promotion from within.

False

Exit interviews are valuable HR tools only if the departing employee leaves voluntarily.

False

Front-line managers have the final responsibility for strategic planning.

False

Goals should be easy for employees to feel motivated so that they can achieve them easily, which in turn increases their motivation level.

False

In the divisional approach, coordination across divisions is great whereas coordination within divisions is often poor.

False

Lack of trust is perhaps the biggest obstacle to organizational change.

False

Managers will frequently look for new information that contradicts their instincts or original point of view.

False

Most people underestimate their ability to predict uncertain outcomes.

False

One of the biggest benefits of planning is that, in turbulent environments, plans create greater organizational flexibility.

False

One of the questions that human resource planning should consider includes "what is the profit margin and inventory turnover rate?"

False

Operational plans and goals are those that focus on the outcomes that major divisions and departments must achieve in order for the organization to reach its overall goals.

False

Organizing defines what to do while strategy defines how to do it.

False

People change starts with training everyone in the organization.

False

Quick response to external changes is an advantage of vertical functional structure.

False

Reengineering basically means preserving the past by establishing the sequence of activities by how work was done.

False

Research shows that realistic job previews lower employee satisfaction and increase turnover.

False

The formulation stage involves the use of managerial, administrative, and persuasive abilities to ensure that the chosen alternative is carried out.

False

The functional structure is appropriate when the primary goal is innovation and flexibility.

False

The idea in the large-group intervention is to get a sample of people who may have an interest in the organization, gather perspectives from the selected parts of the system, and allow the sample to create a collective future.

False

The traditional dimension of diversity can be acquired or changed throughout one's lifetime.

False

Two employees in Stacey's department quit, which is normal for her department. She is faced with the decision to fill these positions. This would be considered a nonprogrammed decision.

False

When an organization uses a differentiation strategy, it strives for internal efficiency.

False

When considering decisions, the mind often gives disproportionate weight to the last information it receives.

False

_____ is important because decision making is a continuous, never ending process.

Feedback

Which of these are reasons for the increase in ethical violations among business leaders in the 21st century? Globalization allows businesses to operate in regions where ethical risks are greater. The 24/7 news cycle places more scrutiny on unethical behavior. Digital communications are more susceptible to hackers and whistleblowers. It has become customary for business leaders to self-report unethical behavior.

Globalization allows businesses to operate in regions where ethical risks are greater. The 24/7 news cycle places more scrutiny on unethical behavior. Digital communications are more susceptible to hackers and whistleblowers.

_____ refers to a desired future state that an organization attempts to realize.

Goal

In regard to decision making, which of the following statements reflects what research has found? Group decisions are seldom better than individual decisions. Groups make better decisions than most individuals acting alone. Individuals acting alone always make better decisions than groups. Groups tend to be less productive than the best individuals working on any specific project. There has not been any research showing that either individuals acting alone or groups make better-quality decisions.

Groups make better decisions than most individuals acting alone.

Jai is a member of a tight-knit team at work that avoids any kind of disagreement.Team members, therefore, avoid considering new ideas. What behavior is Jai's team exhibiting? Groupthink Goal displacement Overconfidence Burnout

Groupthink

What are the typical four roles in organizational change?

Inventor, champion, sponsor, & critic

Which of the following questions would you use to evaluate alternatives in the third stage of the rational model of decision making. Is it feasible? Is it ultimately effective? Is it ethical? Is it creative? Is it profitable?

Is it feasible? Is it ultimately effective? Is it ethical?

Gabe works for an entertainment company that has a robust offering of services for artists, including marketing, business, fashion, and social media promotion. The company employs a horizontal-linkage model so artists can have a one-stop shop experience. Which of the following is probably a benefit of the horizontal linkage model?

It encourages the pooling of resources.

Knowledge of decision-making styles can assist managers in many ways except for which one of the following? It facilitates the potential for self-improvement in making decisions It increases the biases of the manager toward their favorite style. It helps to identify a manager's own strengths and weaknesses in making decisions. It increases their ability to influence others by catering to their style.

It increases the biases of the manager toward their favorite style.

Just-in-time inventory systems

_____ assess what is important to the organization and how well the organization is progressing toward attaining its strategic goal.

Key performance indicators

Explain the analysis of resistance through the force field technique as a strategy for employee resistance to change.

Kurt Lewin > driving forces vs restraining forces > by selectively removing forces that restrain change, the driving forces will be strong enough to enable implementation

High-Low Productions recently appointed 75 employees and external stakeholders to a temporary group that would discuss problems and opportunities, and would gather perspectives on changes that need to take place within the company. High-Low Productions is utilizing which organizational change tool? a. Organizational development b. Skunkwork c. Telecommuting d. Focus group e. Large-group intervention

Large-group intervention

Persuasion, motivation, and changes in cultures and values are examples of which of the dimensions used to implement strategy?

Leadership

If you work in a complex organization in which you see the political model of decision making at work, which of the following is likely true about your organization?

Managers have different interests and are pursuing different goals

If Barcelona has a kitchen manager whom all kitchen staff report to, and a dining room manager whom all waitstaff report to, as well as a manager for each restaurant whom everyone working in that restaurant reports to, the company has a __________ structure.

Matrix

Marcia is the top leader of the matrix structure for an international company manufacturing environmental compliance equipment. Which action could she take to resolve conflicts between people in charge of product line goals and country goals?

Meet with matrix bosses and two-boss employees to work out differences

In the article, Organization as Theater, the authors stated "to justify [employees'] labor, they want to believe their efforts produce the intended outcomes. Of course, even the best intentions or the most sophisticated technologies do not always yield expected results. Regardless, these activities play a very important theatrical role." The authors illustrate their point with what contexts:

Meetings Planning Performance appraisal Collective bargaining ALL OF THE ABOVE IS RIGHT

What concept is at the top of an organization's goal hierarchy?

Mission of the company

During a time of crisis, an organization may become __________, placing more decision-making authority near the top of the organization.

More Centralized

A non-profit organization piloted a new approach to designing long-term care facilities that took into account the needs of elderly residents. The final results were so successful that they standardized their construction plans. From now on, all their facilities are going to be similarly built. Which management action does this change represent?

Moving from single-use plans to standing plans

_____ refers to the modification of product design and advertising strategies to suit the specific needs of individual countries.

Multidomestic strategy

If Barcelona has a core staff of restaurant managers and head chefs and contracts with staffing agencies to fill all other positions, from accountants to dishwashers, then the company has a __________ structure.

Network

_____ decisions are made in response to situations that are unique, are poorly defined and largely unstructured, and have important consequences for the organization.

Nonprogrammed

1. According to Kotter's article, Why Transformation Efforts Fail, which of the following are routine errors?

Not establishing a great enough sense of urgency. Not creating a powerful enough guiding coalition. Under-communicating the vision by a factor of ten. Not systematically planning for, and creating, short-term wins. ALL OF THE ABOVE IS RIGHT

What is open innovation?

Open innovation means extending the search for and commercialization of new ideas beyond the boundaries of the organization and even beyond the boundaries of the industry.

Which of the following refer to specific results expected from individuals?

Operational goals

_____ exists when managers see potential of enhancing performance beyond current levels.

Opportunity

When managers meet to discuss __________, topics on the agenda include how tasks will be assigned, reporting relationships, and how to coordinate effort across departments.

Organization Structure

What is organizational development?

Organization development (OD) is a planned, systematic process of change that uses behavioral science knowledge and techniques to improve an organization's health and effectiveness through its ability to adapt to the environment, improve internal relationships, and increase learning and problem-solving capabilities. OD focuses on the human and social aspects of the organization and works to change attitudes and relationships among employees, helping to strengthen the organization's capacity for adaptation and renewal

How does the text suggest prioritizing your decisions? Load up on new facts and information. Keep an open mind. Identify weak spots in your process. Become a good and patient listener. Organize your decisions into three categories.

Organize your decisions into three categories.

A company's strategy defines what the company will do, and __________ defines how it will execute the strategy.

Organizing

The _____ approach is the most appropriate when users have the power to resist the proposed change.

Participation

How does self interest make employees resistant to change?

People typically resist a change they believe conflicts with their self-interests. A proposed change in job design, structure, or technology may increase employees' workload, for example, or cause a real or perceived loss of power, prestige, pay, or benefits. The fear of personal loss is perhaps the biggest obstacle to organizational change.

What type of performance standard would specify the percentage of customer orders that need to be shipped to customers within 48 hours of receiving the order?

Performance dashboard

When Google created its China-based search engine, Google.cn, it did not foresee eventually abandoning it because of censorship issues with the Chinese government. Which kind of bias could have been in effect when Google made its initial decision?

Perpetuating the status quo

Which theorist created "management by objectives" in U.S. businesses?

Peter Drucker

_____ is the act of determining the organization's goals and the means for achieving them.

Planning

Which of the following is a commonly-cited limitation of planning?

Plans can create a false sense of security.

Andy says he wants his managers to "self-start" and tells new employees, "When people walk in the door, I don't want them looking for me. I want them looking for you." You can infer from this statement that Andy:

Prefers to delegate to subordinates

A(n) _____ occurs when the organizational accomplishment is less than established goals.

Problem

What type of standing plan specifies what the organization should do when one of its factory workers files a grievance?

Procedure

Isomorphism, as described in the reading Organization as Theater, refers to

Processes that cause organizations to become more like other organizations, particularly members of the same "organizational field."

_____ decisions are associated with decision rules

Programmed

Layla is applying for a __________ position, in which she will coordinate the activities of the engineering and manufacturing departments to achieve a 5% reduction in defect rate.

Project Manager

Gillette operates numerous strategic business units. Most of its units in the personal care division have low market share but high business growth. These units are classified as _____.

Question mark exists in a new, rapidly growing industry, but only has a small market share.

Recognition of decision requirement

_____ is the radical redesign of business processes to achieve dramatic improvements in cost, quality, service, and speed.

Reengineering

Which of the following means that a decision has clear-cut goals and that good information is available, but the future outcomes associated with each alternative are subject to chance?

Risk

Which of the following refers to the willingness to undertake risk with the opportunity to increase one's return?

Risk propensity

_____ is the willingness to undertake risk with the opportunity of gaining an increased payoff.

Risk propensity

When managers engage in a systematic analysis of the organization's internal and external environment, they are engaged in -----.

SWOT analysis

______ means that decision-makers choose the first solution alternative that satisfies minimal decision criteria.

Satisficing

When managers at a large pharmaceutical company look towards the future and think about what could be, they are likely using which innovative planning approach?

Scenario building.

Cyrus's Resort has proposed some major structural changes within their organization. Some of the employees fear that they will lose power with the changes. They begin voicing resistance to the changes. What barrier to change are they exhibiting? a. Disagreements about the benefits b. Self-interests c. A lack of understanding and trust d. Uncertainty e. Goals and rewards

Self-interests

The original start-up company, founded in a garage, grew at a amazing rate, with employees added in groups as the organization expanded to fulfill its potential. Now the Advisory Board wants to improve cost, quality, service, and speed. Which effect on the structure should the Advisory Board expect from reengineering the structure of the company?

Shift away from a strong vertical structure to emphasis on horizontal coordination.

Another "myth" from Cross, Nohria and Parker includes "Central people who have become bottlenecks need to make themselves more accessible." What is their recommended solution?

Shift burdens for providing information and making decisions to others in the network .

Which type of production technology produces good in batches of one or a few products designed to customer specification?

Small-batch production

The chief advantage of bottom-up approaches and internal innovation contests is that both of these techniques:

Solicit new ideas from existing employees

A human resource generalist has the __________ to advise supervisors on how to handle employee disciplinary actions.

Staff Authority

A start-up company founded a technical university to implement digital innovation into teaching. Which feature of the company's mission statement demonstrates the company's commitment to reinventing higher education?

Statement of values that guide the company

What type of organizational unit has a unique business mission, product line, competitors, and markets relative to other units in the same corporation?

Strategic business unit

Akram, the CEO of a brand new marketing firm introduces stretch goals into every company that he starts or joins. He believes that the only way for any team to overcome challenges common to start up companies is through radical innovation. As a result, Akram sets very high standards and goals to motivate the team to super-achieve. What can simultaneously be considered the best feature and, from some employees' viewpoint, be the worst characteristic of stretch goals?

Stretch goals are way beyond the current levels of organizational capability.

Manufacturing businesses can be classified according to their __________, or how much they use machinery instead of people to produce goods.

Technical Complexity

A cafeteria's microwave ovens, its short-order cooks' skills, and its process for setting up the salad bar with fresh vegetables are all part of its __________.

Technology

Which of these is another term for hindsight bias? The "Easy-come-easy-go" principle The "I-never-would-have-guessed-that" effect The "I-knew-it-all-along" effect The "Any-time-any-day" principle

The "I-knew-it-all-along" effect

organizational development

The application of behavioral science knowledge to improve an organization's health and effectiveness is known as _____ .

Riley is a manager at the Tinker Tools. She is expected to make decisions that are in the organization's best economic interests. Her decisions should be based on which of the following models?

The classical model of decision making

As the Board of Governors of the American Red Cross considers planning, one option is to make strategic plans and then direct managers to align tactical and operational plans accordingly. Another option is to have planning specialists help managers across the organization make their own plans. Why might this organization's executives opt for the latter approach? Check all that apply.

The environment is a dynamic one, and department and frontline managers can come up with more responsive plans than can central leadership. When managers come up with their own plans, they are likely to be more committed to following through on them.

After a large hotel chain discovered that their computer systems had been hacked and customer credit card information had been accessed, they immediately notified customers via email and offered access to free credit monitoring for one year. The hotel's quick action in response to a serious situation was likely due to which of the following reasons?

The hotel chain had a contingency plan in place with specific steps in place to respond to the situation.

cooperation

The innovation strategy for changing products and technologies that involves creating conditions and systems to facilitate internal and external coordination and knowledge sharing

exploration

The innovation strategy for changing products and technologies that involves designing the organization to encourage creativity and the initiation of new ideas

innovation roles

The innovation strategy for changing products and technologies that involves managers putting in place processes and structures to ensure that new ideas are carried forward for acceptance and implementation

horizontal linkage

The model is an approach to product change that emphasizes shared development of innovations among several departments.

Which model of decision making acknowledges that uncertainty and risk make it difficult for managers to make optimal decisions? The nonrational model The rational model The brainstorming model The statistical model

The nonrational model

Which model of decision making explains how managers should use logic to determine the optimal means of furthering the organization's best interests? The optimal model The limited model The analytical model The rational model

The rational model

refreezing

The reinforcement stage of organization development in which individuals acquire a desired new skill or attitude and are rewarded for it by the organization.

changing

The second stage in Lewin's change model, _____ , occurs when individuals experiment with new behavior and learn new skills to be used in the workplace

In some years, weather patterns have caused there to be few fish in local lakes, and anglers have gone elsewhere. Also, invasive carp are threatening the lakes and may someday cause fish stocks to drop indefinitely. How should these facts impact Dave and Betsy's planning?

They should develop a contingency plan in case few anglers book rooms.

Public Health Media develops interactive health interventions for adolescent youth. Their most effective programs have been those that incorporate theories and frameworks from different fields. If the company wants to develop another successful product, what would be best course of action to take?

They should use open innovation.

When Kendra's manager asked the team to come up with new ideas for attracting people to their trade show booth, Kendra suggested installing a video game in the booth. Which part of the rational decision making process does Kendra's idea exemplify? Implement the solution. Identify the problem. Evaluate alternatives. Think up alternative solutions.

Think up alternative solutions.

In the article, Six Myths About Informal Networks and How to Overcome Them, the "reality check" associated with the myth "I already know what's going on in my network" is:

Those who are most adamant in asserting that they know their network are usually the farthest off base.

The CEO of C & J Construction is considering moving to a virtual network structure. What would be the best reason to make such a move?

To focus on the core competencies of the organization and outsource less mission-critical tasks Explanation: A virtual network structure is a loose association of companies that is run by a small centralized group. This group is responsible for outsourcing work to the appropriate companies in the network. For example, if C & J Construction were first and foremost a construction company, it could develop relationships with engineering and sales companies so that it could outsource that work and focus on construction.

The CEO of Alfredo's Sausage is considering moving to a functional structure. What would be the best reason to make such a move?

To gain more control over how the organization operates and centralize decision making

The CEO of GardenGrow is considering moving to a team-based structure. What would be the best reason to make such a move?

To respond more flexibly to a changing environment

As a result of the restraining forces a cookware company, Plated Inc., is experiencing, the CEO decides to implement some changes at the managerial levels within each department. He decides that restructuring each of the departments will drive growth and company expansion. Initially, managers attempt to use education as a tool to overcome staff resistance; however this does not work. Managers then decide to use coercion, but the CEO does not approve. Which of the following strategies would be best implemented in this example?

Top management support

A desired future state that the individual or organization attempts to realize is a goal.

True

A person who sees the need for and champions productive change within the organization is called an idea champion.

True

Administrative and political decision making procedures and intuition have been associated with high performance in unstable environments in which decisions must be made rapidly and under more difficult conditions.

True

An ambidextrous approach means incorporating structures and processes that are appropriate for both the creative impulse and for the systematic implementation of innovations.

True

An idea incubator is in-house program that provides a safe harbor where ideas from employees throughout the organization can be developed without interference from company bureaucracy or politics.

True

At Fox End, people are grouped together in departments by common skills and work activities, including a sales department and a production department. This is an example of vertical functional approach.

True

Because employees with different backgrounds bring different options and ideas to the table, a diverse workforce may lead to increased conflict, anxiety, and misunderstanding.

True

Evidence shows that people who make poor decisions under the influence of strong emotions tend to continue that behavior in the future.

True

Finding the right people to apply new information technology for e- business is a current strategic issue of particular concern for HR managers.

True

For companies to operate effectively, the amount of centralization or decentralization should fit the firm's strategy.

True

Goals are most effective when they are specific, measurable, challenging and linked to rewards.

True

Goals are typically stated in quantitative terms.

True

Good intuitive decision making is based on an ability to recognize patterns at lightning speed.

True

Groupthink refers to the tendency of people in groups to suppress contrary opinions.

True

Hiring and keeping quality employees is one of the most urgent concerns for today's organizations.

True

If Renae, manager at Leak Free Roofing, wanted to develop a contingency plan for Leak Free, she would need to look at factors such as new equipment, the economy, and the company workers' compensation cases.

True

In the unfreezing step, participants must be made aware of problems and be willing to change.

True

Mergers/acquisitions, organizational decline, and conflict management are the three types of current problems that organizational development managers face.

True

Most bad decisions are errors in judgment that originate in the human mind's limited capacity and in the natural biases of the manager.

True

Of executives whose companies had no formal strategic planning process, about half said they were dissatisfied with the company's development strategy.

True

Recruiting activities can be divided into (1) internal recruiting including "promote from within" policies, and (2) external recruiting including the use of headhunters.

True

Research has shown that strategic thinking and planning positively affect a firm's performance and financial success.

True

Restraining forces can be thought of as problems or opportunities that provide motivation for change within the organization.

True

Risk propensity refers to the willingness to undertake risk with the opportunity of gaining an increased payoff.

True

Satisficing behavior occurs when we choose the first solution alternative that satisfies minimal decision criteria regardless of whether better solutions are expected to exist.

True

Some companies hire competitive intelligence professionals to scan the external environment and provide data and research on relevant domestic and global trends.

True

Step one in the managerial decision-making process is recognition of decision requirement.

True

The acceptance of mistakes, the freedom to discuss ideas, and the assignment of nonspecialists to problems are characteristics of creative organizations or departments.

True

The approach that managers use to make decisions usually falls into one of three types - the classical model, the administrative model, and the political model.

True

The communication and education approach for overcoming resistance to change should be used when the change is technical and the users need accurate information and analysis to understand change.

True

The confusion and frustration caused by the dual chain of command is a major problem of the matrix structure.

True

The framework in which the organization defines how tasks are divided, resources are deployed and departments are coordinated is called organizational structure.

True

The horizontal linkage model is increasingly important in high pressure business environments that require rapidly developing and commercializing products and services.

True

The task environment sectors are the most relevant to strategic behavior and include the behavior of competitors, customers, suppliers, and the labor supply.

True

Traditional views of organizational design recommend a span of management of about 7 to 10 subordinates per manager.

True

Training is one of the most frequently used approaches to changing people's mindsets.

True

True or false: CEOs are at a higher risk of being fired for ethical violations than ever before because the public has become less forgiving of unethical behavior.

True

True or false: The availability bias means that your manager may give more weight to your most recent work rather than everything you have done over the course of year.

True

Two possible tactics for overcoming resistance to change are coercion and negotiation.

True

Wage and salary surveys show what other organizations pay incumbents in jobs that match a sample of "key" jobs selected by the organization.

True

The distinctive feature of the project manager position is that the person is not a member of one of the departments begin coordinated.

Ture

_____ means that managers know which goals they wish to achieve, but information about alternatives and future events is incomplete

Uncertainty

Janessa is the CEO of a privately-held software company. In defining corporate-level strategies, which of the following questions would she most likely be concerned with?

What business are we in?

coercion

When workers are told that if they do not accept the new organizational design of their company and work hard to implement it, that they will be fired, what type of implementation strategy is this?

stretch goal

Which type of managerial goal is designed to be reasonable but require hard work by the manager in order to accomplish this goal? Achievable, but demanding

The Oriental Trading Company uses a cost leadership strategy. It has a "110% Lowest Price Guarantee," which says that if a customer can provide an advertisement with a lower price from another company, the Oriental Trading Company will refund 110% of the difference in price. The Oriental Trading Company will be more effective if it has a ------ structure.

a mechanistic

Innovative Creations Corporation is designed along functional lines. New product development is very slow and the process is plagued by many problems. One of the problems is that the people in marketing never communicate with the people in production. This is an example of poor: a. coordination. b. planning. c. motivating. d. leading. e. controlling.

a. coordination

Makai's Marketing Mix (MMM) does not use its resources wisely. The employees at MMM spend too much time in meetings and not enough time focusing on the task at hand. MMM's management should consider changing the organizational structure from _____ to _____: a. horizontal; vertical b. team based; horizontal c. vertical; team based d. mechanistic; rigid e. team-based; virtual network

a. horizontal;vertical

When managers base decisions on what has worked in the past and fail to explore new options, they are: a. perpetuating the status quo. b. being influenced by emotions. c. being overconfident. d. justifying past actions. e. seeing what they want to see.

a. perpetuation the status quo

_____ is characterized by intangible outputs. a. Service technology b. Mass production c. Large-batch production d. Small-batch production e. Continuous process production

a. service technology

Two sisters, Carol and Patty, are sitting at the kitchen table discussing what to do for Thanksgiving. They disagree about almost everything: how to cook the turkey, what kind of stuffing to make, whether to serve wild rice salad, how to prepare the yams, and even what kind of pie to serve. Eventually Carol says, "Just do it your way! You always have to be the boss. I'm sick of fighting with you." Patty responds, "That's only because you're so stupid!"Carol and Patty are engaged in ___________ conflict, based on _________________.

affective, emotions

In the _____, managers invest time in reviewing the results of decisions and learn from them.

after-action review

The __________ approach means incorporating structures and processes that are appropriate for both the creative impulse and the systematic implementation of innovations.

ambidextrous

The most difficult decision-making situation is ---- , because the problem to be solved is unclear, alternatives are difficult to define, and information about outcomes is unavailable.

ambiguity

_____ means that the goals to be achieved or the problem to be solved is unclear, alternatives are difficult to define, and information about outcomes is unavailable

ambiguity

Cisco Systems uses a differentiation strategy. It offers its customers the latest in routers and switches. Cisco products may cost a bit more, but customers believe they are worth every penny. Cisco Systems will be more effective if it has __________ structure. Which of the following reasons explain this? (Check all that apply.)

an organic -Decentralized decision making allows for greater flexibility in meeting customer needs. -Shorter chains of command and horizontal communication allow for increased innovation.

An online retailer uses complex data-mining software to evaluate the preferences and buying habits of its customers and makes decisions based on these findings. This is an example of the use of ______ in the decision-making process. ethics satisficing analytics intuition

analytics

A consensus is reached when all members are able to express their opinions ______. and vote on a final decision but are unable to make a final decision and reach agreement to support the final decision and decide on a date to make a final decision

and reach agreement to support the final decision

On September 30, the manager reports that call center hold times for the summer construction season averaged 42 seconds, with 30 percent of all calls not being put on hold at all but 2 percent of calls exceeding 90 seconds of hold time. The plan is rated mostly successful.

appraising performance

In the ______ bias, managers use information readily available from memory to make judgments. alternative availability confirmation sunk-cost

availability

Readily available information may not present a complete picture of a situation due to the representativeness effect. anchoring and adjustment bias. information bias. availability bias. confirmation bias.

availability bias.

Which of the following strategies involves rewarding an employee's innovation? a. Cost leadership b. Differentiation c. Focus d. Internal growth e. Liquidation

b. Differentiation

Swift Move Facilities manufacturers two different bicycle models. The company produces a high volume of products using standardized production runs. The company does very little product customization. Swift Move uses what type of technology structure? a. Service production b. Mass production c. Large-batch production d. Small-batch production e. Continuous process production

b. Mass production

Examples of nonprogrammed decisions would include the decision to: a. reorder supplies. b. develop a new product or service. c. perform routine maintenance on one of the machines in manufacturing. d. terminate an employee for violation of company rules. e. fill a position.

b. develop a new product or service

Stephanie works in one of seven research and development departments at Tara's Terrace, Inc. This would suggest that Tara's Terrace has a: a. functional structure. b. divisional structure. c. wide span of control. d. high degree of centralization. e. matrix structure.

b. divisional structure

The functional, _____, and _____ are traditional approaches that rely on the chain of command to define departmental groupings and reporting relationships along the hierarchy. a. divisional; teams b. divisional; matrix c. matrix; teams d. matrix; networks e. teams; networks

b. divisional;matrix

Louise works in the manufacturing department at Ice Sculptures. The work in Louise's department is low in task specialization. As a result, Louise: a. usually performs a single task. b. does a variety of tasks and activities. c. is often bored. d. is rarely challenged. e. generally goofs-off.

b. does a variety of tasks and activities

Flash Card Inc. recently underwent a significant company-wide change that involved revision of its manufacturing and leadership processes. The result of this was a stronger emphasis on horizontal coordination. This level of change is referred to as: a. reorganization. b. reengineering. c. e-engineering. d. strategic planning. e. corporate structuring.

b. reengineering

_____ departments include all of those that provide specialized skills in support of _____ departments. a. Line; staff b. Staff; line c. Primary; functional d. Functional; primary e. Line; functional

b. staff;line

The matrix structure violates which of the following principles of management? a. Unity of direction b. Unity of command c. Work specialization d. Division of labor e. Span of management

b. unity of command

For each example, select the decision style that most closely corresponds to it. When making a decision, Josie likes to talk to people one on one to find out how the decision will affect them.

behavioral

People with a(n) _____ style usually are concerned with the personal development of others and may make decisions that help others achieve their goals.

behavioral

Rather than holding formal meetings in the board room, Kevin prefers meeting with his group over lunch at a restaurant. He feels that his group opens up more during these lunches and opinions are openly exchanged. Which style of decision making does Kevin use? analytical conceptual behavioral directive

behavioral

The _____ style is often the style adopted by managers having a deep concern for others as individuals.

behavioral

Finance managers at Big Bend Inc. made a financial blunder when they solely looked at the previous year's sales to estimate sales for the coming year. Of which management bias is this an example?

being influenced by initial impressions

bounded rationality

Proposed by Herbert A. Simon, __________________ _________________ means that managers are limited in the extent to which they can use the classical model of decision making, because they only have so much time and ability to process information.

bounded rationality

As a top manager, Joanna works with others within her team every day in making important corporate decisions. Her preferred decision-making approach is to generate as many alternatives to problems as possible in a short amount of time. This approach is referred to as:

brainstorming

Michelle met with her five employees around a table and asked each of them to take five minutes to write down what they personally thought their new facility should include. She then collected the information and wrote it on the white board for all of them to view and decide upon. Michelle is using the _____ technique. executive-decision brainstorming Delphi

brainstorming

Which of the following defines a technique that uses a face-to-face group to spontaneously suggest a broad range of alternatives for decision making?

brainstorming

In 2010, the country announced a $22 billion investment in science and technology innovation.

brazil

Managers who are analyzing how best to compete within a given industry are concerned with ---strategy.

business level

Decisions regarding the proper amount of advertising for a particular good or service are related to: a. retrenchment strategies. b. tactical-level strategies.- wrong c. corporate-level strategies. d. functional-level strategies. e. business-level strategies.

business level strategies

Decisions regarding the proper amount of advertising for a particular good or service are related to:

business-level strategies.

When Philip-Morris, the tobacco giant, bought Kraft, Inc., it was pursuing a _____.

business-level strategy

The _____ approach is the most appropriate when users have the power to resist the proposed change. a. negotiation b. top management support c. participation d. coercion e. education

Which style is used by people who prefer simple, clear-cut solutions to problems? a. Behavioral b. Conceptual c. Directive d. Analytical e. Classical

c. Directive

Genna is collecting data on how well the organization has done since their new strategy was implemented. She is in what stage of the managerial decision making process? a. The generation of alternatives b. Implementation of the chosen alternative c. Evaluation and feedback d. Recognition of the decision requirement e. Selection of desired alternative

c. Evaluation and feedback

Organ Rentals Corporation has been having numerous problems. Communication across departments is poor and decisions are backing up at the top of the organization. Organ Rentals uses a _____ structure. a. geographic b. product c. functional d. matrix e. team-based

c. Functional

_____ decisions are associated with decision rules. a. Nonprogrammed b. Unique c. Programmed d. Ill-structured e. Novel

c. Programmed

Shirley works in the human resource department at Turtle Shells, Inc. She believes she is seeing an increase in drinking problems among the workforce. She thinks she needs to investigate further. She is at what stage of the managerial decision making process? a. Diagnosis and analysis of causes b. Development of alternatives c. Recognition of decision requirement d. Evaluation and feedback e. Selection of desired alternatives

c. Recognition of decision requirement

Rebecca works for a company that has clearly defined lines of authority. Each employee knows that he or she has authority and responsibility for a distinct set of tasks. Employees are also aware of the company's reporting structure as well as successive management levels all the way to the top. Rebecca's company follows which principle? a. Specialization principle b. Unity of command principle c. Scalar principle d. Authority principle e. Responsibility principle

c. Scalar principle

Where does the information about opportunities and threats comes from? a. An analysis of the organization's internal environment b. A department by department study of the organization c. Scanning the external environments d. Employee grievances e. Financial ratios of the organization

c. Scanning the external environments

Which of the following structures works best in an uncertain organizational environment? a. A tight structure b. A mechanistic structure c. A horizontal structure d. A functional structure e. A vertical structure

c. a horizontal structure

Successful change requires that organizations be capable of both creating and implementing ideas, which means the organization must learn to be: a. cordial. b. rightsized. c. ambidextrous. d. compliant. e. intra-focused.

c. ambidextrous

_____ is NOT a type of current problem that organizational development can help address. a. Mergers b. Acquisitions c. Diversification d. Organizational decline e. Conflict management

c. diversification

The horizontal linkage model is best applied to a(n): a. low pressure environment. b. stable environment. c. environment that requires speed. d. customer service environment. e. manufacturing environment.

c. environment that requires speed

Ashley has average technical skills but her real strengths lay in visualizing the benefits of other's ideas and in finding financial and political support for these ideas. Ashley is an excellent example of a(n): a. critic. b. sponsor. c. idea champion. d. inventor. e. bureaucrat.

c. idea champion

Which of the following typically is NOT considered a staff department? a. Strategic planning b. Accounting c. Manufacturing d. Human resources e. Research and development

c. maufacturing

Jurgen is one of several middle managers sent to a training course on leadership skills. Through this effort, the organization is attempting: a. organization change b. organization development c. people change d. culture change e. artifact change

c. people change

All of the following are cognitive biases that can affect manager's judgment, except: a. being influenced by initial impressions. b. justifying past decisions. c. seeing what you don't want to see. d. perpetuating the status quo. e. overconfidence.

c. seeing what you don't want to see

Which of the following factors is NOT associated with larger span of control? a. Work performed by subordinates is stable and routine. b. Subordinates perform similar work tasks. c. Subordinates are located at various different locations. d. Subordinates are highly trained and need little direction. e. Rules and procedures defining task activities are available.

c. subordinates are located at various different locations

The idea that decision authority is located near the "top" of the organization chart is called ________, while pushing this authority "down" the organization chart is referred to as ________.

centralization; decentralization

Associated with the condition of _____ is the lowest possibility of failure.

certainty

_____ means that all the information the decision-maker needs is fully available

certainty

An OD specialist who contracts with an organization to facilitate change is called a(n) _____.

change agent

People

change is a change in the attitudes and behaviors of a few employees in the organization.

Technology

change is related to the organization's production process, i.e., how the organization does its work.

The second stage in Lewin's change model, _____ , occurs when individuals experiment with new behavior and learn new skills to be used in the workplace.

changing

Because of the sometimes hostile regulatory environment, cultivating relationships with local officials is important.

china

Apple has traditionally been known for a _____ approach, in which it generated its own ideas in house and then developed, manufactured, marketed, and distributed the products

closed innovation

When people from two or more departments work together to produce outcomes that meet a common goal, this is referred to as _____.

collaboration

For each example, select the decision style that most closely corresponds to it. Kyle prefers to base decisions on lots of data, both objective data from information systems and qualitative data from people.

conceptual

People with a(n) _____ style rely on information from both people and systems and like to solve problems creatively.

conceptual

Nora is a small-business owner who loves to take risks. She also enjoys going out and meeting customers and potential clients—the social aspect of her job. Nora relies on intuition and discussions with others to acquire information. As an interior decorator, Nora utilizes her imaginative strengths, taking a broad perspective to problem solving, and she likes to consider many options and future possibilities. Nora's decision-making style is best described as conceptual. directive. ambiguous. analytical. behavioral.

conceptual.

Don't tell me the truth; just tell me what I want to hear" is an example of the _______ bias. availability confirmation representative sunk-cost

confirmation

The _____ bias occurs when people seek data to support their point of view and disregard information that does not support it. sunk-cost confirmation anchoring representativeness

confirmation

When people seek information to support their point of view and discount data that do not, they are subject to ______ bias. For example, Rick uses the fact that his commute is now shorter to confirm his belief that there are fewer cars on the road. However, Rick is not accounting for the fact that he recently took over the graveyard shift, and that traffic is always lighter at night and in the wee hours of the morning. confirmation blind framing representativeness overconfidence

confirmation

coordination

When AT&T decided to buy Media One, a cable company, it was pursuing a(n) _____ strategy a. multi-domestic b. internal growth c. functional-level d. corporate-level e. business-level- wrong

corporate-level

Sears' decision to sell off much of its financial services division is an example of

corporate-level strategy

The _____ strategy involves seeking efficient facilities, cutting costs and using tight cost controls to be more efficient than competitors.

cost leadership. The cost leadership strategy involves seek efficient facilities, cutting costs and using tight cost controls to be more efficient than competitors.

The _____ role in organizational change involves providing a "reality test."

critic

_____ teams consist of employees from various functional departments who are responsible to meet as a team and resolve mutual problems.

cross-functional

When top executives work with managers in major divisions or departments to develop their own goals and plans, it is known as _____ planning. a. interdepartmental b. crisis c. focus d. decentralized e. competitive

d. Decentralized

Jeff is a top manager at a textile factory. He is developing a crisis plan in the event that the company has a toxic spill or accident. Which of the following should Jeff undertake to prepare for such a crisis? a. Building relationships with neighboring businesses b. Detecting signals from the natural environment c. Polling employees on the likelihood of an environmental disaster d. Designating a crisis management team in the event of an environmental disaster e. Dismantling the company's ties to the external media

d. Designating a crisis management team in the even of an environmental disaster

Which of the following structures is most consistent with a strategy of stability? a. Team based structure b. Organic structure c. Matrix structure d. Functional structure e. Learning structure

d. Functional structure

Which of the following is NOT one of the benefits of MBO? a. Performance can be improved at all company levels. b. Employees are motivated. c. Efforts are focused on activities that will lead to goal attainment. d. Operational goals are able to displace strategic goals. e. Individual and department goals are aligned with company goals.

d. Operational goals are able to displace strategic goals

Jacob, a customer service representative for AB Retailers, has seven levels of management between himself and the company's CEO. In contrast, his friend Rhonda, a customer service representative for YZ Retailers, has only four levels of management between her and the company CEO. Compared to YZ, Jacob's company has what type of organizational structure? a. Narrow b. Wide c. Flat d. Tall e. Identical

d. Tall

Managers are considered to have a(n) _____ style when they prefer to consider complex solutions based on as much data as they can gather. a. behavioral b. conceptual c. directive d. analytical e. classical

d. analytical

The _____ shows that the research, manufacturing, and sales and marketing departments within an organization simultaneously contribute to new products and technologies. a. crowdsourcing model b. innovation by acquisition strategy c. bottom-up approach to innovation d. horizontal linkage model

d. horizontal linkage model

"The Brain" is a permanent secret group within one of the nation's largest auto manufacturers. Members of this elite group focus intently on developing new and innovative automobile technologies. "The Brain" can best be described as what type of group or team? a. Cross-functional team b. Fast-cycle team c. Brainstorming team d. Skunkwork e. New-venture team

d. skunkwork

Which of the following is a contemporary approach to structural design in departmentalization? a. Functional b. Divisional c. Traditional divisions d. Teams e. Geographic-based

d. teams

Riley is a manager at the Tinker Tools. She is expected to make decisions that are in the organization's best economic interests. Her decisions should be based on which of the following models? a. The administrative model of decision making b. The garbage can model of decision making c. The scientific management model of decision making d. The classical model of decision making e. The humanistic model of decision making

d. the classical model of decision making

d. uncertainty

Walt works for a large company. Recently, his organization began to contract out such functions as training, engineering, and computer service. This approach is consistent with a _____ structure. a. functional b. team c. divisional d. virtual network e. service

d. virtual network

At MultiMarkets, a chain of retail stores, top management decided to respond to the growing challenge of online retail websites with ----- , using planning experts to help store managers develop their own plans.

decentralized planning

A group of planning specialists assigned to major departments and divisions to help managers develop their own strategic plans is called _____.

decentralized planning staff

A _____ is a choice made from available alternatives. decision feasibility rationale consensus

decision

Differences among people with respect to how they perceive problems and make decisions is called _____.

decision style

A graph of decisions and their possible consequences used to create a plan is known as a(n) ______. decision tree rational model business analytic incremental model

decision tree

A person's ________ reflects the combination of how he or she perceives and responds to information. Big Data perception time orientation ambiguity index location on the introvert/extrovert scale decision-making style

decision-making style

A person's ________ reflects the combination of how he or she perceives and responds to information. decision-making style Big Data perception ambiguity index time orientation location on the introvert/extrovert scale

decision-making style

Differences among people with respect to how they perceive problems and make decisions is called _____.

decision-style

Organizational change

defined as the adoption of a new idea or behavior by an organization.

_____ is the process managers use to transfer authority and responsibility to positions below them in the hierarchy.

delegation

A pool of twelve contingent call center workers who work at home will be hired and trained before April 15. These employees can be activated anytime hold times threaten to exceed 90 seconds.

developing an action plan

A(n) _____ is assigned the role of challenging the assumptions and assertions made by the group.

devils advocate

The step in the decision making process in which managers analyze the underlying causal factors associated with the situation is called _____.

diagnosis

A school system is implementing a new series of standardized tests to evaluate how much students are learning. However, many teachers believe that the tests do not measure important content and skills and believe the tests are a waste of the school system's money.

different viewpoint

With a(n) _____ strategy, the organization attempts to develop innovative products unique to the market.

differentiation

All of the following are Porter's competitive forces except: a. bargaining power of suppliers. b. differentiation. c. potential new entrants. d. bargaining power of buyers. e. threat of substitute produc

differentiation.

For each example, select the decision style that most closely corresponds to it. Bill prefers simple, clear-cut solutions to problems.

directive

Managers who use a(n) _____ style are efficient and rational and prefer to rely on existing rules or procedures for making decisions.

directive

People with the ______ style of decision making are action-oriented and like to focus on facts. They also tend to be autocratic-type managers. analytical behavioral conceptual directive

directive

Several cable companies, including Time Warner, are under tremendous pressure to identify new strategies that will help them stay relevant and competitive in the market. Cable companies not only have to compete with each other, but also the Internet, because customers are able to watch their favorite shows online through companies like Netflix and Hulu. The process by which online streaming expands to the point where it annihilates the cable industry is an example of:

disruptive innovation

The purpose of _____ is to expand the firm's business operations to produce new kinds of valuable products and services?

diversification

_____ is NOT a type of current problem that organizational development can help address. a. Mergers b. Acquisitions c. Diversification d. Organizational decline e. Conflict management

diversification

The functional, _____, and _____ are traditional approaches that rely on the chain of command to define departmental groupings and reporting relationships along the hierarchy.

divisional, matrix

Louise works in the manufacturing department at Ice Sculptures. The work in Louise's department is low in task specialization. As a result, Louise:

does a variety of tasks and activities.

Which of the following is a commonly-cited limitation of planning? a. Plans limit employee motivation and commitment. b. Plans make resource allocation more difficult. c. Plans make it more difficult to measure standards of performance. d. Plans boost intuition and creativity. e. Plans can create a false sense of security.

e. Plans can create a false sense of security

The _____ model closely resembles the real environment in which most managers and decision-makers operate. a. normative b. administrative c. descriptive d. classical e. political

e. Political

All of the following are advantages of a divisional structure, except: a. high concern for customers' needs. b. fast response, flexibility in an unstable environment. c. emphasis on overall product and division goals. d. development of general management skills. e. there is little duplication of services across divisions.

e. There is little duplication of services across divisions

Finance managers at Big Bend Inc. made a financial blunder when they solely looked at the previous year's sales to estimate sales for the coming year. Of which management bias is this an example? a. Being influenced by emotions b. Perpetuating the status quo c. Seeing what you want to see d. Justifying past actions e. Being influenced by initial impressions

e. being influence by initial impressions

e. brainstorming

Artful Innovations Inc. operates with open channels of communication and an established suggestion system that encourages brainstorming and freewheeling discussions. Artful Innovations can best be described as a(n)_____ type of organization. a. experimental organization b. cooperative organization c. entrepreneurial organization d. disruptive organization e. creative organization

e. creative organization

The _____ delineates the chain of command, indicates departmental tasks and how they fit together, and provides order and logic for the organization. a. management chart b. employee directory c. structural table d. administrative chart e. organizational chart

e. organizational chart

The tendency of organizations to invest time and money in a solution despite strong evidence that is not appropriate is referred to as:

escalating commitment

In an effort to justify a prior decision, managers may be prone to ------ , in which they "put good money after bad." It is important to avoid this tendency by being willing to ------ when the evidence shows it is failing.

escalating commitment, to end a project

Evan has a Bachelor's degree in ethics and human resources, and he has extensive experience working with employees and managers regarding ethics, especially in the area of ethical dilemmas. In his current position he has assisted extensively in determining if the company's decisions are both ethical and lawful. Which position in the company does Evan's background make him ideally suited for? decision tree manager values specialist ethical dilemma watchdog board of directors position ethics officer

ethics officer

_____ decision making involves a commitment to making more informed and intelligent decisions based on the best available facts and evidence.

evidence-based

Open innovation

extending the search for and commercializing new ideas beyond the boundaries of the organization and even beyond the boundaries of the industry

Open innovation

extends the search for and commercialization of new ideas beyond the boundaries of the organization.

A company has strong -----if it continuously seeks new ideas from customers and from looks for ways to use new technologies.

external coordination

A company has strong __________ if it continuously seeks new ideas from customers and from looks for ways to use new technologies.

external coordination

Paramount, Inc. is particularly concerned about pending legislation in Congress that would further regulate their organization. This legislation would be classified as a(n) _____. a. internal strength b. external opportunity-wrong c. external weakness d. congressional chaos e. external threat

external threat

Businesses that do not adopt a differentiation, low-cost leadership, or focus strategy tend to be more successful than businesses that do adopt these strategies.

false

Confrontation, authoritarianism, and disciplined exploration are characteristics of the creative individuals

false

Employee abilities to create innovative products are critical for companies that adopt a low-cost leadership strategy.

false

Lack of trust is perhaps the biggest obstacle to organizational change.

false

Organizational change and innovation are only prompted by external forces such as customer demands and market competition.

false

Restraining forces can be thought of as problems or opportunities that provide motivation for change within the organization

false

Survey feedback enhances the cohesiveness and success of organizational groups and teams.

false

True or false: Overconfidence bias is the tendency of decision makers to be influenced by the way a situation or problem is presented to them.

false

A(n) _____ structure has a wide span, is horizontally dispersed, and has fewer hierarchical levels.

flat

A(n) ______ structure is the grouping of positions into departments based on similar skills, expertise, and resource use.

functional

Which of the following structures is most consistent with a strategy of stability?

functional structure

A company that treats its resources, products, and people as transcending national boundaries is a ---- company, and it will hire and transfer people for key positions without regard to nationality

geocentric

One major limitation of goals and plans is:

goals and plans may cause rigidity in a turbulent environment.

All the following are characteristics of group decision-making EXCEPT _____. they may be too confident their size affects their decision quality their knowledge counts groups make decisions quickly

groups make decisions quickly

Henry, Bekah, and Marcella are on the five-member Benefits Task Force that is researching options for the new benefits package. Over lunch, Henry suggests that going with the Members' Choice HMO is the best course of action, and Bekah and Marcella agree with Henry for the sake of unanimity, without ever researching and accurately assessing the decision. Henry, Bekah, and Marcella are engaged in groupthink. goal displacement. group marketing. heuristics. the Delphi technique

groupthink.

With regard to decision making, it is accurate to say that groups take less time to make decisions, and the larger the group, lower the quality of the decision. take less time to make decisions, and their decision-making accuracy is higher. that are larger make higher-quality decisions. take less time to make decisions, and are more confident about their choices than individuals are. have higher decision-making accuracy when group members know a good deal about the relevant issues.

have higher decision-making accuracy when group members know a good deal about the relevant issues.

One of the reasons staff resist organizational change is because with change sometimes comes a new set of goals and assessments. A reason why a television producer might resist organizational change within the company she works for, specifically as it relates to different assessments and goals, is because:

her director wants to pilot a new show that she thinks will fail.

ExplanationItem 7Item 7 1 of 1 points awarded Item Scored Micah was talking with Aaron, his assistant manager, saying, "When I make a decision on which employees will do a project, I use three simple factors. I consider their attitude, knowledge, and how hard they work." Micah uses ________ when making a decision. thought steps heuristics decision steps the domino effect planning model

heuristics

The tendency of people to view events as being more predictable than they really are is referred to as

hindsight bias

The __________ shows the importance of combining the efforts of various departments to develop and contribute to new products and technologies.

horizontal linkage model

horizontal, vertical

A person's decision-making style is a combination of how a person perceives something as well as _____. the time it takes to reach a perception how they respond to it when they verbalize it a reflection of how others feel

how they respond to it

The first stage in the rational decision-making process involves _____. coming up with possible solutions implementing the solution evaluating alternative solutions identifying the problem

identifying the problem

In the fourth stage of rational decision making, managers will _____. evaluate the alternatives and select a solution identify the problem or opportunity implement and evaluate the chosen solution develop alternative solutions to the problem or opportunity

implement and evaluate the chosen solution

Rosie, the sales manager for a software development firm, is working on the problem of increasing sales by using the rational model of decision making. In the first step she identified the problem of her employees needing more training. In the second step she thought of alternative solutions; and in the third step she evaluated alternatives and selected a solution. Rosie needs to _____ in the fourth and final step. select a contingency plan implement and evaluate the training program chosen do more research to look at types of training determine how costly the solution will be set up a diversity and synergy training plan to increase the chances of success

implement and evaluate the training program chosen

---- has the second largest population in the world and is a major source of technological and scientific brainpower.

india

This country is becoming a rising power in software design, services, and precision engineering.

india

_____ refers to services that are perishable and, unlike physical products, cannot be stored in inventory

intangible output

_____ refers to services that are perishable and, unlike physical products, cannot be stored in inventory.

intangible output

The recognition of the decision requirement step in the managerial decision making process requires managers to:

integrate information in novel ways.

Which of the following is an advantage of group decision making? intellectual stimulation groupthink satisficing goal displacement

intellectual stimulation

Which of the following is not a hindrance to perfectly rational decision making? managers' different values complexity information overload conflicting goals intuition

intuition

According to psychologist Daniel Kahneman, System 1 thinking is _____. nonrational and conscious intuitive and largely unconscious analytical and conscious rational and subconscious

intuitive and largely unconscious

Culture

is a major shift in the norms, values, attitudes, and mindset of the entire organization

idea champion

is a person who sees the need for and champions productive change within the organization.

Nordstrom department stores are known for offering superior customer service. Nordstrom believes their customer service creates loyal customers and sets them apart from their competition. Nordstrom's superior customer service:

is its core competence

The star has a

large market share in a rapidly growing industry.

mass production

The _____ combines aspects of both functional and divisional structures simultaneously, in the same part of the organization.

matrix approach

Dollar General uses a cost leadership strategy. The Dollar General slogan is "Save time. Save money. Every day!®" Dollar General will be more effective if it has a _______________

mechanistic

The organization's reason for existence is known as the organization's _____.

mission

We seek to become the premier business school in the west" is an example of a statement you are most likely to find in the organization's _____.

mission

A statement that identifies distinguishing characteristics of an organization is known as a(n):

mission statement.

As an organization becomes more mechanistic, its communication flow becomes ---- vertical.

To be considered an MNC, a company based in the United States earns ---- of its total sales revenues from operations outside the United States.

more than 25%

A disparity between existing and desired performance levels is known as a(n) _____ .

need for change

What type of management decision was involved when Toyota Motor Co. announced a recall of millions of units of its cars because of a faulty accelerator pedal problem?

nonprogrammed

_____ decisions are made in response to situations that are unique, are poorly defined and largely unstructured, and have important consequences for the organization.

nonprogrammed

Evidence-based decision relies on ______. personal beliefs about what should work a leader's authority to make a final choice observations about what actually works polls to determine the most popular approach

observations about what actually works

Another term for the strategic goals of an organization is:

official goals.

The _____ delineates the chain of command, indicates departmental tasks and how they fit together, and provides order and logic for the organization

organizational chart

Employees do not trust the company to listen respectfully to their ideas or provide them with growth opportunities.

organizational development

The application of behavioral science knowledge to improve an organization's health and effectiveness is known as _____ .

organizational development

To increase the company's overall capacity to adapt to its environment, ----- would be appropriate.

organizational development

You fall prey to the overconfidence bias when you ______ your knowledge or expertise in a decision situation. ignore underestimate overestimate accurately estimate

overestimate

How business units and product lines fit together in a logical way is the essence of:

portfolio strategy.How business units and product lines fit together in a logical way is the essence of: portfolia

The rational model of decision-making is considered _____ in that it describes how managers should make decisions, rather than how they actually make them. predictive unethical unconventional prescriptive

prescriptive

What type of decision refers to a specific situation that occurs frequently within an organization and the organization has a set of specific decision rules to apply whenever it occurs?

programmed

DeAngelo did solid research before founding a food-tour company in a coastal community. He used information gained by his competitive analysis of another beachfront food-tour organization, in business for over 30 years. Which type of decisions is he basing his entrepreneurial activities upon?

programmed decisions

Sheree oversees the creation of books at a publishing company. That means she has to coordinate the efforts of designers, editors, typesetters, proofreaders, marketing people, and several other members of other departments. Sheree is a:

project manager.

The large-group intervention organizational development model leads to .

rapid transformation

Scott and his partner, Greg, have decided to update their computer network, although they have no expertise in this area. During a meeting with Greg, Scott commented that "Our decision is limited by numerous constraints, such as our understanding of the complexity of technology, time and money, imperfect information, and our conflicting goals." These limitations are hindrances to rational decision making. MBO. satisficing. intuitive decision making. nonrational decisions.

rational decision making

Nicholas, a longtime hotel manager for Wyndham, was meeting with Sophie, a regional manager, and telling her about his recent decision not to fire a front desk employee about whom several guests had complained. Nicholas discussed the four stages of the decision process. He said, "I first identified the problem, and then I gathered alternative solutions. I evaluated each choice and selected a solution. I then implemented my decision to not fire the employee but instead to provide him with additional training. Finally, I followed up with an evaluation of the solution I'd chosen." Nicholas is using the ______ process. interpersonal-decision agenda solutions agenda employee relations model focused decision-making model rational decision-making model

rational decision-making model

Even though not everyone in the meeting agreed with the final decision, the group decided to proceed and replace all existing machine parts in the warehouse. In this situation, the group had _____. reached a consensus met a benchmark brainstormed successfully voted unanimously

reached a consensus

reengineering

Andy contrasts Barcelona restaurants with other establishments where employees are "told how to answer a phone and how to set a table and how to greet guests and it's all in giant books that they have to memorize." Barcelona's more relaxed work rules could help it achieve:

relational coordination

The _______ bias reflects our tendency to generalize from a small sample or single event. representativeness sunk-cost availability confirmation

representativeness

Some companies are practicing _____ innovation by creating innovative, low-cost products for emerging markets and then quickly and inexpensively repackaging them for sale in developed countries.

reverse

On April 1, the manager sees that nine contingent call center workers have been hired and completed training. On June 30, call center data show 5 percent of calls are on hold for more than 90 seconds.

reviewing process

Under conditions of _____, statistical analyses are useful.

risk

_____ is the willingness to undertake risk with the opportunity of gaining an increased payoff.

risk propensity

critic

role in organizational change involves providing a "reality test."

Gloria, the controller of Luna Pizza, is purchasing several new delivery vehicles. Gloria has numerous work responsibilities, so she has limited time to shop for cars. Because of the time constraints, she cannot make an extensive search for the best alternative, so she looks for cars until she finds a model that is satisfactory. Gloria is following the ________ model. satisficing limited scope dilemma limited focus

satisficing

scalar principle

Fred has been assigned to conduct a SWOT analysis for his organization, Acme, Inc. As part of this assignment, Fred will:

search for the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats that impact his firm.

All of the following are cognitive biases that can affect manager's judgment except:

seeing what you don't want to see.

Once the desired alternative is developed, it should be _____.

selected

self interest

A(n) _____ is a separate small, informal, highly autonomous, and often secretive group that focuses on breakthrough ideas for the business.

skunkwork

Dayonara has recently been hired as part of a small, creative team for a new software company to develop user-friendly accounting tools for young entrepreneurs. If all goes well, this project will secure the company's future in the market. While the company's headquarters are located in Chicago, Dayonara's new team will have private facilities in Simi Valley, California and will not be subject to the same regulations as the Chicago office. Dayonara is most likely joining a(n):

skunkworks.

_____ production involves the production of goods in batches of one or a few products designed to customer specifications.

small batch

The question mark has a:

small market share in a rapidly growing industry.

The _____ is the number of employees reporting to a supervisor.

span of management

The human resources department of a company represents what type of authority to the organization?

staff department - Members of staff departments use their specialized skills to support and advise the line departments

_____ departments include all of those that provide specialized skills in support of _____ departments.

staff, line

The official goals of the organization are best represented by the _____.

strategic goals

A long-term time frame is most closely associated with:

strategic plans.

The plan of action that prescribes resource allocation and other activities for dealing with the environment and helping the organization attain its goals is known as a(n) _____.

strategy

The use of managerial and organizational tools to direct resources toward accomplishing strategic results is known as _____.

strategy execution

SWOT analysis stands for:

strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats

A type of OD intervention in which questionnaires on organizational climate and other factors are distributed among employees and the results reported back to them by a change agent is called _____ .

survey feedback

The condition that exists when the organization's parts interact to produce a joint effect that is greater than the sum of the parts acting alone is known as:

synergy

When properly managed, _____ can create additional value with existing resources, providing a big boost to the bottom line

synergy

Sarah is a middle manager at Stylin' Sneakers Corporation. She is most likely responsible for the achievement of _____ goals.

tactical

Goals that define the outcomes that major divisions and departments must achieve in order for the organization to reach its overall goals is called:

tactical goals.

tall

The two managers often engaged in ___________________; in today's meeting, they had a spirited debate over the project's optimal workflow, and their disagreement ultimately led to a creative solution.

task conflict

A(n) _____ is a temporary team designed to solve a short-term problem involving several departments.

task force

Which of the following is a contemporary approach to structural design in departmentalization?

teams

Taco Bell and McDonald's are considering adding kiosks in restaurants for customers to place their orders. This __________ will hopefully make the ordering process more efficient and increase accuracy.

technology change

What are the two strategies that can be used to combat employee resistance to change?

the analysis of resistance through the force-field technique and the use of selective implementation tactics to overcome resistance.

Creativity

the generation of novel ideas that may meet perceived needs or respond to opportunities for the organization.

What are three characteristics that affect decision making by a group? the size of the group the knowledge of group members the gender differences present in the group the efficiency of the group the fact that groups tend to make bad decisions

the size of the group the knowledge of group members the efficiency of the group

An ambidextrous approach means incorporating structures and processes that are appropriate for both the creative impulse and for the systematic implementation of innovations

true

In some cases, large, established companies buy small startup accompanies in order to obtain their products, services, and talent; this is one approach to innovation.

true

In the unfreezing step, participants must be made aware of problems and be willing to change

true

Mergers/acquisitions, organizational decline, and conflict management are the three types of current problems that organizational development managers face.

true

Organizational change refers to the adoption of a new idea or behavior by an organization.

true

The acceptance of mistakes, the freedom to discuss ideas, and the assignment of non-specialists to problems are characteristics of creative organizations or departments.

true

In the _____ approach of structural design, departments are independent, contracting services to the central hub for a profit.

virtual network

Walt works for a large company. Recently, his organization began to contract out such functions as training, engineering, and computer service. This approach is consistent with a _____ structure.

virtual network

The degree to which organizational tasks are subdivided into individual jobs is called _____.

work specialization

The trend in recent years has been toward narrower spans of control as a way to facilitate delegation.

False

Trend management is looking at trends and discontinuities and imagining possible alternative futures.

False

True or false: Value orientation reflects the extent to which a person is unethical.

False

An idea incubator is in-house program that provides a safe harbor where ideas from employees throughout the organization can be developed without interference from company bureaucracy or politics.

true

Companies that use a focus strategy have narrow buyer groups.

true

The communication and education approach for overcoming resistance to change should be used when the change is technical and the users need accurate information and analysis to understand change

true

The disparity between existing and desired performance levels is the need for change

true

The horizontal linkage model is increasingly important in high pressure business environments that require rapidly developing and commercializing products and services.

true

Training is one of the most frequently used approaches to changing people's mindsets

true

Two possible tactics for overcoming resistance to change are coercion and negotiation.

true

_____ decisions are associated with conflicts over goals and decision alternatives, rapidly changing circumstances, fuzzy information, and unclear links among decision elements.

wicked

wicked decision problem

Which of these are true about contingency plans?

They define company responses to specific situations, such as emergencies or setbacks.

Organizational change refers to the adoption of a new idea or behavior by an organization.

True

Organizational development involves the application of behavioral science techniques to improve an organization's effectiveness and success.

True

People who prefer simple, clear-cut solutions to problems use the directive style.

True

Point-counterpoint is a decision-making technique in which people are assigned to express competing points of view.

True

Prevention and preparation are the two stages of crisis management.

True

Service firms include banks, hotels, and law firms.

True

The disparity between existing and desired performance levels is the need for change.

True

The pure functional structure is appropriate for achieving internal efficiency goals.

True

product change

a change in the organization's product or service outputs.

Double Click, Inc. has a number of strategic business units. Their hand-held computer unit has a large market share in this rapidly growing industry. Their hand-held computer business would be classified a

a star

Managers with a(n) _____ style may make decisions that help others achieve their goals. a. behavioral b. conceptual c. directive d. analytical e. classical

a. Behavioral

For the compact disc industry, the advent of MP3 technology can best be described as what type of innovation? a. Disruptive innovation b. Service innovation c. Productive innovation d. Restructuring innovation e. Reverse innovation

a. Disruptive innovation

Mingles, Inc. concentrates its efforts on its target market of 18 to 25 year olds. It is using a(n) _____ strategy. a. focus b. differentiation c. cost leadership d. multidomestic e. universal

a. Focus

With a(n) _____ strategy, the organization attempts to develop innovative products unique to the market. a. differentiation b. integration c. reengineering d. cost leadership e. defensive

a. differentiation

According to Fast Company, in 2013, _____ was ranked as the World's Most Innovative Company. a. Nike b. Pinterest c. Target d. Apple e. Procter & Gamble

a. nike

Not satisfied with the status quo, ------- identifies opportunities for change and promotes innovation in the organization, helping to overcome resistance.

an idea champion

Shanice has real strengths in visualizing the benefits of new ventures. She also has a knack for supporting these ventures politically. Shanice is an excellent example of which of the following

an idea champion

idea incubator

an in-house program that provides a safe harbor where ideas from employees throughout the organization can be developed without interference from company bureaucracy or politics.

Managers are considered to have a(n) _____ style when they prefer to consider complex solutions based on as much data as they can gather.

analytical

_____ is primarily responsible for strategic goals/plans.

Top management

As an organization becomes more organic, its span of management becomes __________.

Broader

Team-building activities are only useful when teams are new and are in the formative stages of development.

false

The _____ model closely resembles the real environment in which most managers and decision-makers operate.

political

You have recently been promoted, and your decisions will have a greater impact on your organization than before. Even if you try hard to make good decisions, what factors may contribute to poor outcomes? Check all that apply.

-Colleagues may have different opinions about how to solve the problem or even what the problem is. -Conditions change, so the future environment may not be the same as the current one. -Information may be incomplete or contradictory, requiring some guesswork.

Disadvantages of this structure include: (Check all that apply.)

-Confusion and frustration from having two bosses -A need for many meetings to resolve conflicts

In your new job, which of the following can you expect? (Check all that apply.)

-If the environment is rapidly changing, the company will be able to respond quickly. -Two-boss employees will have to resolve conflicts between the competing priorities of their managers.

"Where would it make sense for managers to have wide spans of control?" (Check all that apply.)

-In shipping, where most employees are very experienced and highly trained -In manufacturing, where most employees perform similar tasks that don't change much over time

Which of the following characteristics would you expect Alfredo's Sausage to have? (Check all that apply.)

-The emphasis in this company is on horizontal communication, which facilitates rapid decision making. -Decision making in this company is decentralized, with responsibility pushed to lower levels. -This organizational structure is particularly effective when operating in an environment that demands flexibility.

"Which of the following are often used by organizations to promote relational coordination?" (Check all that apply.)

-Training in how to resolve conflicts by focusing on shared goals -Open office plans with few walls and small spaces where people can hold impromptu meetings -Relaxation of work rules so employees have the freedom to contribute however they can

"Under what circumstances should I hire more managers so each can have a narrower span of control?" (Check all that apply.)

-When few management support resources, such as technology or people, are in place -When tasks are new and few procedures are in place to guide how work should be done

During your orientation on your first day at work, you are introduced to your matrix bosses and your top leader. What are these managers' responsibilities? (Check all that apply.)

-Your top leader coordinates the activities of functional departments, like the Marketing and Sales department, and customer groups, like Small Business Accounts division. -One matrix boss is in charge of the Small Business Accounts division.

In their article, Six Myths About Informal Networks and How to Overcome Them, the authors state many corporate leaders intuitively understand informal networks of employees are increasingly at the forefront. What measures do the authors recommend to defeat the myth "to build better networks, we have to communicate more?"

1. Managers can intervene to sustain informal groups without adding the burden of more and potentially useless communications . 2. Resist tendency to equate communication and socializing with network building. 3. To build better networks, focus on who knows what 4.Build networks that can complement efforts based on assessments of current flows of information . ALL OF THE ABOVE IS RIGHT

Last week, a gift shop's employees heard their longtime store manager announce that she is leaving. Now they've read an announcement on the bulletin board that a manager of a store in another state, whom they know nothing about, will be their new manager. They are wondering whether the new manager will be as respectful, empowering, and fun as their old manager. a. uncertainty b. different viewpoint c. distrust d. self-interest

The founders of a medical device company need to take a different direction, after they did not receive FDA approval for their equipment. What would not be part of an after-action review of their original decision?

Assign responsibility for the failure

Which major decision style is characterized by having deep concern for others as individuals?

Behavioral

By selling the five pieces of equipment each man used to perform all five steps, each worker can buy more advanced equipment necessary for his unique task.

Benefit

Each worker will become more productive, because he will develop a high level of expertise in his task.

Benefit

If it used to take each man 4 hours to monitor one fifth of the sheep, it now takes Brian less than 20 hours to monitor all the sheep.

Benefit

The cost of renting one large blanket-selling stand at the market is less than the combined cost of renting five small stands.

Benefit

The BCG matrix organizes along which of the following dimensions?

Business growth rate and market share

When Coca-Cola introduced Surge, a new citrus soft-drink, what type of strategy was being pursued?

Business-level strategy. When Coca-Cola introduced Surge, a new citrus soft-drink, what type of strategy was being pursued? Business-level strategy

In the traditional organizational development model, work is done:

By individuals and in small groups

_____ means that all the information the decision-maker needs is fully available.

Certainty

An organization's __________ conforms to the scalar principle when an unbroken line of authority links all employees in an organization.

Chain of Command

Sandbox Sally's, Inc. is making some changes to the work schedules of its employees. Some of the employees are not happy with the changes. As their manager, Harry tells them that they can accept it or leave. What approach to change implementation is Harry using?

Coercion

Which approach to change implementation should be used when a crisis exists?

Coercion

When trying to overcome the resistance for change, which approach is best suited when change is technical?

Communication

Emmanuel likes to be involved in giving input into the decisions that affect his team. Which two kinds of managerial decision styles, directing his work, would give him that opportunity to be heard?

Conceptual and behavioral styles

_____ involves looking at trends and discontinuities and imagining possible alternative future to build a framework within which unexpected future events can be managed.

Contingency planning

Which of the following is a business activity that an organization does especially well relative to its competition? a. Strategy b. Cash cow c. Synergy d. Core competence e. Multidomestic

Core Competence

The U.S. Internal Revenue Service is organized to focus on these four groups of taxpayers: individuals, small businesses, corporations, and non-profit and government agencies. What type of organizational structure does this represent?

Customer-based division

Managers are concerned that moving to a team-based structure will mean that decisions will be made mostly by their subordinates, reducing the value of the manager job. a. uncertainty b. different viewpoint c. distrust d. self-interest

Which strategy can be profitable for an organization when customers are loyal and willing to pay high prices?

Differentiation. Which strategy can be profitable for an organization when customers are loyal and willing to pay high prices? Differentiation

If Barcelona is organized by restaurant, with everyone who works in a restaurant reporting to the same manager, it has a __________ structure.

Divisional

All the employees in a unit work on citrus drinks, like orange juice and lemonade, so they know a lot about the customers for that product line.

Divisional Structure

How does a lack of understanding and trust make employees resistant to change?

Employees often distrust the intentions behind a change or do not understand the intended purpose of a change. If previous working relationships with an idea champion have been negative, resistance may occur.

Which of the following lists the strategic management process in proper order?

Evaluate current mission/goals; Perform SWOT analysis; Define new mission/goals; Formulate strategy; Execute strategy.

Which is the last step used in managerial decision making?

Evaluation

Three innovation strategies are:

Exploration Cooperation Entrepreneurship

What are three critical innovation strategies for changing products and technologies?

Exploration; Cooperation & Entrepreneurship

Which of the following strategies would be appropriate when the need for both national responsiveness and global integration is low? a. Globalization b. Transnational c. Export d. Multidomestic e. Import

Export

Describe the third strategy-Entrepreneurship

Finally, entrepreneurship means that managers put in place processes and structures to ensure that new ideas are carried forward for acceptance and implementation. Idea Champions; New Venture Teams; Skunkworks; & New Venture Fund

______ are strategies such as "rules of thumb" that simplify decision making. Rationalizations Biases Data mining practices Heuristics

Heuristics

As a manager for a company that is looking to expand to India, what should your company focus on? Check all that apply.

Information technology Research and development opportunities

In order to ensure the company's success, the CEO of Hangout, a new social media interface that connects individuals and facilitates web-based "hangouts'' between individuals, has had to be highly creative in order to compete with dating sites. One of the managers has just come up with the idea of hosting real-time activities in various locations, such as speed dating, or bowling night to further enhance the company's mission. She is also able to rally enough support behind the idea and begins to work with her team to orchestrate the idea. Which of the innovation strategies for changing products and technologies is implemented here?

Innovation roles

What type of bias is Anastasia, a regional manager exhibiting when she continues to support a past decision she has made even if the current circumstances no longer apply to the situation that occurred when that decision was originally made?

Justifying past decisions

Leaders as Decision Architects states there are two main causes of poor decision making:

Insufficient motivation and cognitive biases

By 2035, artificial intelligence is expected to have what effect on labor productivity? It will slightly improve labor productivity by about 2% to 3%. It will increase labor productivity by as much as 40%. It will have little long-term effect on labor productivity. It will decrease labor productivity by as much as 40%.

It will increase labor productivity by as much as 40%.

You would study a business's __________ to see a visual representation of its vertical structure, including the chain of command.

Organization Chart

All the employees at Agyris Fence, Inc. were sad when Mr. Agyris, the founder of the company, died. The remaining Agyris managers decided that the company needed new ideas, so they hired Mr. Solaris, the CEO of a rival fencing company, to run the firm. Mr. Solaris changed many things, including the firm's target market. Before, Agyris sold mostly residential fencing. Now, Mr. Solaris wants all of the employees to focus on selling fences to businesses and corporations. Employees think that Mr. Solaris is trying to reduce competition for his old company, and they are not happy about the change. The most likely cause of resistance to change in this situation is:

Lack of trust between employees and management

The president of Digital Girls Inc, a startup committed to teaching young girls from urban areas how to code and develop computer-based programs and applications, wants to restructure the organization and refocus its mission to ensure that the most needy segment of their target population is accessing their free services. The president meets with all 75 of its managers, board members, and staff, and for several days, they work with an organizational development professional to identify best practices and new models to deliver their services. The model demonstrated here is an example of which of the following?

Large-group intervention

What type of departments within an organization performs tasks that reflect the organization's primary goal and mission?

Line departments

Which strategy can be profitable for an organization when customers are loyal and willing to pay high prices? a. Liquidation b. Focus c. Differentiation d. Globalization e. Overall cost leadership

Liquidation

which of these assumptions are made in the rational model of decision making? Managers will always select the course of action that they know will most benefit the organization. Managers will not be limited by time or money constraints when implementing the chosen solution. Managers have complete, error-free information about alternative courses of action and their consequences. Managers are able to make logical decisions without prejudice or emotional blind spots. Managers will be influenced by their own self-interest when choosing among alternative courses of action.

Managers will always select the course of action that they know will most benefit the organization. Managers have complete, error-free information about alternative courses of action and their consequences. Managers are able to make logical decisions without prejudice or emotional blind spots.

Which models are characteristic nonrational models of decision making? Models that describe how managers should make decisions Models that train managers how to make ethical decisions Models that try to predict future behaviors and consequences Models that describe how managers actually make decisions

Models that describe how managers actually make decisions

Bob is a student at Fresno State University who recently got his first F. Now he has to make a decision about how to get his grades back up. Having recently taken a class on decision making, Bob decides to follow the six-step process for deciding what to do. What problem is Bob most likely to face during the recognition of decision requirement step in the decision-making process?

Not being aware enough of things going on around him to see where problems and opportunities exist

Drugstore chains can be found located quite close to each other, serving a neighborhood of blocks, not miles. Which distinct feature of service technology does this distribution of facilities illustrate?

Placing employees close to their customers

Which of the following is not a step in the organizational planning process?

Plan marketing tactics

Of the management functions, which is considered the most fundamental?

Planning

Which of these are examples of business analytics? Portfolio analysis Marketing plans Advertising campaigns Groupthink Time-series forecast

Portfolio analysis Time-series forecast

Relational coordination

People with a conceptual decision-making style are likely to do which of the following? Rely on intuition Focus on the facts Take risks Find creative solutions Act autocratically

Rely on intuition Take risks Find creative solutions

When your manager assigns you a task, you have the __________ to carry out that task.

Responsibility

_____ forces are the various barriers to change, such as a lack of resources, resistance from middle managers, or inadequate employee skills.

Restraining

What problem might the CEO expect if the company switches to a functional structure?

The new structure will be slower to respond to changes in the environment.

Successful implementation of major decisions requires which of the following? Sensitivity to those affected by the decision Reliance on the easy way out of the problem Careful planning Ignoring ethical dilemmas

Sensitivity to those affected by the decision Careful planning

_____ production involves the production of goods in batches of one or a few products designed to customer specifications.

Small-batch

Organizational design influences the level of creativity expressed in a company. More creative companies hire a wide range of sometimes eccentric employees, give them the freedom to make mistakes, limit the rules that govern their behavior, and reward them for having creative ideas, not just for profitable results.

Solicit new ideas from existing employees

Two sisters work at the headquarters of the Zappos.com online shoe store. Susan works in over-the-phone customer support. Judy is a member of the warehouse stock supply group. Which functional approaches to structure do these departments reflect?

Susan is part of a staff department; Judy is part of a line department.

After Sunshine Systems merged with RTD Enterprises, company executives noticed that due to increased employee collaboration between the two units, costs were down and revenues increased within both areas. This is an example of what business phenomenon?

Synergy

If you are looking at the organization chart of a __________, you see more hierarchical levels and managers with relatively narrow spans of control.

Tall Structure

Which of these are reasons for the increase in ethical violations among business leaders in the 21st century? The 24/7 news cycle places more scrutiny on unethical behavior. It has become customary for business leaders to self-report unethical behavior. Digital communications are more susceptible to hackers and whistleblowers. Globalization allows businesses to operate in regions where ethical risks are greater

The 24/7 news cycle places more scrutiny on unethical behavior. Digital communications are more susceptible to hackers and whistleblowers. Globalization allows businesses to operate in regions where ethical risks are greater

Which of the following is an accurate description of decision making? The act of implementing a plan that has already been conceived The process of analyzing the underlying causes of a situation The process of identifying and choosing alternative courses of action The procedure of explaining a choice that has been made

The process of identifying and choosing alternative courses of action

_____ symbolizes to all employees that the change is important for the organization.

Top management support

A change agent is an OD (organizational development) specialist who contracts with an organization to facilitate change.

True

How does uncertainty make employees resistant to change?

Uncertainty is the lack of information about future events. It represents a fear of the unknown. Uncertainty is especially threatening for employees who have a low tolerance for change and fear anything out of the ordinary. They do not know how a change will affect them and worry about whether they will be able to meet the demands of a new procedure or technology.

In the devil's advocacy technique, the group assigns one person to do which of the following? Make a decision for the entire group. Uncover all possible objections to a plan or idea. Brainstorm a list of new ideas. Forfeit his or her vote to ensure unanimity

Uncover all possible objections to a plan or idea.

Which concept of good organization does the dual authority structure of a matrix violate?

Unity-of-command concept

When an organization expands into a totally new line of business, it is implementing a strategy of:

Unrelated diversification. When an organization expands into a totally new line of business, it is implementing a strategy of: unrelated diversification

Decision-making styles vary along which two dimensions? Risk multiplication Defensive avoidance Value orientation Tolerance for ambiguity

Value orientation Tolerance for ambiguity

What benefit does the popular technique of creating a strategy map not offer to users?

Very detailed vision statement

With _____ decision authority is pushed downward to lower organization levels.

decentralization

All of the following are assumptions of the classical model of decision making except:

pluralistic, conflicting goals are known.

A company's sales department represents what type of authority arrangement?

line department - Line departments perform tasks that reflect the organization's primary goal and mission

What type of departments within an organization performs tasks that reflect the organization's primary goal and mission?

line departments

Managers use _____ to direct employees and resources toward achieving specific outcomes that enable the organization to perform efficiently and effectively.

operational goals

Typically set by frontline managers, ----- are the precise, measurable outcomes expected from departments, work groups, and individuals.

operational goals

_____ exists when managers see potential of enhancing performance beyond current levels

opportunity

The visual representation of an organization's structure is called the _____.

organization chart

A visual drawing of the reporting relationships within an organization is called a(n):

organizational chart

Wes, the store manager, recently had to fire Andrea, an employee who graduated from Southern College. He felt that Andrea was not well trained at her school. So, when Zeke, also a graduate from Southern College, applied for Andrea's old position, he did not want to consider hiring him, feeling Zeke also probably did not receive the proper training. Wes was affected by _____ bias. confirmation training representativeness blind adjustment

representativeness

A manager that hires all applicants that have graduated from a certain college because a particularly good employee came from that same college is an example of _____. escalation of commitment bias anchoring and adjustment bias confirmation bias representativeness bias

representativeness bias

Heuristics are strategies that ______ the process of making decisions. complicate categorize initiate simplify

simplify

Pablo and his managers spent a large sum of money on the new training program, and they feel that there has been little improvement as a result of the investment. The training is scheduled to continue for two more months, and Pablo feels that the company has already spent too much money on the training to simply abandon it. Pablo is experiencing a training trap. a catch-22 effect. sunk-cost bias. blind bias. confirmation bias.

sunk-cost bias.

All of the following are advantages to group decision making EXCEPT _____. different perspectives greater pool of knowledge deeper commitment to the decision superiors can dominate or intimidate the group

MAN2021: Chapter 5-8 (full midterm set)

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