MAN6606 Ch 4 & 5

The religion where followers try to achieve nirvana or spiritual enlightenment is _____.

Buddhism

Which 2 phrases reflect the economic implications of Islam?

Cannot earn profit through exploitation of others Hold property as trustees, rather than as owners

Loyalty, honesty in dealing with others, and reciprocal obligations are the building blocks of

Confucianism

What ethical system was the official ethical system of China until the communist revolution and emphasizes taking the right actions to attain salvation?

Confucianism

Marietta is visiting her company's manufacturing subcontractor in Pakistan. She notices children working on the machinery with no air conditioning and little access to water. But she also knows these children are probably supporting their families. Marietta can't decide if children working in the factory is appropriate or inappropriate. This is an example of a(n) ______.

ethical dilemma

The accepted principles of right and wrong that guide a person's decisions are called _____.

ethics

Geoff believes that the way his US-based company does business is superior to the way his French affiliate office conducts business. Geoff's attitude is an example of _____.

ethnocentrism

______ is judging another's culture solely by the values and standards of one's own culture.

ethnocentrism

An amendment to the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act allowed for the use of ______ in which a business is ensured that it will receive the standard treatment it ought to receive from a foreign government.

facilitating payments

The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act was amended to include _____ because some U.S. businesses complained the act would put U.S. firms at a competitive disadvantage.

facilitating payments

Monica asked her manager if appropriate dress for the meeting was business casual or traditional business. Monica is inquiring about the ______ associated with the meeting.

folkway

The routine conventions of living, thinking and acting in a group are called ______.

folkways

Generon Inc. has moved its production to a new nation. It freely dumps its harmful waste in the rivers and causes environmental degradation there. In this case, Generon has contributed to the

global tragedy of the commons.

Stephen usually eats lunch with three of his co-workers and on the weekends he gets together with his college friends. The people Stephen interacts with represent two types of _____.

groups

Western society values _______ over ________

individuals and groups

A caste system is a type of social structure that divides people on the basis of _________

inherited social status

There _____ a strict one-to-one relationship between one culture and a nation-state.

is not

Alex considers himself a "true French Canadian" and agrees with political activists who think there should be a separation from English speaking citizens who are dominating certain provinces. What seems to be the cause of this division in Canada?

language

Kate's grandmother was born in Belgium and she says she is Flemish. Anne's grandmother was also born in Belgium and she says she is French. In some areas of Belgium, all signs are in French and are not possible to read unless you know the French language. The same is true for other areas with all signs in Flemish. What is creating the divide between these two cultures?

language

The Hewlett-Packard example discussed in this chapter suggests that one cause of unethical behavior in a company can stem from _____.

leadership

Cross-cultural ________ is necessary for a business to understand the cultural differences that exist between companies involved in international business

literacy

In some cultures, people are more willing to work hard to achieve material wealth and may have to wait years before feeling they have succeeded. This is a reflection of which dimension identified by Hofstede?

long-term versus short-term orientation

Which of Hofstede's dimensions focuses on delaying gratification of material needs

long-term versus short-term orientation

Confucianism values harmonious relationships, which are based on moral and ethical conduct and ______.

loyalty to others

Social _____ refers to how difficult or easy it is for an individual to move out of the social strata into which they are born.

mobility

According to Hofstede's theory, cultures high in masculinity and power distance are _____ (more or less?) likely to engage in unethical behavior.

more

______ join the political entity of a state to the cultural entity of a nation.

nation-states

Unspoken language is another way to describe ______ communication.

nonverbal

Rights that are taken for granted in developed nations, such as freedom of association and freedom of speech are

not universally accepted.

When making ethical decisions, ______ factors are stressed in Japan, while ______ factors are more important in the United States.

organizational; individual or personal

The generally accepted principles and values that govern interactions between individuals are called

personal ethics.

In the ________ dimension identified by Hofstede, the degree of power and wealth is not balanced within a country

power distance

____________ is/are a system of shared beliefs that are concerned with the realm of the sacred and involve rituals reflecting the belief

religion

The set of shared beliefs followed by Catholics and those of the Jewish faith represent their individual _____.

religions

Nigel was born into a poor, working-class family in England. He is resigned to the fact that his life will be much like his fathers as he has no way to earn a degree and change his status. Nigel believes that a lack of _____ determines his fate.

social mobility

A class system is characterized by the fact that a person can move from one ______ to another.

social strata

What are four determinants of ethical behavior?

societal culture personal ethics organizational culture unrealistic performance goals decision-making processes leadership

All societies are divided on a hierarchical basis into social categories called social _____.

strata

The basic social organization of a society is called its social _____.

structure

Buddhism has all the same basic beliefs as Hinduism except for which two of the following?

support for the caste system. advocacy of extreme ascetic behavior.

Unrealistic performance goals can often only be attained by

taking shortcuts or behaving in an unethical manner.

T/F: According to cultural relativism, all ethics are culturally determined.

true

T/F: Business people may behave unethically simply because they forget to ask whether the decision or action they are making is ethical.

true

T/F: The decision-making process is one of the determinants of ethical behavior.

true

TimeTurner Corp. is a company based in the United States that manufactures luxury wrist watches. By western standards, if the company uses sweatshop labor to make these watches, it is most likely to be considered

unethical

The managers of Simple Sound Manufacturing are struggling to meet their quota that was recently increased by upper management. They decide to eliminate two quality control steps in the manufacturing process. This is unethical behavior that was a result of

unrealistic performance goals.

For poor Muslims, modern ideology has not offered substantial economic improvement, yet it threatens their traditional

values

The ideas about what a group believes to be good, right, and desirable are called ________

values

In the 1980s, Western businesses questioned the ethics of operating in South Africa because the apartheid system in place there

violated basic human rights.

Ethical issues arise in international business when

environmental regulations in host nations are less stringent than those in the home country.

What is the focus of Hofstede's power distance dimension

People are not equal in physical or intellectual abilities

What are the 4 dimensions originally identified by Hofstede

Power distance Uncertainty avoidance Individualism versus collectivism Masculine vs femeninity

As demonstrated by the Nike example in the text, which situation is generally MOST preferred when considering employment practices in international business?

Requiring good conditions in home and foreign operations even when this results in a smaller profit margin

What are 3 examples of the "hidden curriculum" of schools

Respect for others Obedience to authority Honesty Neatness Being on time Dealing with competition

The 2 major Christian organizations are

Roman Catholic Church and Orthodox Church

What are the 3 determinants of culture

Social structure Political philosophy Economic philosophy

T/F: economic advancement and globalization may be important factors in societal change

Teue

Which description of leader behavior is most likely to promote a strong ethical culture in an organization?

The boss who consistently demonstrates strong personal ethics in all dealings with clients.

What is an accurate description of developed nations with regard to the environment?

They have more substantive environmental regulations.

T/F: Christianity and Judaism are both monotheistic religions

True

T/F: economic advancement and globalization may be important factors in societal change

True

T/F: while religion can influence the values and norms of society, the values and norms of society can also impact religion

True

T/F Education provides a competitive economic advantage through the creation of a pool of skilled and educated workers

Trye

T/F: while religion can influence the values and norms of society, the values and norms of society can also impact religion

Trye

_________ is the Hofstede dimension that measure a society's tolerance for ambiguity and uncertainty

Uncertainty avoidance

Which company is contributing to the global tragedy of the commons?

Virtual-Day Inc. moved production to a South American country with lower environmental regulations and sends pollutants freely into the air.

A payment which ensures that a business receives the standard treatment that it ought to receive from a foreign government is known as

a grease payment.

It is wrong to cheat on a test. Conversely, it is right to

accept responsibility for your actions.

According to the tenets of Islam, the objective of life is to fulfill the dictates of god in hopes of achieving

admission to paradise.

As countries get richer, we often see a shift ______ traditional values (such as staying married and obeying one's parents) and ______ secular rational values (including abortion and divorce).

away from; toward

The most rigid form of social stratification is the _____ system.

caste

In the past, there has been a mutual lack of respect between upper management and working-class employees at British companies. This lack of respect was the result of the perception that those in upper management were a "step above" the employees. This perception was a reflection of _____.

class consciousness

Class ______ is an awareness of one's social or economic rank in society.

consciousness

Understanding how cultural differences across and within nations affect the way business is practiced is known as _________ literacy

cross-cultural

_______ is important because managers need to have a deep understanding of the prevailing culture in those areas in which they do business

cross-cultural literacy

A company's organizational _____ reflects the values and norms that are shared among employees of an organization.

culture

Hofstede studied how ______ relates to values in the workplace.

culture

Sanjay told his staff that the company didn't care if the components came from a company using sweatshop labor, the parts were needed to meet the order and the company needed the order to make the sales quota. In this situation, the company makes this decision based on purely _____ terms.

economic

Energy Resources Ltd. Does business in 50 countries around the world. The company stresses to all employees the importance of understanding the prevailing culture in the countries that they are doing business in. In other words, the company is aware of the importance of

Cross-cultural literacy

Hindus believe in _________, the behaviors and responsibilities governing individual conduct

Dharma

______ are situations where none of the available alternatives seems morally acceptable.

Ethical dilemmas

The plume and fabric manufacturing company abides by a strict code of providing the best in equipment, lighting, and overall working conditions for its 350 employees who create costumes for Broadway shows. While the company could save money by hiring less-skilled or underage labor to do the job, it knows that decision is not acceptable. This scenario demonstrates how a(n) _________ plays a role in the company's decisions

Ethical strategy

Which congressional act outlaws the payment of bribes to foreign government officials to gain businesses?

Foreign Corrupt Practices Act

The straw men theory that states that businesses should behave in a socially responsible manner, according to ethical custom and without deception and fraud is the _______.

Friedman Doctrine

What are 2 examples of nonverbal communication?

Giving a thumbs up sign to indicate you agree Standing an appropriate distance from a colleague during a conversation

According to Hofstede, societies with stuff codes of behavior, rules, and laws score ________ on the uncertainty avoidance index

High

The religion where followers believe in incarnation and karma is

Hinduism

The Hofstede dimension that is focused on the degree to which people in a society are integrated into groups is

Individualism vs collectivism

According to Hofstede, if the ties between people are loose, it is more likely a sign of a(n) ________ society

Individualistic

One reason for the rise of Islam fundamentalism is the

Influence of western ideas and culture

How has social media affected group life?

It has emphasized the idea of an extended social group.

What are 3 principles of social stratification

It's a trait of society, not a reflection of individual differences Carries over a generation to the next generation Generally universal but variable Involves not just inequality but also beliefs

As the guiding principle of Islam, the ______ actually promotes free enterprise and supports earning legitimate profits through commercial efforts.

Koran

What are the 3 values central to the Confucian system of ethics that may have led to economic success in some asian countries

Loyalty Reciprocal obligations Honesty is dealing with others

What are 2 ways a person can change their social status within a class system

Luck Personal achievement

The Hofstede dimension that looks at the relationship between gender and work roles is

Masc vs fem

In a ___________ culture, sex times are sharply differentiated

Masculine

Adherents of Islam are called

Muslims

Most people talk quietly when going into a library because it is a social rule. This type of social rule is called a _____.

Norm